Imbali Russian FSB

FSB okanye Russian Service Security Federal, yenye ezihlangwini ye-USSR Committee State Security (KGB), umbutho eyaziwa ngokuba imisebenzi yayo ubugrogrisi kunye nobukrelekrele, esebenze eSoviet Union ngenkulungwane XX.

abecuphi - i Cheka - OGPU - KGB - FSB

History of the Federal Service Security kukho inani lotshintsho egameni layo kunye litsha emva revolution eRashiya ngowe-1917 Ngokusemthethweni, abeyambethe igama eKGB iminyaka engama-46, ukususela ngo-1954 ukuya 1991. imibutho ingcinezelo aye yinxalenye isakhiwo sezopolitiko of Russia elide. Imisebenzi le mibutho iye yandiswa kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa kunye nendima amapolisa kwezopolitiko, edlalwe ngamapolisa ebudeni bolawulo Tsar Nicholas II.

Ngowe-1917, uVladimir Lenin ukusuka iintsalela zamapolisa Tsarist imfihlelo wadala Cheka. Lo mbutho entsha, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ibe iKGB, wayexakeke kuluhlu olubanzi imisebenzi, kuquka zaseMelika, Isibali-zaseMelika nokuzinxwema eSoviet Union ukusuka iimveliso Western, iindaba kunye neengcamango. Ngowe-1991, iSoviet Union iwa, ekhokelela ukuqhekezwa ikomiti lemibutho eliqela, ezona zinabantu lowo FSB.

History of the Russian Service Federal Security

Ngowe-1880, Tsar Alexander II wambumba Branch kuzigcina ukhuseleko loluntu kunye umyalelo, eyaziwa ngokuba "abecuphi." Lo mbutho kwi XIX ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Amaqela ebanjwa ezahlukeneyo ezinkulu eRashiya - elibukhali amalungu azo ekuphunyezweni kwazo kunye lwaze kubo. Njengoko amalungu abecuphi kulawulo kumaqela ahlukeneyo wotshintsho, ukumkani wayesoloko ukuya kuthi ga ngoku kwaye lula ukuthintela nakuphi na ukuhlaselwa enokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi-1908 no-1909, 4 wamalungu-5 i-St Petersburg Committee yamaBolshevik Party baba ngamalungu Okhrana. Nicholas II ndandiqinisekile amandla akhe phezu kwezi ngamaqela, ngoNovemba 1916 ngoyaba izilumkiso revolution sisondele.

Emva kokuba February Democratic Revolution, uLenin yakhe yamaBolshevik Party balungiselela ngokufihlakeleyo amandla kunye ukuzama yesibini ubhedu. ULenin wayengumxhasi azinikele yezithyolo bayinqule i Jacobins, le abalweli French kakhulu kwezinya 1790 wamisela Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo usihlalo yaBantu Commissariat leMicimbi yangaPhakathi (NKVD), injongo ephambili kwawo kulwa neentshaba ulawulo kunye nokuthintela ngabom kulo lonke elo lizwe. History of the Cheka (FSB) uqale nge indalo yayo-20 Disemba 1917 ukuya ukuphucula ukusebenza umsebenzi NKVD. Commission Extraordinary yaba sisiseko kamva KGB. usihlalo wayo, uLenin wamisela Dzerzhinsky, a sasePoland, oye wachitha iminyaka eli-11 entolongweni ngenxa kwimisebenzi abanqolobi nxamnye nokumkani.

Ukududuzelisa elibomvu

Kungekudala Zheleznyy Feliks waqalisa ukwenza utshintsho kwi Cheka. History of the Federal Service Security ngoDisemba 1920 yabalasela ukudluliselwa kwikomkhulu nkampani St. Petersburg kwi-ofisi owayesakuba All-Russian Insurance Company, apho uhlala unanamhla. Cheka ngokwayo waqhuba uphando ngokwayo ukuba avalele, bagwetywe ngokwayo, equlethwe kwiinkampu zoxinaniso aze abulawe.

