Imbali Aeronautics. bazalwane Montgolfier

Imbali loLwamkelo, zibonakala ngokupheleleyo. Namhlanje ubomi bethu ntaka, iinqwelo kunye nezinye izithuthi ezininzi zahluke. Noko ke, ezintliziyweni zabantu ngonaphakade kuhlala umlingo kunye romance ukuba zinxulunyaniswa nemisebenzi umdla ezinjengezo ibhaloni umoya oshushu ride. Kwaye namhlanje abantu mabazenzele kuwo. Abaninzi bafune ukwazi ukuba kwaqala njani konke. Imbali Uphuhliso ballooning uya ngokufutshane kuphononongwa kweli nqaku.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, eBrazil, iba oovulindlela abo ilityalwe Amagama imbali babengekho. Noko ke, inkqubela yazo enkulu lwenzululwazi ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, akubuzwa okanye bahlala ayaziwa.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - gama lalo mntu wangena imbali Aeronautics, noLorenzo Guzman, umbingeleli Portuguese, uMdali projekthi phantsi kwegama "Passaroly" de kutshanje waqonda ukuba liphupha. Ngowe-1971, emva kokuba uphando elide, ndiye ndafumanisa amaxwebhu ezicacisa iziganeko zangaphambili elikude.

Baqala ngo-1708, xa wafudukela ePortugal, Guzman wangena University of Coimbra bawubeka malunga uzama ukwenza loo moya, lo moya apho ndivule imbali ballooning. Physics nemathematika, apho Lorenzo abonisa ubuchule omkhulu, lwamnceda kulo. Waqalisa ngeprojekthi yalo ukuba kunjani. Guzman liqulunqe iindlela ezininzi eyaba kwase isitya elizayo.

Kumboniso wokuqala isitya Guzman

Ngowe-1709, ngo-Agasti, le mifuziselo baboniswa yezikhulu yasebukhosini. Ngempumelelo yaba moya kuphela ibhaloni mnye: iqokobhe obhityileyo kunye obuselukhambeni encinane, lanqunyanyiswa ngaphantsi oko, 4 iimitha baphele emhlabeni. Guzman kulo nyaka baqalisa ngeprojekthi yalo "Passaroly". Ngelishwa, idatha yayo uvavanyo iye yagcinwa. Noko ke, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, Guzman waba lowo wokuqala, olusekelwe phezu ekufundweni nesenzeko endalo, wakwazi ukufumana indlela wokwenene benyuka, kwaye kananjalo wenza iinzame ukusiqhuba xa befundisa. Ngoko ke waqalisa imbali ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

KuYosefu, umzalwana wakhe omkhulu, Etienne Montgolfier, owaba French manufactory encinane iphepha dolophu, wafumana ngo-1782 inqaku apho umzalwana wambuza ukuba alungiselele iintambo kwaye silk umcimbi ukubona enye yezona zinto ezimangalisayo ehlabathini. Inqaku kwakuthetha ukuba uYosefu ekugqibeleni wafumana into leyo nje abazalwana bathi kwintlanganiso: indlela apho ungangenisa emoyeni.

Shell yazaliswa ngumsi, le ndawo. J. Montgolfier ngenxa yamava enye gingxi waphawula ukuba inxeba ngelaphu kwezi ziqwenga zibini somchako kwi istili kwibhokisi-ezimile fixed up emva kokuba izele ngumsi. Le into eyaba nomdla nje umbhali, kodwa umninawa wakhe. Ukusebenza kunye, abaphengululi wadala oomatshini amabini ngaphezulu aerostatic (benjenjalo ukumemeza iibhaloni zabo). Xa isangqa abahlobo nezalamane, omnye wabo iye yabonisa. Uyilelwe njenge ibhola, netoti apho obeziimitha 3.5.

Iimpumelelo zokuqala Montgolfier

nokuhlola waba yimpumelelo epheleleyo: malunga 10 imizuzu emoyeni zathatha iqokobhe, lo gama ukunyuka ukuya ukuphakama kuyimitha malunga 300 neekhilomitha omnye luphaphazela emoyeni. Bazalwana, Ngenxa yeempembelelo impumelelo, ndabonisa wokusungula eluntwini. Bakha ibhaluni enkulu enobubanzi yeemitha ngaphezulu kwe-10. Inxeba Isinikezeli ibhatyi yemizamo yakhe yaba umnatha intambo kunye papered iphepha ukwenzela ukuphucula yobunzima.

