Imbali Science ngokuba imvelaphi, ukwakheka, uphuhliso

Iinkcukacha-manani, imbali eya kuqwalaselwa yi kuthi namhlanje - yinto isayensi, unembali ende. It has iingcambu zawo ngamakhoboka. practice Statistical wabonakala ngenxa ukuyilwa karhulumente. Ukuze oko ke, kubalulekile ukuba ulwazi kumhlaba, inani labantu abahlala kuzo, malunga nemeko yabo yemali, kwakunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. Ke kaloku ekuqokelelweni Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani achaphazelekayo. Imbali kwi ukuvela kunye nokuphuhliswa kwawo thaca kweli nqaku kusebenza ihlabathi kunye nenzululwazi zasekhaya. Makhe siqale angaphandle, uze ugqithele Russian manani inkcazelo.

A History ezincinane Development of Statistics

Kumawaka nje ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, iirekhodi komhlaba kunye sabantu, kwakunye ezahlukeneyo data ngaye agcinwe eYiputa yamandulo, iRoma kunye neTshayina. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo baqalisa ukuqokelela ingcaciso enxulumene nalo ulwazi, njengoko amanani. Imbali wophuhliso lwawo, ngaloo ndlela amukela Millennium. Ngelo xesha kamva, i-data baqalisa ukuba lumakishwe zihlalutywe, hayi nje ukuba ukuhlangabezana, oko kukuthi, kwakukho ukuvela manani njengendlela inzululwazi.

Isikolo izibalo kwezopolitiko, kunye nezalathiso ezimbini manani emsebenzini wabo

arithmetic yezopolitiko e England School zimelwe Abaseki ezifana D. Graunt (iminyaka yobomi - 1620-1674), E. Halley, owayehlala ukususela 1656 ukuya 1742, W. ezincinane (1623-1687). iintsingiselo ezimbini kuchongwa ngemisebenzi ezi abaphengululi. Eyokuqala kuzo - demographic (Halley kunye Graunt) ukuba lutyekele kakhulu kwimiba enxulumene inshorensi. Le indlela yesibini - manani kunye noqoqosho, nto leyo efuziselwa W. uPetty. D. Graunt waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukufumana imithetho ezikhoyo nesenzeko ubunzima kuluntu. Wabonisa ukuba ukuhlalutya ize isebenze umbandela zaseprayimari ngayo. Graunt wenza lilinge lokuqala ukwenza itheyibhile yokufa.

ngeenkwenkwezi IsiNgesi E. Halley (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa ngasentla) bacebisa ukuba umthetho amanani amakhulu. Kwakhona wasebenzisa iindlela ezinxaxhileyo yokunqanda (random). B. uPetty - sisazinzulu oye enza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo zenzululwazi eziye ziphawulwe kwimbali yophuhliso zamanani. Kule misebenzi wayefuna ukuba ukuvavanya ngqo le nto okanye loo meko, nokuba kukho ukunqongophala data wokwamanani.

Izazinzulu abasebenza kwicandelo izibalo kwezopolitiko, wazama ukuba saziwe ngamanani imeko yoluntu kunye nophuhliso yayo, baqonde okunene izizekelo ngezenzeko ezahlukeneyo kulo, ezivelayo mbandela mass. Iinjongo kunye neenjongo ukuba zikusukela, kufutshane ukuqonda yangoku kwezenzululwazi ezifana manani. Imbali yophuhliso wayo ozakube usaqhutywa luphawulwa izinto ezintsha. Sichubeka ngayo uviwo lwabo.

ulwalathiso lwezibalo zemathematika

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwicala lesithathu - zamanani kunye zemathematika. Scientist A. Quetelet (iminyaka yobomi - 1796-1874, lo mfanekiso uchazwe apha ngasentla) wenza umnikelo okhethekileyo kuphuhliso yayo. Iinkcukacha-manani wabiza physics ekuhlaleni, oko kukuthi, isayensi ufunda imithetho oluntu kunye nokusetyenziswa iindlela oluninzi. Ketle ukuxhasa ingcamango isicelo iiphatheni efunyenwe amatyala ubunzima, njengesixhobo kubalulekile apho umntu ungayazi yinyani.

kuphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe-West Stats

Statistics Imbali phesheya kwinkulungwane ye-19 iye kwidama kunye namagama amatsha kunye impumelelo. F. Galton (iminyaka yobomi - 1822-1911) kunye K. Pirsons, owayehlala ukususela 1857 ukuya 1936 - izazinzulu baseBritani abenze igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso ngakumbi eli candelo lwazi. Eyokuqala kuzo nazo nzulu ingxaki kwimfuza. Galton (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla) wakhawuleza isicelo iindlela zayo Uhlalutyo lweenkcukacha-manani, nto leyo iziphumo ezihle.

