Imithetho ezisisiseko ilifa iimpawu, Mendel yasekwa: inkcazelo kunye nokusebenza

Abantu zisoloko unomdla imithetho ilifa. Kutheni abantwana zifana abazali babo? Ingaba ikhona ingozi yokosulela kwezifo zamafa? Le mibuzo neminye emininzi waqhubeka alaziwa ukuba lithetha ukuthini de ngenkulungwane XIX. Kwaba lelo xesha ke Mendel ikwazile yande yonke ulwazi emalunga nesihloko, kwakunye neemvavanyo nobunzima yohlalutyo ukuseka imithetho ethile.

igalelo Mendel ngayo kuphuhliso yemfuza

imithetho ezisisiseko ilifa neempawu - ezi imigaqo ngokwendlela apho iimpawu ezithile zidluliselwa ukusuka eziphilayo umzali kubantwana babo. ifunyanwe kunye inkcazo ecacileyo merit yavlya.tsya Gregor Mendel, abasigcinayo ngomxholo imifuniselo ezininzi.

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili sisazinzulu - bubungqina yohlobo obubobu yeemeko njengelifa. Ngamanye amazwi, kuphawu ngamnye ingqinelana ukuba isakhi ethile. Iimephu zokuqala ndiyakhele yengqolowa Drosophila. Le yokugqibela i into ezivunywa imifuniselo yemfuza.

merit Mendel kaThixo ayikwazi nembeko, njengoko bathi, kunye izazinzulu zethu. Ngoko ke, lo isazinzulu odumileyo Resovskii Timofeev waphawula ukuba Mendel waba ngowokuqala obeqhuba imifuniselo ezibalulekileyo wabanika inkcazelo echanileyo nesenzeko ukuba ngaphambili ekhoyo kwinqanaba yeengcinga. Ngaloo ndlela, kube nokuqwalaselwa uvulindlela yokucinga kwemathematika kummandla eziphilayo kunye imizila yemfuza.

ezazingaphambi

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba indlela yelifa uphawu Mendelian zange kwenziwa cleaner. Uphando lwakhe esekelwe kwiziphumo ngaphambili. Ngokukhethekileyo Kufanele kuqatshelwe ezi izazinzulu zilandelayo:

• J .. Goss baqhuba iimvavanyo kwi ertyisi, ukunqumla izityalo kunye iziqhamo imibala eyahlukileyo. Kuyinto ngenxa kwezi zifundo imithetho ngokufanayo le ngxilimbela sizukulwana sokuqala sibanjwa, kwakunye ukubalasela ayiphelelanga. Mendel concretized kuphela yaye yaqinisekisa lo mbono.
• Augustin Sarzhe - umlimi owandinyulayo ze-eksperimenti zakhe cucurbits. Yena kuqala waqalisa ukufunda iimpawu ilifa ayikho ngokuhlangeneyo ngamnye. Enakho ingxelo ukuba zixubene kunye enye kwenye ekudluliseni iimpawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, ufuzo a njalo.
• Naudin kuye kwenziwa uphando ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo izityalo ezifana Datura. Emva kokuhlalutya iziphumo, wakubona kufanelekile ukuthetha malunga ubukho iimpawu elibalaseleyo, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi uya kuphumelela.

Ngenxa yoko, ngenkulungwane XIX kwakusaziwa iziganeko ezifana ukubalasela, ngokufanayo besizukulwana sokuqala, kwakunye abalinganiswa ezalandela emva koko ekwabhengezwa combinatorics hybrids. Noko ke, le regularities jikelele eziveliswa wayengekho. Yeyona ukuhlalutya inkcazelo ekhoyo kunye nophuhliso iindlela enokuthenjwa kophando ngokwemfanelo ezona Mendel.