Ngowe-1783, Juni 5, eyayibanjelwe ekunokuboniswa kuyo ebaleni kwimarike phambi ababukeli abaninzi. ibhaloni Wavuka izele ngumsi. Zonke iinkcukacha amava wabona protocol okhethekileyo, leyo itywiniweyo kunye iisiginitsha amagosa ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko okwesihlandlo sokuqala kokuba eye yaqiniselwa ngokusesikweni elikuvumela wavula indlela Aeronautics.

profesa Charles

E Paris, unomdla omkhulu savuswa abazalwana Montgolfier ukundiza ibhaloni umoya oshushu. Bacelwa ukuphinda ikomkhulu yamava abo. Kwangaxeshanye, uJacques Charles, yamachiza French, wayalelwa ukuba enze umboniso we-moya wadala. UCharles bathi igesi umoya, ibhaloni nomsi, njengoko yayibizwa - hayi isixhobo kakuhle ukwakha hydrostatic lift.

UJacques wayeqhelene kakuhle kunye zamvanje eziqhubekayo chemistry babekholelwa ukuba ngcono kakhulu ukuba sebenzisa iperoksayidi, ngokuba yinto elula komoya. Noko ke, ngokukhetha le igesi ukuzalisa isithuthi sakhe, unjingalwazi wadibana inani kobunzima zobugcisa. Okokuqala, kwakufuneka isigqibo ukusuka apho ukwenza iqokobhe ukukhanya, uyakwazi ukugcina igesi aziphethe ngayo ixesha elide.

I charliere moya wokuqala

Abazalwana Robey, ubucukubhede, wamnceda ukumelana nalo msebenzi. Baye wenza izinto kunye iipropati ezinqwenelekayo. Kuba oku bazalwana kusetyenziswa kukhanya isilika ngelaphu ethe isale sisombululo rubber in turpentine. Ngowe-1783, 27 Agasti, eParis kwi the Champ de Mars wavuka moya uCharles. Iphaphazela phezulu phambi malunga 300 lamawaka. Ababukeli yaye kungekudala waba ezingabonakaliyo. Xa umntu omnye owayekho apho, wabuza, yintoni eyona ngongoma kuyo yonke le nto, uBenjamin Franklin, laseburhulumenteni odumileyo American-nzulu, bagcine moya, wathi: "Yintoni le ndawana ukuvela usana ehlabathini?" Kwaba Amazwi lesiprofeto. "Newborn" wazalwa, yaye awayemiselwe nekamva eliqaqambileyo.

I abakhweli yokuqala

Abazalwana Montgolfier, Noko ke, akazange ayeke Charles impumelelo injongo ukubonisa e Paris njengeyabo yayo. Etienne, ukuzama ukwenza enombono mkhulu, wasebenzisa italente yakhe ngokomakhi olukhulu. Ibhaluni, ndibakhe, kwaba ngeendlela ezithile umsebenzi wobugcisa. Kwagcinwa imilo waba iqokobhe layo, ofikelela neemitha ngaphezu kwama-20. Waye Wavatha ngaphandle ngezihombo ezimibalabala ngaphandle Monograms.

Ibhaloni lubonakalisiwe Academy of Sciences, ebizwa banconywa abameli balo. Kwagqitywa phambi yakomkhulu ukuphinda umboniso. Kufutshane Paris, e Versailles, ukubonakaliswa kwenzeka ngo-1783, ngomhla we-19 kuSeptemba. Liyinyaniso elokuba, ebangela othandwayo lezifundiswa ibhaluni unanamhla angazange: ulusu lwakhe yakuhlamba yimvula, ebangela ukuba angene emaxongo kakhulu. Kodwa abazalwana Montgolfier akazange ayeke. Ukusebenza nzima, bakha ibhaluni entsha umhla ekujoliswe kulo. Yena na enasilela ngayo ubuhle ezidlulileyo.

Ukuze avelise kangangoko, abazalwana azibophela esiseleni ezo kubeka inkuku, Dada kunye neegusha. Zizo ezo okokuqala kwimbali balloonists. Ibhaluni Yaphaphazela yeza waza wavula indlela yakhe eya km 4, imizuzu 8 ngokukhuselekileyo ithotywe emhlabeni. Amaqhawe suku yaba abazalwana Montgolfier. Bona ziwongwe amabhaso ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye zonke iibhaluni, ethi isetyenziswe ukwenza lift umoya nomsi, waqalisa imini kubizwa ibhaluni.

moya swi kwi ibhaloni air hot

Nge wabaleka ngalinye Montgolfier abazalwana besondela injongo alithandayo ekunisukeleni, - ukubhabha kwabantu. Ibhola entsha yakhiwa ngabo, kwaba mkhulu. ukuphakama kwayo laliziimitha 22.7 yaye ububanzi - kangangeemitha ezili-15. Ring Gallery iye shelwe inxalenye asezantsi. Uyilelwe ukuba abantu ababini. Ukudalwa yale kuyilo baqhubeka imbali ballooning. Physics, ngomhla impumelelo wona esekelwe, ngexesha kuvunyelwa kuphela uyilo elula kakhulu-moya. Iziko kwakutshiswa ingca yamiswa embindini igalari. Yena yemisebe imfudumalo, ngoxa iqokobhe phantsi umngxuma. Le ubushushu kumo umoya, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukwenza indiza elide. Wada waba elithile controllable.

