Yobuciko kaPetros. Iimpawu sobuciko

St. Petersburg, ingqalelo omnye yomncinane zonke izixeko ezikhulu ehlabathini, Yindibanisela ekhethekileyo ngokwenene lweentsingiselo yobuhle lidala kunye nezithethe Western kunye Russian. Iingcali zithi isimbo lomsebenzi wakhe yaba kwangaphambili umxholo we ilixa imvelaphi yayo. Ngapha koko, isixeko wadalwa kwinkulungwane yokuqala elinesixhenxe, ezingenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela ukubonakala kwayo.

Endiyakhileyo nokuzabalazela yomntu omnye - uPetra Velikogo, yena sathatha bonke iyantlukwano izakhiwo yaseYurophu. nesithomo sakhe yadalwa engqondweni tsar lokugqibela Russian phantsi kwempembelelo Frantsa Leforta kunye Vinius - oosomashishini Dutch, owaba ingqokelela omkhulu lwemizobo yaye kushicilelwa. Ba yaseYurophu kwaye, ingakumbi, umzi Dutch apho kubonakala kakhulu ngokucacileyo izakhiwo ntshona kwenkulungwane ye-17 bachazwa.

Iimpawu sobuciko

Le bokwakha, apho abalandeli lwezakhiwo ezivunywa ixesha elide angabonwa njengento ezimeleyo, wavela eYurophu Ekuveleni ongasekhoyo Renaissance. Kwaba ngathi phambili kunye nophuhliso. Ukuze othile, oku isimbo izakhiwo na ukubizwa ukuba babuyele ifilosofi. iimpawu yayo ezibonisa kunye ezilawula ngokufanelekileyo. kokuba bebone ingcamango kunye mfo lowo laphumeza labazobi kwexesha, ukwenza yesakhiwo iinkcukacha amahle kakhulu kwaye lobugcisa. Indlela iindlela ezahlukeneyo umdla baqamba ulwakhiwo nolulahlekisayo ngokwenene.

ulwazi jikelele

"Yobuciko uPetros" - ibinzana esetyenziswa yi mbali zobugcisa ukuya style bokwakha, evunywe yi uPeter Omkhulu. Oku esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi kuyilo izakhiwo ngoko capital - eSt Petersburg.

Kwiminyaka 1697-1698, uPeter Omkhulu batyelela Embassy of Netherlands, ingakumbi Amsterdam. Esi sixeko ingakumbi uyakuthanda umlawuli kunye izitrato ngqongqo radially-ezicwangcisiweyo, imigca zakhe concentric kungena kwimijelo. Amsterdam olungaphambili ekupheleni eliphezulu emxinwa Wasondela gables ezibunxantathu, iinqaba okanye uphahla ngeenxa zonke. izakhiwo Traditional Dutch kwenkulungwane ye-17 luphawulwa lokusebenzisa ezo izinto ukuze zokuhombisa nakhandiweyo, ezifana izakhelo window, cornices, pilasters, volutes nezinyuko. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwenza ezintle neendawo festive, kudityaniswe ishishini eqhelekileyo kunye nomfanekiso yesixeko.

UPetros phithi nengcamango yokuba Russia ndinganiqukela amazwe Western oluphucukileyo, elandela indlela European, hayi kuphela ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, kodwa uphuhliso ubukhulu becala yenkcubeko. Kwaye yiloo nto ke wacelwa ukuba asebenze ikomkhulu lakhe elitsha ezininzi nabayili abaziwayo, abakroli kunye zabazobi.

Petrovsky Maniram

Nkqu negama kucacile ukuba imbonakalo yabo kwilizwe lethu, oku isimbo emangalisayo linyanzelekile ukuba umlawuli wokuqala Russian. yobuciko likaPetros umxube yezindawo Italian kwegama elifanayo kunye classicism ekuqaleni isiFrentshi kunye yase. umyili nganye, ngubani wamenywa ukuba eSt Petersburg, waye isithethe isikolo sakhe ngobugcisa. Kungenxa yoko le nto iRoma likaPetros ibonisa ukuba imikhwa kwacaca kwexesha.

UPetros ndamvuselela kakhulu ukuba isixeko yabo kakhulu intle kwaye isizathu sokuba ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe waba indlela esisiseko ezimbejembeje bokwakha. Uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kule isimbo, ekwabizwa ngokuba Maniram likaPetros, eSt Petersburg kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo uyicacisile uphuhliso lwezakhiwo.

iimpawu

Lo mlawuli lokuqala Russian wafuna ukuba kude isithethe izakhiwo baseByzantium. Ixesha lokusekwa kwicala iwela kwenkulungwane ye-17. yobuciko kaPetros oko yohlukile kancinci ukususela prototype zaseYurophu. Kuqala oko - nengqiqo, ecacile nelula.