Iindlela yomsebenzi Mendel kaThixo

Iipateni yelifa uphawu Mendelian ziye zavela ngenxa yophando esisiseko. omsebenzi Isazinzulu lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• nezakhi zofuzo azithathwa ngokuhlangeneyo ngabanye;
• ukuba uhlalutyo ezizezinye ukuze ukhethe kuphela iimpawu abamele umahluko omkhulu phakathi iintlobo (kuyenzeka ukuba achaze ngokucacileyo iipateni yelifa yenkqubo);
• izifundo ziye esisiseko (Mendel wafunda inani elikhulu neentlobo-ertyisi, ezibe bobabini ezihlambulukileyo, hybrid, waza wawela "imbewu"), nto leyo ukuba ukuthetha malunga iinxa zonke iziphumo;
• Sebenzisa iindlela ezichanekileyo nobuninzi kuhlalutyo kwedatha (usebenzisa ulwazi theory lilonke, Mendel kuncitshiswa izinga ezinxaxhileyo random).

Umthetho ukufana hybrids

Ukuqwalasela imithetho lilifa, kuyimfuneko ukuba anikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ngokufanayo le ngxilimbela besizukulwana sokuqala. Kwafunyaniswa ngamava, apho yavelisa iifomu umzali hybridization omnye phawu owahlukileyo (imilo, umbala njalo njalo. D.).

Mendel kwagqitywa ekubeni aqhube i asebenzise iintlobo ezimbini ertyisi - ngeentyatyambo bomvu namhlophe. Ngenxa yoko, le ngxilimbela-isizukulwana yokuqala zifumene inflorescences purple. Ngoko ke, kukho isizathu ukuthetha malunga ubukho imikhwa lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amava Mendel wayengenguye omnye kuphela. Wasebenzisa ukuba zizame nezinye ziya izityalo yokudubula, iimilo zeziqhamo, ukuphakama Isiqu ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye iinketho. Empirically, wakwazi ukungqina ukuba yonke ngxilimbela myalelo iyunifomu lokuqala luphawulwa a phawu lubalaseleyo.

ukukhonya ayiphelelanga

Wakuzincina lo mbuzo, njengoko iipateni elifa iimpawu, amalinge ezaziqhutywa njengokuba izityalo, kunye eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba akusoloko ezi mpawu kubudlelwane kobunganga epheleleyo kunye ingcinezelo. Ngokomzekelo, xa iinkukhu wawela umbala omnyama nomhlophe akwazi ukufumana inzala hina. Ngoko ke waba ezinye izityalo njengoko kwiintlobo ngeentyatyambo nemfusa imhlophe phezu imveliso elinikiweyo shades ezipinki. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ulungise umgaqo yokuqala, ebonisa ukuba ibhastile sizukulwana yokuqala iya kuba iimpawu ezifanayo, kwaye zinokuba intermediate.

iimpawu ukuqhekeka

Ukuqhubeka ukuhlola imithetho ilifa, Mendel wakubona kufanelekile phantsi kwezithunywa ukunqumla ezimbini inzala sizukulwana sokuqala (heterozygous). Ngenxa yoko, inzala zifunyenwe, inxalenye ebeyinalo uphawu elibalaseleyo, kwaye enye - a sofuzo. Kule siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo umqondiso engephi isizukulwana lokuqala ibhastile nto ayithethi kuthi shwaka ngokupheleleyo, kodwa zicinezelwa kuphela yaye kunokwenzeka kakuhle nenzala ezilandelayo.

ilifa ezimele

imibuzo emininzi ukuba imithetho ilifa. Amalinge nabo bachaphazeleka abantu Mendel, eziya kwahluka enye kwenye iinkalo eziliqela. Iipatheni ngalinye elidlulileyo waphawula ngokwahlukeneyo. Kodwa ngoku, ujonge zizo zonke iimpawu, ayikwazanga ukuchonga naziphi na iipateni phakathi ezihamba zabo. Ngoko ke, kukho isizathu ukuthetha ukuzimela ilifa.

umthetho limsulwa gametes

Ezinye iipateni yelifa esekwe Mendel, baba kuphela kwinto esenokwenzeka. Sithetha malunga umthetho linyulu gametes, oko kukuthi, ukuba ufumana omnye kuphela allele nje isibini equlethwe sofuzo iintaka umzali.

