History of Poland - Ziziphi izifundo abayazi thina?

Ngoku - emva kweminyaka elikhulu embalwa - kwaye kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo ubuncinane i-Russia odlulileyo kwaye Poland iya kuchaphazela ngamandla ulwalamano lwethu. Imbali Polish benamandla iimbambano, iimfazwe, umahluko Polish-Russian eceleni. amacandelo amathathu of the Commonwealth wajika iminyaka kubukhoboka 123.
Kwaye imbali Poland eduze kunye nomzabalazo geqe.

Emva kokuwa kwimvukelo anti-Russian ngoJanuwari 1862 kwafika inkqubo ngakumbi Russification zamazwe Polish kunye nomanyano zobukumkani of Poland. amaziko Polish yaphela, ngokuxhomekeke ukuqalisa ulawulo St. Petersburg. Umthetho 1865 njengoko yolawulo laqalisa ulwimi Russian, kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali eyahlukileyo sele lusekiwe, urhulumente kazwelonke, kwaye lizwe yahlulwe kumaphondo 10. Ngowe-1876, Russian-style yakhiwe iijaji zelizwe kunye uyathinjwa Polish Bank kwiminyaka elishumi kamva. Ulwimi olusemthethweni amaziko kunye neenkundla baba Russian, kwaye uninzi amagosa kwakubangelwa eRashiya. Ngoko ke, imbali Poland yaye ngelo xesha kwakukho imbali ebukhobokeni, yaye umzabalazo ukuba ulondoloze uphawu lwesizwe.

Emva kokufa lerhuluneli Theodore (Theodore) Berg ubukumkani, leyo yaziwa ngokuba "Umda Privislinsky", waqalisa ukukhokela iirhuluneli-jikelele, kunye amalungelo ekhethekileyo kwinkalo yokhuseleko. Ukongeza, Poland asiqhenqethanga iinguqu zobunene oluqhutywe zoMbuso, yonke ubanjwa inkqubo yamapolisa karhulumente, ukuhluza iindaba kunye nomthetho wemitshato (ukusukela 1861)
nangoku igcina a ngomlinganiselo. The Catholic Church, esemayo ngenxa bavukeli, kakhulu, bamsukela: yoonongendi ivaliwe, abo basindayo, zikhethwe impahla, nabaveleli zixhomekeke ikholeji eSt Petersburg (nangona ukuphikisa Pope), waza wahlala phantsi abafowunelwa umlomo neVatican.

On kwintsimi Polish iqukwe zoMbuso, imeko zezibonda kwaba babi. Eyona inzima yabantu yaba nokwenziwa nogonyamelo yenkcubeko kunye kwezithandani lwesazisi uhlanga. EPoland njengenxalenye naseRussia njengohlobo calulwa Inkululeko kazwelonke - uninzi izibonda asiwa kummandla wasempumalanga, enye phantsi ubunzima irhafu aphezulu eZiphiwo ukuthenga umhlaba, ukuseka kwishishini. Ngokwendalo, oku kwabangela ukunganeliseki abagxothwa labemi, leyo eyenzeke ngamaxesha noqhankqalazo ezivulekileyo. Ukuba, phambi kokuba ulawulo Alexander imbali Second Polish ithe ixesha yale enzima imeko Polish, urhulumente zamva kugxila kwimiba inkcubeko nolwimi. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwasekwa misinga omtsha wesizwe, ngenxa apho baseRashiya Russification kwakhula zonke inyathelo. Kule mimandla ngaphaya Bug koMlambo wafuna bakwazi ukucima naziphi na sisibonakaliso Polishness - kokubini esikolweni kulawulo - ke ekugqibeleni lakuphelisa ulwimi Polish ukusetyenziswa luluntu. kwakungekho mfuneko kwi ummandla zoBukumkani, kodwa apha eyenza uphuhliso inkcubeko Polish, igama lenci Russia.

Ngeminyaka yee-60s ngenkulungwane ye-19 ulwimi Russian yaba ulwimi lokufundisa kwizikolo eziziisekondari. kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi 1869 eyaguqukayo yaba eyunivesithi yasebukhosini. Ngowe-1872, ngenxa kuphuculo yoMphathiswa weMfundo nguDmitry Tolstoy lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo ingakumbi yesikolo Polish.

Russia ne Poland. Imbali kula mazwe wakha ingozi. It is Russian Poland ilwa 1920. E Poland, kukholelwa ukuba kwicandelo elilandelayo - umsebenzi lizwe - wafika ngowe-1939, xa imikhosi Soviet ngoSeptemba 17 wangena ummandla Poland (khumbula ukuba ngomhla 1 amajoni Septemba kaHitler ahlala elizweni). Noko ke, izigulane imbali iindawo Poland usakhumbula. Kwaye de sixubushe ngokukhululekileyo nangokunyaniseka zonke izenzakalo ezintsonkothileyo zembali, akunakwenzeka ukuba ingxoxo yokwenene. Ngapha koko, ukulwa Russification - lokuqala ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngoko ke ukongamela yonke Russian ngexesha leSoviet - usaphila kwi pole. Kwaye nangona mkhwa zokuhlangabezana icetyelwe kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ke, ukuba ubuhlobo bokwenene nangoku kude kangako.