Enye iimpawu ezinika ephambili ukuba ziimpawu Petrine izakhiwo yobuciko - a izakhiwo yepeyinti ithoni-mbini: bomvu namhlophe. Enye inkalo - kutoliko Planar ye lokubhalela.

Izakhiwo okuqala kooronta e St. Petersburg, kwakunye nezakhiwo ngomthi, kumasebe awo efana entshonalanga isiqingatha-ngamaplanga. Afuna ngodaka ukupeyinta. Ngoko ke, izakhiwo ezinjalo, nkqu izitena 'kunye ukudibana "akwazi ukunikezela imikrolo ephantsi wabumba iinxalenye okanye moldings kunye pilasters nemigubasi.

inkcazelo nendlela

yobuciko kaPetros luphawulwa ukusetyenziswa iziqalelo ze Tuscan odidi okanye laseKorinte, nangona kukho ukutolikwa obonisa kakhulu kwaye lwakudala ngakumbi. Okunye yayifana 'iincakuba "elula Russian isikhundla pilasters nemihlathi. bazakhela Windows architraves profiled - ngokuqhelekileyo ezimhlophe kwisiqalo elibomvu, kunye ukuqina iimpawu, iindlebe, esebenzisa phezulu ilitye lochochoyi. Iimbombo kwesakhiwo isimbo ezimbejembeje, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, kwaye kumgangatho wokuqala, ezenziwe rustication.

Oku komkhosi kunye ezintle nabayili jonga yongeza iinkcukacha ezininzi ezincinane bokwakha ezifana sikhokhelo, curls kunye balustrades. Ukusetyenziswa zonke iindawo ethe ngokuthoba-emile okanye semi-setyhula pediments ingqalelo enyanzelekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, abangaboniyo ephucukileyo kunye roofline zizityebi.

Enye into eyayiqhelekile nofakelo eqingqiweyo kunye zitsha. Ngomhla kwamaxandeka labazobi efakiweyo neeDormer. Ukususela kwinxalenye engentla izakhiwo ezininzi wafumana ubutyebi silhouette zokuhombisa kunye kakhulu entsonkothileyo.

abakhi yobuciko

Nokuba ngaphambi kokusekwa eSt Petersburg Petros kunye nabathunywa kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqalisa ukuqesha abantu basemzini: nabayili bezakhiwo, inqaba, iinjineli. Kwisigaba sokuqala zonke izakhiwo esixekweni nakhelwe phezu iiprojekthi ze labazobi angaphandle ababeze kukhonza eRashiya. Ke kaloku ngowokuqala phakathi kwabo Domenico Trezzini wakha izakhiwo edume St. Petersburg, nenika indlela Petrine ezimbejembeje. Photo uPetros noPawulos Cathedral - ubungqina obucacileyo. nenqaba yayo intsimbi eliphezulu-ephakame lubalaseleyo Petersburg. Ohlalele spire ihonjiswe le Cathedral ka Slots isibhakabhaka lisibekele njengoko kuchasene banabileyo imigca ukuhlamba Neva manzi.

Analog Cathedral bokwakha Western phantse namnye. Naye ucula kuphela spire ephothiweyo ingabekwa kwisakhiwo Exchange e Copenhagen, isiseko apho nayo kukho yobuciko. Iifoto yokugqibela, ke, yenye ubungqina yesibakala sokuba St. Petersburg steeple ezahlukeneyo kancinane; bobabini ngokuba ubukhulu nemilo okubalwa.

Phakathi abakhi yokuqala owadala iRoma kaPetros, ngabam, ukongeza Trezzini, noJean-Baptiste Leblond kunye Schluter, kunye JM. Fontana kunye Michetti kunye Mattarnovi. Bonke bephela beza eRashiya kwi isimemo uPetros. umyili nganye kuzisa inkangeleko yezakhiwo phantsi isithethe yokwakha, eqhelekileyo kwilizwe lakhe, izisekelo isikolo, nto leyo Wayemelwe. Ukunceda ukuphumeza iiprojekthi zabo, ngokuthe ngcembe kakuhle izithethe European ezimbejembeje kunye nabayili bezakhiwo asekuhlaleni afana Michael Zemtsov.

Umahluko evela eMoscow sobuciko

yobuciko kaPetros okufana St. Petersburg. Ngaphandle kwezi zakhiwo lincinane kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, i-Menshikov Tower, awayakhayo eMoscow Tallinn kaThixo Kadriorg Palace.