Imbali moya ungakwazi ukufumana iintlobo izibakala umdla. Aeronautics - omsebenzi, nto leyo ngenkulungwane ye-18 bazisa udumo olukhulu ukuthandwa. Abenzi bemeko-moya akazange afune ukwabelana ngayo nabanye. Noko ke, Louis XVI, uKumkani waseFransi, balelwa ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kubaxhasi zabucala flight. Ngokutsho kwakhe, le ngxaki ubomi kuyingozi kwafuneka ukuba ayalele mthetho ababini bagwetyelwa ukufa. Nakuba kunjalo, oku kwakhokelela noqhankqalazo Pilatre de Rozier, omnye nxaxheba abakhutheleyo ukwakhiwa ibhaloni umoya oshushu.

Le ndoda khange ivumelane nesibakala sokuba amagama mthetho kuya kungena imbali Aeronautics. Wafuna ukuba bathathe inxaxheba mission buqu. Imvume ekugqibeleni ifunyenwe. Uhambo ngebhaluni yomoya wahamba ngenye "pilot". Baba Marquis d'Arland, fan ballooning. Kwaye ngo 1783, 21 Novemba, bashiya emhlabeni, waza wenza moya yayo yokuqala ezimbalini. imizuzu 25 emoyeni wahlala ngebhaluni yomoya oshushu, malunga 9 neekhilomitha bantinga ngeli xesha.

kokuba abantu on charliere

Ukuze angqine ukuba charliere (iibhaluni kunye amakhohlombe, ezagcwaliswa kunye hydrogen) kokwabo ngekamva Aeronautics, uNjingalwazi uCharles ligqibe ekubeni kuphunyezwe moya ukuba wayefanele ukuba ibe mihle ngakumbi amalungiselelo ngabazalwana Montgolfier. Ukudala ibhaluni entsha, uye livelise iqela design izixazululo, esetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwixesha elizayo.

Charliere wakha kubo baba igridi uManeki ngaphesheya ikhweyitha ongentla ibhaluni, kwaye imigca apho baphumla pondola wamiswa kule gridi. Le gondola ngabantu. ofaka Special yenziwa iqokobhe yokukhululwa hydrogen. Ivelufa ise iqokobhe, kwakunye igcinwe zokulinganisa pondola esetyenziswayo ukutshintsha ukuphakama. Ngaphandle kwaba-ankile ukuze kube lula ukuba sihlale phantsi emhlabeni.

Charliere ububanzi of kweemitha ngaphezulu kwe-9,-1 Disemba 1783 epakini le Tuileries wathabatha ekuqaleni. Saqhubeka phezu unjingalwazi Charles kunye Robert, omnye wabazalwana abathabatha inxaxheba ekwakheni charliere ababandakanyekayo. Ke wehla ngokukhuselekileyo kufutshane dolophana, eziphaphazelayo 40 km. ngoko UCharles waqhubeka uhambo yedwa.

Charliere ngenqwelo-5 km, ngelixa ukuya ephakamileyo elihle kakhulu elo xesha - 2750 eemitha. Malunga nesiqingatha seyure emva kokuba kule eziphakamileyo ngokudlul, umhloli afike ngokukhuselekileyo, ngaloo ndlela kuqosheliswa moya wokuqala kwimbali Aeronautics ngebhaluni yomoya ezele hydrogen imvulophu.

Ibhaluni yabhabha phezu IsiNgesi Channel

Life of UJean Pierre Blanchard, injineli French, wenza ngaphesheya Channel i-moya yokuqala ngebhaluni yomoya, ubonakala ukuba lo umzekeliso zatshintsha, izinto ezo ezenzeka phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18 emva kuphuhliso Aeronautics. Blanchard yaqala oko lidlulisela ingcamango izandla moya.

Wakha umatshini ngo-1781, apho amaphiko ngumsebenzi wonyanxelo drive iingalo nemilenze. Test oxhonywe intambo waphoswa phezu kwibhloko kuye, buchopho wavuswa ukuphakama wendlu izitena, kunye counterweight lalimalunga-10 kg. Sinovuyo yimpumelelo ekuqaleni, wapapasha kwiphephandaba iingcinga zakhe malunga nokwenzeka izandla zibalekele abantu.