History of the iKGB-FSB iquka ukubulawa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-500 000 kwithuba ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ngo-1917 ukuya ukuthiya ngokutsha ngo-1922. A into eyayiqhelekile i "Red Terror." Ukusuka kwilali nganye noonogada wathabatha abantu 20-30 zibulawa ukubabamba logama nje abalimi zange banike bonke koovimba babo ukutya. Ukuba oku akwenzeki, ukudubula nabazizibambiso. Nangona nkqubo iye yaphumelela ukugcina ideology uLenin kaThixo, ukuphucula ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye West, iKGB aye ohlulwa kwaye endaweni ngumbutho akukho elimasikizi ngaphantsi - Directorate Political State (GPU).

Ekuqaleni, lo GPU kwaba phantsi kolawulo NKVD yaye namandla ngaphantsi kwe i Cheka. Ngenkxaso Lenin Dzerzhinsky wahlala usihlalo kunye ekugqibeleni abe namandla alo bangaphambili. NoMgaqo-siseko USSR wavunywa ngoJulayi 1923, lo GPU labizwa ngokuba OGPU, okanye loLawulo Political United State.

indlala

Ngowe-1924, uLenin wafa, waza wakhululana Josef Stalin. Dzerzhinsky, abaxhasa naye edabini igunya, aphelelwe post yakhe. Emva kokufa Iron Felix ngowe-1926 waba yintloko OGPU Menzhinsky. Enye yeenjongo eziphambili lombutho ngelo xesha zomyalelo inkxaso phakathi abemi Soviet, xa Stalin wajika umlimi iifama kwizigidi ezili-14 zibe kwiifama ehlangeneyo. Imbali igazi ye-FSB iquka into elandelayo. Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno exchange bezinye iintlanga OGPU kwanyanzeleka ukuba bathimbe okuziinkozo nomnikelo ekuthengisweni kumazwe kuwo, ukudala indlala, ngenxa yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezihlanu.

Ukususela berry ku Yezhov

Ngowe-1934 Menzhinsky wafa phantsi kweemeko twi yaye zathathelwa indawo uHenry Berry, usokhemisi ngoqeqesho. Phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe, i OGPU baqala ukubathwala uphando entsimini kwezixhobo yebhayoloji nemichiza. Berry wayekuthanda ukwenza imifuniselo kwi ababanjiweyo ngokobuqu. Yena wadutyulwa phantsi koStalin emva kokuvuma lokubulala Menzhinsky ukuba akhokele OGPU.

Ngexesha ulawulo lwe UNikolai Yezhov 's ezihlangwini Berries, besothusa kwi-USSR ifikelele incopho yayo. History of the Federal Service Security kuquka into zilandelayo: phakathi 1936 no 1938. kuphela abaqeshwa OGPU abantu namawaka amathathu shot. Esoyika impembelelo obukhulayo Yezhov, Stalin wazama bamdubula ngo-1938.

iminyaka 15 Beria

Emva Yezhov njengentloko NKVD iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kubanjwa Lavrenty Beria. Yena wandisa umbutho ukuya kangangokuba ngowe-1941 inkonzo yokhuseleko yaba ngumbutho eyahlukileyo. NKGB yayinoxanduva yokhuseleko lwangaphakathi, Isibali-ubukrelekrele, ukhuseleko umda, iinkampu yabasebenzi, kwakunye yabanqolobi kunye nomzabalazo efihlakeleyo nxamnye eJamani ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Intloko NKGB Vsevolod Merkulov ilawulwa Beria. Ngowe-1950, yena indawo uViktor Abakumov, ogama ukunyaniseka yintloko NKVD wayezibona njalo. Ngenxa yoko, Stalin, Beria wamcenga ukuba ondohlwayayo kuye iyelenqe nxamnye inkokheli kwezizwe zonke. Ngowe-1951 Abakumov wadutyulwa.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin ngowe-1953, Beria wayezama ukuthatha indawo yakhe nguzwilakhe ye-USSR. Kodwa iinkokeli ezingundoqo eziliqela eSoviet Army yayame Nikita Khrushchev, Beria wasiwa enkundleni kunye abulawe naye ngowe-1953 NgoMatshi 1954, kwakukho eKGB, apho uxanduva lokulawula amapolisa, eqhuba imisebenzi udada, ukhuseleko umda kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi.

Imbali kwi FSB. KGB (1954-1991)

IKomiti Yokuphepha yaqalwa Matshi 13, 1954 usihlalo yayo yokuqala Ivan Serov. Umsebenzi wokuqala zekomiti yaba ngurhulumente 'ehlambulukileyo' abantu Beria, owayezama ukuba athimbe ulawulo yiSoviet Union emva kokufa kukaStalin kaThixo.

Ukususela yokuqala ngo-1958, kunye nokuqeshwa Aleksandra Shelepina njengoko usihlalo omtsha we iKGB (Serov ekhokelwa yi-General Intelligence Department), Khrushchev wazisa utshintsho nemisebenzi zokusebenza yeKomiti. Injongo yakhe ukubuyela eSoviet Union, iKGB, yaye ngokukodwa, phezu ikhondo elifanayo kwi Cheka Dzerzhinsky ekuqaleni 1920. amazwe Western ziye igama "iintshaba" engundoqo ye-USSR, kubandakanywa i-US, UK kunye Japan. Abemelwe lakhelwe kwaye buthathaka. Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha Khrushchev era wabona ukwanda kwinani ukubulala zezopolitiko ubunqolobi ngemali yiSoviet Union.

Ngelo xesha linye i-iKGB izama ukutshintsha umfanekiso ingcinezelo wadala ngolawulo lozwilakhe kaStalin. Created lwemisebenzi yoncwadi sicacisa igalelo yobugorha ukuba uyayilondoloza iKGB eSoviet Union, kunye izitampu zokuposa ekhutshwe kunye nomfanekiso ka Dzerzhinsky.

NgoDisemba 1961, wangena esikhundleni yi Vladimir Shelepina kasixhenxe.

Ixesha of Andropov

Imbali kwi FSB emva ukubhukuqwa Khrushchev ka-Oktobha 11, 1964 kunye nokuza ukuba amandla Leonida Brezhneva yenza ithuba: kasixhenxe wagxothwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngusihlalo iKGB. NgoMeyi 1967 kubekwa uYuri Andropov, intloko yesebe ukuba neentlobano kunye namazwe yali. Waba Chairman- "ixesha elide", ukubambelela ngaphandle de Meyi 1982.

Intloko entsha iKGB Ukuqhubekeka ngokuhlengahlengisa niqale Khrushchev kunye Shelepin kwi-1960. Yena bamelane aphikisayo, yobukrelekrele, zesizwe kunye nenkolo; inkqubo eyandisiweyo yeenkampu zomsebenzi , ne Ekhaya namakhonkco; ezisetyenziswa kwengqondo ukujongana uso. Ukongeza, eli nani lenyuswa laya ukuqokelelwa yayo ubukrelekrele lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, enceda ukwakha eninalo ngenxa ngemali nolawulo emkhosini, ushishino zokhuselo mboni. Phantsi kwesikhokelo yiKGB Andropov abandakanyeke olungelulo, ukuguqula amaxwebhu arhente zengqiqo Western, ezixhaswa iphulo kumajelo eendaba Koloni, kwakunye kuthungelwano eyandisiweyo arhente aphesheya. NgoMeyi 1982, Andropov waba yinkokeli Communist Party, yaye yena wongamela iKomiti wagqithela Vitaly Fedorchuk, usihlalo owayesakuba yiKGB yengingqi eUkraine.

iinyanga nje ezisixhenxe waba uMphathiswa wokugqibela Interior. NgoDisemba 1982, uViktor Chebrikov, isekela lokuqala. Fedorchuk, wathabatha indawo esingenamntu. Ngo-Oktobha 1988 ukuba wakhululana Vladimir Kryuchkov, intloko Yokuqala Chief Directorate ye iKGB.

Amagwegwe wayengusihlalo iKGB de-Agasti 18, 1991, xa yena namanye amalungu ezingundoqo ezisixhenxe urhulumente waseSoviet lasungula ubhedu behluleke nxamnye uMikhail Gorbachev, inkokeli Communist Party ukususela 1985 de kokupheliswa iqela December 25, 1991

Lo mbutho kunye nemisebenzi KGB

Ngo-1954 waqalisa imbali iKGB-FSB, amapolisa kwezopolitiko eSoviet Union, leyo yaziwa ngokusesikweni ngokuba yiKomiti Yokuphepha yaye bafumana isakhiwo zalo ezisisiseko bombutho.

Ke kwabakho ukwehla okubonakalayo isimo salo Ministry kwikomiti. Noko ke, nangona oku, iKGB waqhubeka ukuzimela ngaphezu kakhulu namanye amasebe karhulumente Soviet, yaye elizimeleyo iBhunga labaPhathiswa igunya ukunikezela amandla USSR. Njengokuba iKomiti State of the eKGB ngokusesikweni ukubheka kwiBhunga labaPhathiswa phantsi Charter. Imbali amalungu FSB ngexa yokuba charter Komiti zange lupapashwe, ngokuchaseneyo ezininzi neminye imithetho Soviet. iinkalo ezininzi lombutho Noko ke, ziye zapapashwa ezincwadini kwaye kwezinye iimeko yokubhengeza weemfihlelo karhulumente.

KGB inophawu isakhiwo iambrela, olu sapho lwaluquka a iikomiti ezifanayo ngasinye 14 ithi Soviet. Noko ke, le RSFSR, umbutho yengingqi wayengekho. neekomiti zokhuseleko loluntu lonke eRashiya ukubheka ngqo kwigunya central eMoscow.

ubunkokheli KGB asetyenziswe nguMongameli, ezivunywe liBhunga Ephakamileyo Political Bureau of the ntetho. Yena 1-2 kuqala 4-6 njengamalalela nje. Bona, kunye neentloko amanye amasebe, kwasekwa ibhodi - umzimba ukwenza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo malunga nemisebenzi yombutho.

Imisebenzi ephambili iKGB afikelela kwiindawo 4: ukhuselo karhulumente ukususela iintlola amazwe kunye arhente, ucupho kunye nophando mthetho olungenazipolitiki noqoqosho, ukhuselo imida karhulumente kunye amahlebo karhulumente. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ezi misebenzi kumasebe amathandathu enkulu wakhonza ukusuka 390 ukuya kuma-700 lamawaka. Man.

ubume bombutho

1st loMlawuli oyiNtloko ukuba bangunobangela walo lonke imisebenzi angaphandle kunye nobukrelekrele-indibano. Kwakugcwele iyantlukwano eziliqela, abelana zombini imisebenzi eyenziwa (razvedpodgotovka, ukuqokelelwa kunye analysis) kunye kummandla wejografi ehlabathini. Okukodwa yomsebenzi efunekayo ukukhetha abasebenzi kakhulu afanelekayo onke amasebe; abaqeqeshwayo nerekhodi ezihle ezifundweni, wazi iilwimi omnye okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye babekholelwa ubuKomanisi.

2nd State ukubonelela ulawulo lwangaphakathi yezopolitiko yabemi Soviet abolunye uhlanga abahlala eSoviet Union. Le ulawulo kuthintela zoqhagamshelwano oonozakuzaku amazwe kunye nabemi beli lizwe; It ophanda mthetho olungenazipolitiki, ezoqoqosho kwaye ziqulathe uthungelwano oontamnani; esweni abakhenkethi kunye nabafundi angaphandle.

State Okwesithathu abakule counterintelligence yamajoni kunye kweliso yezopolitiko imikhosi exhobileyo. Kwakugcwele yoqhekeko 12, ukongamela imikhosi ezahlukeneyo wamajoni nomkhosi.

5 PG kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi 2nd ezibandakanya. Yenziwe ngo-1969 ukujongana nale kombono kwezopolitiko, oko inoxanduva kukufunyanwa neutralization inkcaso phakathi imibutho yenkolo, bambalwa yesizwe kunye nabaphetheyo ngokwasengqondweni (in Vol. H. Of kuluntu zoncwadi bezobugcisa).

State 8 onoxanduva unxibelelwano lukarhulumente. Kuye kwafunyaniswa nangakumbi olwenziwe esweni lonxibelelwano amazwe, wadala imibhalo efihlakeleyo esetyenziswa yi iminqongo yiKGB, ukuze adlulisele imiyalezo kwiiarhente phesheya, ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ngothungelwano olukhuselekileyo.

State Umda Imikhosi benza abagcina umda kumhlaba kwaye elwandle. It yahlulwa 9 iindawo umda, egubungela 67 amawaka. Km umda USSR. Imisebenzi ephambili yale babemise zibonisa isakhono kokuhlaselwa; abathintela elihambayo mthethweni ngapha komda abantu, izixhobo, iziqhushumbisi, ezingeniswe kunye neencwadi ephazamisayo; iliso iinqanawa Soviet angaphandle.

Ukongeza kuRhulumente ezintandathu waba amasebe ngakumbi ubuncinane embalwa, ezincinane ubukhulu nobubanzi:

• 7 babandakanyeka ucupho kunye libonelela abasebenzi kunye nezixhobo yobugcisa esweni imisebenzi zabasemzini ibitheni abemi Soviet.
• 9 iqinisekisa ukhuseleko yeenkokeli eziphambili iqela kunye namalungu eentsapho zabo kwi incwadi kunye nezinye izakhiwo zikarhulumente kulo lonke eli lizwe.
• 16 kubonelelwa amakhonkco yomnxeba kunye nonomathotholo esetyenziswa yi amagunya karhulumente.

Njengoko umbutho enkulu kunye nezintsonkothileyo, iKGB, ukongeza kwezi ofisi, waba izixhobo ngokubanzi inikezela ukusebenza imihla ngemihla kulo mbutho. Yeyona Isebe okulo leHR, oonobhala, abasebenzi abanika inkxaso yobugcisa, isebe ngezezimali, ithala leencwadi, isebe yolawulo, kwakunye mbutho ipati.

Le liyancipha iKGB

Agasti 18, 1991 inkokeli USSR uMikhail Gorbachev kwindawo dacha karhulumente kuLwandle abamnyama eCrimea watyelelwa iyelenqe eziliqela, xa Vol. H. uLieutenant-Jikelele uYuri Plekhanov, eyiNtloko kaMongameli Guard, kunye Valery Boldin, intloko ulawulo Gorbachev, elalicinga ukuba iqela kuyinto busengozini. Bambuza ukuba mhlawumbi emsebenzini okanye bayeke amagunya umongameli egameni uSekela Mongameli Gennady Yanayev. Emva kokuba ukungaphumeleli abalindi Gorbachev eyirhawula indlu yakhe, angavumeli ukuba ashiye okanye ukunxibelelana nehlabathi ngaphandle.

Ngelo xesha linye eMoscow "Alpha" iqela 7 iKGB wayalelwa ukuba ukuhlasela ukwakha wePalamente Russian, kwaye uthabathe ulawulo phezu kwayo. Le esayenza ukuqhuba kwesimo Engcotyeni isakhiwo Agasti 19 uze ukungena aze asithimbe th sakhe 20 th Agasti 21. Ngokwahlukileyo ezilindelekileyo amalungu eKomiti Emergency, iqela elikhokelwa uMikhail Golovatova isigqibo ukuphumeza lo msebenzi. Ukuba ihlehlise de imikhosi inkcaso elikhokelwa Boris Yeltsin akazange eze ukukhusela isakhiwo.

Emva nabavukeli waqonda ukuba mdibi kakubi okucwangcisiweyo kwaye akayi kuba nempumelelo, bazama ukuba zithetha-thethane Gorbachev, ngubani banjwa zabo. UMongameli walile ukudibana kunye namalungu eKomiti Emergency. Ezinye yelenqe babanjwa, yaye lika livunyelwe.

I 'gang ezisibhozo "kwakukho uSekela-Mongameli, usihlalo iKGB, umlungiseleli ukhuselo, inkulumbuso, ilungu leBhunga loKhuselo, ilungu leBhunga ePhakamileyo, usihlalo yamashishini karhulumente woMbutho noMphathiswa of Internal Affairs. Bosixhenxe babanjwa kwaye zigwetywa. Eighth wadubula ngokwakhe entloko phambi kokuba wabanjwa.

Emva kokuzama ukukhwabanisa, uVladimir Kryuchkov, owayengumongameli weKGB iminyaka emithathu, watshintshwa nguVadim Bakatin, owayekade engumphathiswa wezinto zangaphakathi ukususela ngo-1988 ukuya ku-1990, owathi wabiza ukutshabalaliswa kweKomiti yoKhuseleko kaRhulumente. Esi sigxina kwakungesizathu sokufuduka kwakhe kunye nokuqeshwa kwakhe kwindawo yakhe kaBoris Pugo, owathi wanika inkxaso inkxaso.

Kwaye ngo-Oktobha 24, 1991, iKGB yase-USSR yachithwa ngokusemthethweni.

Ukuvuselela

Nangona i-KGB ngokusemthethweni yaphela, ngo-1991 yahlula yaba ngamaqela, ahlangeneyo enza imisebenzi efanayo neKomiti.

Inkonzo yoBulumko baseKhaya, eyasungulwa ngo-Oktobha 1991, ithatha imisebenzi ye-1st Administration Administration ukwenzela ukuqhuba imisebenzi yangaphandle, ukuqokelela nokuhlalutya ingqondo.

I-Federal Agency yoLwazi loRhulumente kunye noLwazi lwakhiwa ngokusekelwe kwi-GU yesi-8 kunye neCandelo le-16 kunye noxanduva lokhuseleko lwezonxibelelwano kunye nokudluliselwa kwengqondo.

I-8-9 lamawaka amabutho omkhosi, awakha iSebe le-9, adibana ne-Federal Security Service kunye neNkonzo yoKhuseleko kaMongameli. Le mibutho inoxanduva lokukhusela i-Kremlin kunye nawo onke amasebe abalulekileyo eRussia Federation.

Imbali ye-FSB yaseRashiya phantsi kwegama layo langoku iqale emva kokuba uMphathiswa woKhuseleko uchithe ngo-1993. Kwabandakanya abantu abangama-75,000 ukususela kwi-yesi-yesibini, yesithathu nesihlanu yesi-GU. Unoxanduva lokukhuseleko lwangaphakathi eRussian Federation.

Ngaphambili, kwixesha elidlulileyo ...

Emva kweminyaka emininzi yokwesabisa izakhamuzi zaseSoviet ezazihlala ziyikrokraza i-KGB okanye izivakalisi ezibuhlungu ukuba zisebenze kwiimeko ezinzima zeenkampu zomsebenzi, iKomiti yoKhuseleko kaRhulumente iyeka phantsi kwegama layo langaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi basaphila ngokwesaba le ntlangano enobuqili noxinzelelo. Imbali ye-FSB yaseRashiya igcwele iinkcukacha ezicacileyo. Ababhali abanemisebenzi yabo babecingwa njenge-anti-Soviet kunye nabangakaze babone iincwadi zabo zinyathelisiwe, bebaxhoba kwi-5 ye-KGB. Iintsapho zaqhekeka xa iimbosa ezibanjwe, zazama zaza zagweba izigidi zabantu kwiintolongo zabasebenzi eSiberia okanye ekufeni. Uninzi lwabagwebi aluzange lwenze naluphi na ulwaphulaphulo - baba ngamaxhoba kwiimeko, bazifumana kwindawo engafanelekanga ngexesha elifanelekileyo, okanye ngenxa yegama elingenangqiqo eyenziwa ekhaya. Abanye babo babulawa ngenxa yokuba ii-KGB zaza kufuneka zizalise ii-quotas, kwaye ukuba bekungenabo ngokwaneleyo iintlola ngaphakathi kwegunya labo, bamane bathabatha abantu abangenacala kwaye baxhatshaza baze bavuma ngezenzo ezingekho phantsi kwabo.

Kwakubonakala ngathi le ntlungu yahamba ngonaphakade. Kodwa imbali ye-Cheka-KGB-FSB ayipheli apho. Izicwangciso ezikhankanywe kutshanje zokudala uMphathiswa woKhuseleko kaRhulumente ngesiseko se-SVR kunye ne-FSB yenza omnye akhumbule isakhiwo seStalin esasiqambileyo, esilungiselelwe ukukhusela imfuno yeqela elilawulayo.