Ngokungafaniyo ulwalathiso Naryshkin e Moscow, uPeter Omkhulu, waveza uyalahlwa elibukhali yesiko yaseByzantium, alawula izakhiwo Russian phantse ezilishumi iinkulungwane, oku esibonakala ulingano kunye nokulinganisela. Ukuqhela iziko ubume, iridescence kunye wazibamba uhombiso, Ekungeneni enhle kwaye buxande window, masimu uphahla kunye eyaphukileyo - zonke ezi iinkalo isimbo ezimbejembeje, ogama lakhe behlonipha umlawuli kuqala, waba lwentando izakhiwo ezininzi uPetros.

imizekelo eziphawulekayo

Namhlanje, abakhenkethi abeza kwikomkhulu lasemntla, banethuba siqonde umsebenzi wezandla umyili owayesebenza xesha. Petrine ezimbejembeje imelwe apha izakhiwo ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Oku uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, House elinambini Iikholeji kunye kwibhotwe ehlotyeni Peter I, Schluter Chamber, Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, apho wayesebenza phezu ekudalweni kwabantu ezininzi: Mattarnovi, Kiaveri kunye Zemtsov. Ukudalwa yokugqibela nayo Church of uSimeyon noAna.

On Vasilevsky Island ngomnye umzekelo isakhiwo yobuciko - kwibhotwe yokuqala grand eSt Petersburg. Loo yokuhlala iRhuluneli-Jikelele sasisasaza namatheko wegqitha Assembly. Njengoko Ngokomzekelo ngokokwakhiwa kwebhotwe osisityebi, eshiya olungaphambili iphambili eweni, isakhiwo kukwabonisa Petrine ezimbejembeje.

Elinambini isakhiwo Iikholeji

Kufuphi enye lesikhumbuzo zakhiwa kule isimbo bokwakha. Le House elinambini Colleges. Lomhleli Trezzini yaba yindlela yokuqala kakhulu ukusombulula ingxaki ebangelwa nguPetros. Esi sakhiwo kwi yobuciko, nto leyo a izakhiwo efanayo elinambini ezicwangciswe umgca enye ecaleni kwenye, ngokusebenzisa kwindlela eqhelekileyo, yade ezimakhulu mathathu asibhozo eemitha. inxenye nganye inophahla eyahlukileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ndachithelwa ngokoqobo omangalisayo gables ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwelivi kwi olungaphambili, pilasters kunye architraves kwi olungaphambili ebomvu namhlophe ifumile inika ubume nembono omkhulu.

landscape bokwakha

Iimpawu sobuciko ingabonwa kuphela xa usakha kwelo xesha. Akukho umdla bade amabhotwe kunye neepaki. Oku, umzekelo, makwazeke zonke Summer Garden, leyo ekhutshelwe phezu isafobe okhethekileyo Peter; Peterhof lomculo, ezisekelwe kuyo, ngokutsho iingcali, ezo okuvelayo umlawuli wokuqala Russian ukusuka etyelele Versailles. Namhlanje ke ezikhumbuzo kakhulu ezibalulekileyo landscape zokwakha.

Summer Garden iinzame ukwenza ukumkani enkulu ipaka "into nokwakheka." Lanikwa umthombo ukuba ibe kwimixholo iintsomi Aesop, yaye efakiweyo gallery ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka ngexesha Ukumba eRoma yaye ubunzima obukhulu bazisa eRashiya oqingqiweyo Venus - wamandulo ikopi marble namaRoma a original yamaGrike. abatyeleli Garden, ngaphandle kokukhetha, kwafuneka ukuba ukwanga marble ebandayo uthixokazi yobuhedeni. Eminye imifanekiso kwengeniso olufakwe ecaleni iindawo, kwakunye "kwi Versailles."

ehlobo Palace

Le ummeli eqaqambileyo Petrine ezimbejembeje ezincinane elula kakhulu ngokubhekiselele sebhodi. Luhambisana ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi walo - ubonelelo ngamathuba kweholide indlu yakomkhulu.

Abanye abantu bathi oku lesikhumbuzo kuPetros isimbo Enkulu ezimbejembeje ngenxa yobukhulu yayo encinane, 'Le ndlu yokuqala Russian. " Njengoko zombini wezakhiwo ingcibi, D.Trezini wayalela ukwakhiwa ibhotwe ngexesha lonke iminyaka emine. Le bas-imikrolo ngaphandle eyenziwe mxholo wentsomi. Injongo Trezzini phambili uloyiso eMntla War. Ngaphambi bexesha lakhe yeza ngokugqibeleleyo walondoloza oqingqiweyo izihombo oki kunye Anut zipeyintwe kwi imizobo embindini kunye nophahla.

Ekuphetheni

Nangona yokuba kugqalwa wayengekafiki ukuya igama layo, iRoma uPetros ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Nayo yonke ukuboleka imali ebonakalayo ngokucacileyo, le isimbo kuzisa ezininzi neempawu zobuntu. Ngaphezu koko, izakhiwo ngelo xesha azinazo analogue ehlabathini, bona yokuqala. Lwefacade izakhiwo, nangona ilula, kodwa ngaxeshanye eziphambili kunye nommeli kakhulu. Abanalo izacholo enkulu kwaye inzima, yaye ibinzana wafika iinkcukacha ubuncinane.