R. Fisher (iminyaka yobomi - 1890-1962) waziwa kakhulu ukuba abaphengululi Koloni kummandla umdla kwinkulungwane yama-20. Usebenze iminyaka engama-50. izifundo ezininzi Fisher igalelo elibonakalayo kuphuhliso ngakumbi eli candelo lolwazi, njengoko amanani.

History of Statistics Rus Ancient

Ke ukuba kwilizwe lethu, eRashiya, nkqu kwiinkulungwane 10-12, ulwazi lwaqokelelwa malunga irhafu. Ngexesha utshintsho kaPetros I yachaphazeleka phantse yonke imiba yoluntu. Oku kwakufuna iseti ulwazi lwamanani echanileyo emalunga nobhaliso mveliso kunye nezityalo, amaxabiso wokudla, inani lemizi kunye inani lazo, umthamo yorhwebo lwangaphandle kunye nabanye.

isikolo esichazayo

Kwilizwe lethu, umkhwa elichazayo olukhula ngokukhawuleza, yaye ngenxa yale kwakheka imbali manani eRashiya. Abameli inkulu esikolweni esichazayo - izazinzulu ezifana MV Lomonosov (iminyaka yobomi - 1711-1765), Ik Kirillov (1689-1737), K. F. German (1767-1838), kwakunye VN . Tatischev (umfanekiso wakhe ezinikwe apha ngentla), owayehlala kwisithuba ukususela 1686 ukuya 1750.

Sebenza Kirillov - enye yokuqala kwiinkcazo zethu zoqoqosho neendawo ilizwe enikiweyo ngokucwangcisekileyo. Imbali elandelayo kuphuhliso manani enxulumene igama sisazinzulu njengoko Tatishchev, owenza igalelo elikhulu eli candelo lwazi. Waba inkqubo eneenkcukacha ekuvumela ukuba ufumane inkcazelo kwakuyimfuneko ukuze Ukuqulunqwa karhulumente yejografi ngenkcazelo epheleleyo yelizwe yezoqoqosho.

Igalelo University Statistics

Imbali kuphuhliso manani kwilizwe lethu becala ezinxulumene ne igama zezenzululwazi enkulu Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova. Ngowe-1755 wabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuba "Ilizwi indumiso * kuKhesare uPetros Enkulu." Oku kuhlolwa i kuphunyezwa kungekudala kokuba zincwadi uPetros. UMikhail yachukumisa kwiincwadi zakhe eliqela kwanemiba ezinxulumene nemali, labemi, imithombo yendalo, kunye nabanye.

Ukuphuculwa indlela yokulungiselela isaveyi data echaza labemi, ngokwemimandla nangeendlela noqoqosho karhulumente kurhwebo, ezolimo, ezothutho, amashishini kunye nabanye. Ithatyathwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo yokuvuzwa University. Le nkqubo waphuhliswa V. yokuqala N. Tatischev. Uyilelwe ukuba 'Russian Atlas ". Ngokwale nkqubo, counties, kunye nemizi zathunyelwa kwiimo ezikhethekileyo iimviwo. Kangangethuba elide izinto kufika kule Akhademi. Bona bayakwazi ukusingatha emva kokufa uMikhail Vasilyevich.

Uphuhliso manani eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-19

Imbali-manani zenzululwazi kwilizwe lethu yabalasela eziliqela impumelelo ngenkulungwane ye-19. Iqela imisebenzi enkulu phezu kolwazi eli candelo lolwazi, wavela ekuqaleni kwale nkulungwane. K. F. German kwincwadi yakhe osihloko sithi "The Universal Theory of Statistics" wachaza indlela ezingundoqo, kuzo kwesi inzululwazi. A indima enkulu kwimbali yophuhliso umdla kuthi ulwazi kolu shishino bobabo imisebenzi K. I. Arseneva (iminyaka yobomi - 1789-1856). Lo mphengululi babekholelwa ukuba inzululwazi statistical uyakwazi ukuchaza ngokwaneleyo imeko sikarhulumente.

Scientist D. P. Zhuravskomu, owayehlala kwisithuba ukususela 1810 ukuya ngo1856, Kuyimpumelelo enkulu - ingxelo iziseko theoretical component manani kwenkqubo. Wavula umgaqo ukuba qualitative analysis oluninzi kufuneka kuqwalaselwe njengenye.

A phawu uphawu ngabameli zesikolo zemfundo isayensi umdla wethu ngumnqweno wabo ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukufunda kukarhulumente endaweni ukufunda kuluntu. Kuba Abaseki bayo ziquka E. Yu Janson (1835-93), AI Chuprov (iminyaka yobomi - 1842-1908), NA Kablukov AA Kaufman. Izazinzulu abasebenza kwinkalo manani emfundo, wenze lukhulu uphuhliso inzululwazi umdla kuthi eRashiya. imisebenzi kwaba nempembelelo entle kumsebenzi arhente ezahlukeneyo manani. Kuphuhliso neeSayensi zeMathematika kwilizwe lethu, kube nefuthe elikhulu avelise imisebenzi zezibalo Russian ezifana PP Chebyshev, A. A. Markov kunye A. M. Lyapunov.

imingeni Modern kunye namagunya manani kweli lizwe

Xa imisebenzi V. I. Hotimskogo, V. N. Starovskogo, V. S. Nemchinova, B. S. Yastremskogo, A. Ya. Boyarskogo, LV Nekrasha kunye nembali nezinye manani washwankathelwa ngokufutshane. Baqokelelela amava zezazinzulu Russian kule nkalo. Namhlanje kwilizwe lethu isebenzela ukuphucula le nkqubo, kwakunye nokutshintshwa kwendlela imigaqo-mali yamkelwa practice ngamazwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno imithetho rhwebo.

State Statistics Committee of Russia namhlanje umzimba engundoqo yenkqubo manani karhulumente kwilizwe lethu. It umzimba federal kwamandla olawulo. manani karhulumente inkqubo kwilizwe lethu amele neminye imibutho. Oku amalungu yakhe republic, imimandla, imimandla lokuzimela kwaye amaphondo, imimandla nezixeko, kwakunye arhente zawo ilawulwe.

Imixholo ekhoyo i "Statistics" iingqiqo

Ukuqulunqwa kwale nzululwazi, ukwandiswa kwendawo isicelo layo kukhokelele kwinto yokuba umxholo kweekhonsepthi zawo zitshintshile. Namhlanje, igama elithi "statistics" lisetyenziswa amaxabiso zintathu zilandelayo.

1. Libhekisela ukuze benze ushishino zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, eba Injongo wokuhlanganisa kunye nokulungiswa kwedatha izoba kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi yoluntu, kwakunye uhlalutyo agcina kunye ncwadi. 'Amanani' ngale ndlela lihambisana ibinzana elithi "iirekhodi manani."
2. Ixabiso elandelayo - izinto digital esetyenziswa ukuchaza omnye okanye esinye isigaba iziganeko zentlalo okanye isicelo xa ucinga nokwabiwa ezinye izalathisi ngokwalo mmandla.
3. Kunikwe iinkcukacha-manani nezaziwa njengesebe ulwazi, eyagcina yenzululwazi eyahlukileyo, kwakunye njengesifundo zemfundo, nto leyo kokufundiswayo kumaziko emfundo aphakamileyo kunye nangaphezulu.

Ngoko ke, siya ukuchaza ngokufutshane ulwazi kushishino ezifana manani. Imbali ukuvela nophuhliso sele inikezelwe kweli nqaku. Ifanele igxininiswe into olu isayensi sisakhula. Imbali-manani, ezishwankathelwe kweli nqaku, ekugqibeleni baya kuxhaswa izinto ezintsha.