Kumaxesha Mendel akabanga iindlela zobugcisa ukuqinisekisa lo mbono. Nangona kunjalo, lo nzulu unako ukuqulunqa inkcazo jikelele. umongo wayo kukuba ngexesha ukuyilwa iimpawu ngxilimbela zamafa agcinwe ekwimo ingaguqukanga, yaye musa mix.

iimeko eziyimfuneko

Genetics - isayensi ufunda imithetho ilifa. Mendel wenza igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso lwayo, akuba kuphuhliswa indawo esisiseko kwi mba. Noko ke, ukuba ukubaleka, kufuneka athobele imiqathango kubalulekile ilandelayo:

• Iifom original kufuneka homozygous;
• Iimpawu alternativeness;
• amathuba efanayo ukubunjwa alleles ezahlukeneyo hybrid;
• alingana nokufaneleka gametes;
• xa gametes kwezichumiso zidibene zazivelela;
• zygotes kunye imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo yemfuza ezinokwenzeka ngokulinganayo;
• inani labantu besizukulwana yesibini kufuneka kwanele ukubamba iziphumo rhoqo ezifunyenweyo;
• kubonakaliswa kweempawu akufuneki ningasweli kwimpembelelo iimeko zangaphandle.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba idatha ekuthethwa elihambelana ezininzi izinto eziphilileyo, kuquka umntu.

Iipateni of ilifa zobuntu abantu

Nangona into yokuba ekuqaleni uphando imigaqo yemfuza yezityalo umzekelo, izilwanyana kunye nabantu, nobona esebenzayo. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ezi ntlobo lilifa:

• Autosomal lubalaseleyo - ilifa olongamileyo nemikhwa abekiwe yi autosomes. Kulo mzekelo, i phenotype osenokuba ngamandla ngayo, yaye kunzima azikaqapheleki. Kule hlobo ilifa amathuba okuba umntwana allele okungaqhelekanga evela kumzali yi-50%.
• Iimpawu ilifa eziziisekondari ezinxulumene kunye autosomes - sofuzo Autosomal. Isifo kuboniswa homozygotes, apho zombini alleles ziyachaphazeleka.
• Uhlobo enxulumene X-lubalaseleyo kubandakanya ukudlulisela iimpawu lubalaseleyo zofuzo deterministic. Kulo mzekelo, esi sifo abafazi kwenzeka ngamaxesha ezimbini rhoqo kunamadoda.
• enxulumene X-sofuzo Udidi - ilifa lwenzeka kwi inkalo buthathaka. Isifo okanye iimpawu zayo ngabanye zisoloko ebonakaliswa inzala eyinkwenkwe, nabafazi - kuphela zikarhulumente homozygous.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

Ukuze siqonde indlela iipateni yelifa uphawu yomsebenzi Mendel kunye nezinye iinkqubo genetic kufuneka bafunde iinkcazelo ezisisiseko namabinza. Ezi ziquka oku kulandelayo:

• phawu lubalaseleyo - lo msebenzi nakolu aye njengoko imeko isigqibo kwaye ayisayicinezeli uphuhliso sofuzo.
• phawu sofuzo - iimpawu, oko kukuthi ilifa, kodwa enze ibalulekile.
• Homozygote - zofuzo ngamnye okanye iseli diploid eziqulathe iseli enye sofuzo.
• Heterozygote - diploids okanye iiseli enika cleavage kwaye alleles ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi isakhi esinye.
• Allele - le yenye iintlobo ezichaseneyo isakhi, nto leyo imi kwindawo ethile chromosome lubonakala ulandelelwano nucleotide ekhethekileyo.
• Allele - iperi izakhi ibekwe kwiindawo efanayo zofuzo homologous kunye nokulawula uphuhliso iimpawu ezithile.
• zofuzo Non-allelic zimi iindawo ezahlukeneyo zofuzo kwaye zinoxanduva ukutyhileka iimpawu ezahlukeneyo.

isiphelo

Mendel yasebenza nezingqinekayo imithetho esisiseko zelifa. yazo inikwa umzekelo yezityalo lula kancinci. Kodwa practice, kuba kulungile ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo.