Ngubani wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa?

"Imithetho Kepler kaThixo" - eli binzana liqhelekile nabani na onomdla ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngubani na lo mntu? Uqhagamshelwano kunye kokunye yinyani leyo Wachaza? Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi, ingcali yezibalo, umfundisi, sobulumko, umntu osisilumko ixesha lakhe Iogann Kepler (1571-1630) wafumanisa imithetho isindululo iiplanethi kwenkqubo elanga.

ekuqaleni wendlela

Iogann Kepler, oyinzalelwane Weil der Stadt (saseJamani), weza ehlabathini ngoDisemba 1571. Ababuthathaka, amehlo umntwana kakuhle woyisa yonke ukuphumelela ebomini. Fundisisa lo mfana yaqala Leonberg, apho intsapho yafudukela. Kamva ndafudukela iziko oluphambili - isikolo Latin ukufunda iziseko zolwimi, ekuthi kujongwe ukuba isetyenziswe iincwadi elizayo.

Ngowe- 1589 waphumelela esikolweni Maulbronn yoonongendi kwidolophu Adelburg. Ngowe-1591 wangena University of Tübingen. Inkqubo yemfundo esebenzayo yadalwa Emva ekuqalisweni kwe-iindwalutho nawo. Ngoncedo izibonelelo-mali zokufunda kurhulumente amahlwempu bazama ukubonelela abatsha eyunivesithi, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphakamisa abefundisi ezikrelekrele ngengqondo, eziqeqeshekileyo yokukhusela ukholo entsha ngamaxesha yokuguguma impikiswano zonqulo.

Ezili esikolweni Kepler saphenjelelwa ngunjingalwazi astronomi Michael Mostlina. Last kwabelwane ngasese iimbono nezimvo Copernicus malunghana na heliocentric (kweLanga embindini) ngayo indalo, nangona abafundi abaqeqeshwe "uPtolemy" (Umhlaba kweli ziko). ulwazi olunzulu kwiingcamango sisazinzulu Polish yavusa umdla omkhulu Kepler kaThixo ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke ingcamango Copernican inomnye Umcebi, owayefuna ngokobuqu ukuqonda imithetho isindululo iiplanethi ujikeleza ilanga.

System Solar - umsebenzi wobugcisa

Isimanga, lowo kamva wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa, musa ukucinga ukuba ngeenkwenkwezi yi ubizo. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, Kepler wayekholelwa ukuba inkqubo solar - umsebenzi wobugcisa, ezixineneyo izenzakalo limangalisa, ndandifuna ukuba ngumfundisi. nomdla kwakhe ngeenkwenkwezi Copernican wachaza ukuba phambi kokuba benze izigqibo ukusuka kuphando yayo, uye afunde izimvo ezahlukeneyo.

Nakuba kunjalo, ootitshala eyunivesithi wathi Kepler, njengomfundi, abe nengqondo ebalaseleyo. Ngowe-1591, isidanga umninindlu, ISAZINZULU waqhubeka izifundo zakhe kwezakwalizwi. Xa seliza kugqitywa kusa, oko kwazeka ukuba isikolo yamaLuthere e Graz wafa uprofesa wezibalo. University of Tübingen ekucetyiswa ukuba ukuthatha indawo baphumeleleyo unekhono ngandlela zonke. Ngoko ke, imithetho-ntle zokuhamba kweenkwenkwezi?

Xa igama likaThixo

UJohann oneminyaka eli-22 ubudala kabuhlungu bashiya umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ukuba abe ngumbingeleli, kodwa benza imisebenzi utitshala kwemathematika Graz. Ngethuba lesifundo eklasini utitshala abo basandula kuqalisa echaza ebhodini ezinye iimilo zejiyometri ngezangqa concentric kunye noonxantathu. Kwaye ngoko ke, esibanekile wacinga ukuba la manani amele umlinganiselo othile fixed phakathi ubukhulu izangqa ezibini, phantsi kwelungiselelo elithi nxantathu yi alinganayo. Kwaye yintoni ke lulwahlulo ubungakanani square phakathi koluntu ezimbini? Inkqubo ingcamango luya lusiba nochatha.

Emva konyaka, i wezakwalizwi engaqhelekanga wapapasha incwadi yakhe yokuqala, "Imfihlelo Yonke" (1596). Kuyo, wayechaza izimvo zakhe ngomhla iimfihlelo ezinobuchule iphela, exhaswa iinkolelo zonqulo.

Lowo wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa, senziwe egameni likaThixo. Ukuveza intsingiselo zemathematika ngayo indalo, umphandi bafika kwisigqibo: iiplanethi ezintandathu afakwe kwiindawo ezilungelene phakathi ezimacala emihlanu rhoqo. Kakade ke, uguqulelo esekelwe kwi "inyaniso" ukuba kukho 6 kuphela imizimba yasezulwini. Kepler ujikeleza Umhlaba amagqabantshintshi dodecahedron efanelekileyo kunye scope enxulumene komzila Mars.

ezimacala ephelele

Ehlabathini indawo ne Scientist kuboniswe tetrahedron kunye nenqanaba, orbit ohlanganisa Jupiter. Le icosahedron kwisigaba Orbital ogqibeleleyo "fit" kwisigaba umhlaba ngayo Venus. Ukusetyenziswa lweentlobo aseleyo ezimacala olucokisekileyo enye eye yenziwa abanye. Okumangalisayo kukuba, lulwahlulo wezijikelezi-langa asebumelwaneni enikwe kwimimandla oluzalela womzekelo Kepler kaThixo kungqamane izibalo ze uCopernicus.

Ivula imithetho yokuhamba-langa, ngengqondo zezibalo, umbingeleli wathembela ngokuyintloko iphefumlelwe nguThixo. Waba kungekho siseko sokwenene sokuba ingxabano. Ixabiso le othi "Iimfihlelo Yonke" kukuba yaba linyathelo lokuqala isigqibo malunga nesokuvuma heliocentric nkqubo yehlabathi, ebekwe uCopernicus.

Benze nxamnye ngobuciko eliphezulu

NgoSeptemba 1598 amaProtestanti e Graz, kuquka Kepler, saqhutywa ngaphandle komzi Abalawuli abangamaKatolika. Nangona uJohann bavunyelwe ukuba babuye, le meko wahlala ixesha kakhulu. Xa ufuna inkxaso, waphethukela Tiho Brage - yezibalo kunye ngeenkwenkwezi kwinkundla loMlawuli Rudolf II. Le Isazinzulu yayisaziwa ngokuba ingqokelela bayo kokuma langa.

Wayesazi ngomsebenzi wakhe "Imfihlelo Yonke." Kodwa xa ngo-1600 kumdlali weza Observatory Ngothantamiso ibekwe ngaphandle komzi Prague, Brahe, ukwenza uqhagamshelwano lwetshiphu emsebenzi-ngqo (ngexesha) izifundo, abingelela njengoko umbhali umsebenzi othile, kodwa kungekhona umlingane wakhe. Longquzulwano phakathi kwabo eyaqhubeka de kufe nabakhwitsi Danish, apho kwenzeka kamva ngonyaka. Emva kokuba ummangali kwenye ehlabathini Kepler wacela ukuba alinde ubuncwane kokuma kwakhe. Bona bancedisana umphandi ukuba lowo wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa ujikeleza ilanga.

Indlela Mars

Recent izifundo Braga ukudala amacwecwe motion langa kwakungekagqitywa. Onke amathemba ethu kulo phezu ezihlangwini. Wamiselwa yezibalo asebukhosini. Nangona ubudlelwane oneengxaki kunye ugxa ungasekhoyo, Kepler ndikhululekile awokuya zabo ngeenkwenkwezi. Wagqiba ukuqhubeka akuphawuleyo Mars uchaze umbono yabo komzila kulo mhlaba.

UJohann wayeqinisekile ukuba ngokuvula ngendlela entsonkothileyo Mars uyakwazi ukuchaza indlela sesindululo kwazo zonke ezinye "abathululi wendalo iphela." Ngokwahlukileyo inkolelo ethandwayo, oko nje kusetyenziswa imigqaliselo Brahe kaThixo, ukuze ukhethe imilo zejiyometri ngokweemeko nenkcazelo. Izolo wezakwalizwi ukuba banikele ingqalelo kule kokufunyanwa ingcamango emzimbeni intshukumo "oodade abahlala emoyeni, 'ukusuka apho esinokuzifumana ezindleleni zazo. Emva kokuba umsebenzi wophando yemidlalo aba imithetho ezintathu zokuhamba kweenkwenkwezi.

Lo mthetho lokuqala

I. wezijikelezi-langa ezi ellipses kunye ilanga kwelinye nakujoliso olutsha.

Umthetho zokuhamba kweenkwenkwezi kwinkqubo solar bafumanisa ukuba iiplanethi zihamba ellipses. Wabonakala emva kweminyaka esibhozo ubalo usebenzisa iziko ledatha oluqulunqwe yi Tiho Brage ngokwesiseko kokuma zokuhamba kweenkwenkwezi Mars Stars. umsebenzi wakhe uJohann ebizwa i "Astronomy Entsha".

Ngenxa yoko, ngokomthetho yokuqala Kepler, nayiphi ellipse linamanqaku ezimbini zejometri ekuthiwa nakujoliso olutsha (focus kwi isinye). Umgama zizonke ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya nganye Kumaziko ngokufumba usoloko umnye, kungakhathaliseki apho planethi usekhondweni yeentshukumo zabo. Ukubaluleka lokubhaqwa kukuba kwingcinga yokuba zisuke na izangqa abafezekileyo (njengoko imfundiso geocentric) nokubambisa abantu ulwazi oluchanileyo ngakumbi ngokucacileyo umfanekiso behlabathi.

Umthetho wesibini

II. Le umgca osuka umhlaba kwi Sun (indawo kumda wesangqa) yommandla alinganayo weyisayo qho ngamathuba amiselweyo, ngeli xa umhlaba ihamba phakathi ellipse.

Oko kukuthi, kulo naliphi na ixesha elithile, umzekelo, emva kweentsuku ezingama-30, umhlaba uleyisayo kwindawo efanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ukhethe kwexesha. Ihamba ngokukhawuleza xa kufutshane elangeni yaye bazekelele xa ukususa, kodwa uza ngesantya-ukutshintsha xa uhambisa ngeenxa orbit yayo. Kakhulu "nimble" intshukumo ambona perihelion (ndawo ikufutshane iLanga) kunye ezininzi "amandla-mthetho" -ukuze aphelion (liqhele ukusuka kwindawo lilanga). Ngoko ke lowo wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa.

Umthetho lesithathu

III. Isikweri ixesha lilonke revolution Orbital (T) yi ngokomlinganiselo amagaqa umgama ongumyinge ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya Sun (R).

Lo mgaqo ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba umthetho ngokuvumelana. Yena uthelekisa ixesha Orbital kunye embindini le wezijikelezi-langa. ukubhaqa Kepler ngayo umongo kuxhomekeke kulandelayo: lulwahlulo izikwere kunye iityhubhu lwamathuba intshukumo umgama ongumyinge ukusuka ilanga okufanayo langa ngasinye.

Kwakhona, imithetho yokuhamba of Kepler iiplanethi zisekelwe kokuma ngokubanzi kakhulu kwaye ngokwezibalo zaqwalaselwa. iipateni Ibonisa, azikho kubonakele iziganeko moya. Kamva, le discoverer edume komthetho gravitation jikelele , Newton wabonisa ukuba otgadka walala iimpawu ezibonakalayo izidumbu ayatshalana umdla.

Emthunzini umzimba wam apha

Nangona impumelelo yakhe, Kepler rhoqo ubunzima Ezimbandezelweni zemali, ukunqongophala ixesha uhambo lokufunda ekhangela iindawo ukuzinyamezela iinkolelo zawo zonqulo. Amaxesha aliqela wazama ukufumana indawo lokufundisa Tübingen, kodwa wabonwa nje umngcatshi, kumProtestanti akavunyelwanga.

Iogann Kepler wafa November 15, 1630 ukususela kokuhlaselwa fever ahlekise. Yena wangcwatyelwa emangcwabeni zamaProtestanti. Le epitaph lonyana wakhe esemthethweni wabhala wathi: "Ndandidla ukulinganisa emazulwini. Ngoku ke kufuneka ukuba umlinganiselo ithunzi komhlaba. Nangona yokuba umphefumlo wam esibhakabhakeni, emthunzini umzimba yam yona apha. "

Ewe, ekuqaleni ngomoya kwengqiqo zamaxesha, izazinzulu babekholelwa ukuba izijikelezi ukuhamba ngenxa yokuba umphefumlo, ikhubalo ophilayo, hayi nje izigaqa mba. Kamva waqonda ukuba indlela lwezenzululwazi ngakumbi gwe. Kaloku, umbingeleli kunye ngeenkwenkwezi, wafumanisa imithetho yokuhamba-langa, ingqiqo ngokunyaniseka uye. Kodwa vuma, ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ukuba indalo yenzululwazi eyimfihlakalo abaninzi kangaka!