Ukuzibophelela ibhaluni umoya aqale kwakunye ukhangelo ukubhabha ulawula Blanchard wabuyela ingcamango samaphiko, kodwa iye yasetyenziswa ukulawula ibhaluni. Nangona ulwazi lokuqala lwaphela kakubi, umphandi zange ashiye iinzame zabo kwaye uyakuthanda ngakumbi ukunyuka kwisithuba wasezulwini.

Ngowe-1784, ekwindla, oko waqala iinqwelo-moya eNgilani. Abaphandi sacinga ukuba ukubhabha phesheya IsiNgesi Channel ngebhaluni yomoya, ngaloo ndlela engqina ithuba yezithuthi lomoya phakathi eFransi England. Ngowe-1785, ngoJanuwari 7, ethe yabanjwa kule moya wembali, apho kuyo umenzi eyedwa, yaye uGqr Jeffrey, umhlobo wakhe American.

Ixesha of ballooning

Imbali Uphuhliso ballooning lwalulolwexeshana. Ukususela ekuqaleni airships benkulungwane kunye nebhaluni ukuya ekupheleni kwawo, ibiya, kancinane kwiminyaka 150. Lo wokuqala ezamahala wavuka emoyeni ngabazalwana Montgolfier ngo-1783, yaye ngowe-1937 wayitshisa LZ-129 Gindenburg, ivele, awayakhayo eJamani. Oku kwenzeka eUnited States, Lakehurst, phezu imasti mooring. Sihamba ngabantu 97. 35 kubo bafa. Le ntlekele ke ndothuka kangaka uluntu lwehlabathi ukuba amagunya ezikhulu baphikele ekuyekeni kulwakhiwo airships ezinkulu. Yaphela kanjalo ilixa e Aeronautics, apho engama-40 edlulileyo uphuhliso airships engqongqo, ngokuba zeppelins (omnye kwabayili yazo engundoqo, uFerdinand von Zeppelin, a jikelele waseJamani).

Ibhaloni sungula yi abazalwana Montgolfier, kwaba esingaphathekiyo. Kuphela 1852, Anri Zhiffar, ukuba umyili French, uye wadala ibhaluni kolawulo.

Iinjineli kudala sazama ukusombulula ingxaki le ngqongqo-moya. Davidu Shvartsu, umzobi Austria, ubuzicingele ukwenza izindlu yabo yonke etyhidiweyo. EBerlin ngowe-1897, lenyuka phezulu ibhaloni Schwartz. Umzimba wayo kwenziwa aluminium. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ukusilela injini ebikhona senziwa.

Graf Zeppelin

Bala von Zeppelin, wayeqhelene nomsebenzi kaDavide, ndabona amathuba zabo. Lowo weza sikhokelo eyenziwe izixhaso ibhokisi ukukhanya ukuba riveted zealuminum. Imingxuma kuzo sicinezelwe. Isakhelo isakhelo abusazinge kubulawa. Ke bona stringers.

Ikhamera hydrogen yabekwa phakathi isibini ngasinye izakhelo (iiyunithi iyonke 1,217). Ngoko ke, xa umonakalo cylinder zangaphakathi eziliqela ababesele kugcinwa hexa. Ngehlobo lowe-1990 vosmitonny Zeppelin giant isiga-ezimile (dirigible, ogama ubukhulu kweemitha ezili-12, ubude - 128) wenza moya imizuzu engama-18 ngempumelelo, sijike umdali wayo, ngoko badumele ukuba isixeko phantse mad, iqhawe lesizwe.

walahlekelwa Kutshanje imfazwe French, ilizwe waqonda ukuba nditsale umbono jikelele ngale nto-izixhobo. Zeppelin - indiza, eziye ngenkuthalo ezisetyenziswa kwemfazwe. Gen. kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi I akha oomatshini eziliqela, ubude kwawo 148 m. Basenokuba ukufikelela ngesantya esingama-80 km / h. Airships ayilwe Count Zeppelin, waya emfazweni.

20 ngakumbi democratized moya. ballooning Modern waba azonwabisa ngayo abantu abaninzi. Solomon Auguste Andre ngo-1897, ngoJulayi, yenziwa ukubhabha okokuqala kwimbali Arctic ngebhaluni yomoya. Ngowe-1997, i-Balloon Fiesta yabanjwa imbeko kwimbaliyelizwelethu kwesi siganeko e North Pole iimbaleki balloonists. Ukususela ngoko, nyaka ngamnye bafika apha iqela kakhulu sibambe enyuka esibhakabhakeni. Umthendeleko Aeronautics - intlekisa umdla bancome ukuba baninzi abantu beze.