Iinkqubo zolwazi: Iintlobo. Ucalulo neendidi iinkqubo zengcaciso

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo zolwazi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo bandlala kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo oluntu, urhulumente kunye noqoqosho. Into ephambili ebangela lo mkhwa - computerization, ethe eyangena kumacandelo amaninzi loqoqosho lwesizwe. Yintoni Systems Ulwazi? Zeziphi iindlela zokuhlelwa le hlobo izixhobo?

inkqubo ulwazi: definition

Phakathi kuxhaphakile iinkcazelo Russian ingcali uluntu ntoni "inkqubo ulwazi", unako ukuhlawula ingqalelo ekuyilweni ilandelayo. Kubangel 'umdla ngokuyintloko kuba isetyenziswa kweminye imithombo zomthetho, ngoko ke, ingcamango yayo esisiseko, ngokubanzi, eyaziwayo ekuhlaleni.

Ngokuhambelana kunye nale nkqubo, inkqubo lwazi bendiqonda iseti yamaxwebhu kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha ezisetyenziswa ngumntu ngenjongo ukucwangcisa nokuphucula ukusebenza abo okanye ezinye iingxaki. Kukho nezinye iingcaciso. Ngo omnye kubo, inkqubo yolwazi - ngumzekelo computing (okanye indibanisela eziliqela) zixhotyiswe nge-software eyimfuneko, nto leyo processing yangoku ngokwawo okanye isixhobo udlulisela le data.

Iikhrayitheriya iinkqubo zokuhlelwa

Cinga indlela zicacisa apho iinkqubo ulwazi, iintlobo izinto ukuvelisa abaphandi. Qaphela ukuba iinqobo eziqhelekileyo iingcali nezinabantu. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu lwezenzululwazi Russian wabonakala iindlela eziliqela ukuya lokuhlela njani iinkqubo ulwazi, iintlobo zazo. Phakathi common - imodeli apho zithathelwa ingqalelo inqanaba iinkqubo ukuhlanganiswa, iindidi zedata, kwicandelo elithile isicelo, inqanaba lolawulo lokusetyenziswa, kwakunye neendidi zemisebenzi. Ngokufundisisa zeziphi iinkqubo ulwazi, iintlobo zazo, ngokusekelwe kwezi khrayitheriya kunye ibhaso.

Inqanaba le nkqubo yokuhlanganiswa

A Inani labaphandi bakhetha Cazulula inkqubo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ezihlangeneyo iinkqubo eziphambili. Qwaba, iintlobo ukuze ezintathu iziganeko ethathelwa ingqalelo.

Okokuqala, oko njengenkqubo ngokupheleleyo. Basebenza kwi siseko efanayo sizukulwana database, uninzi eziqalelo abasemthethweni enxulumene enye. Oku kunokuba inkqubo yolwazi karhulumente, ukujongana, umzekelo, ukubalwa kweevoti kunyulo. Ngalinye izakhiwo zayo - kwinqanaba izikhululo zokuvota indawo, kwisithili lommandla kwaye federal - adityaniswa umfuziselo omnye.

Okwesibini, iinkqubo zolwazi abekiwe. isakhiwo yabo imelwe ziiyunithi ezininzi ukuba enze umsebenzi othile. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwabo, njengoko umthetho, ochazwa ngenjongo efanayo, kodwa hayi kwi inkalo amatsheyini zemveliso. Oku kunokuba iinkqubo zolwazi loshishino nemveliso, iyunithi ntetho onoxanduva kukuthathwa weqonga yeqonga.

Okwesithathu, iingcali kulwabiwo iinkqubo zengcaciso ukudilika. Bona, kwakunye uhlobo ngaphambili ngezenzeko amelwe iibhloko ezisebenzayo ezahlukeneyo, Noko ke, le manyano nayiphi na injongo okanye umba Ukufana imisebenzi, njengokuba umthetho, ithambile. Zizidibanise nazo, umzekelo, igama lebrendi le software umenzi okanye zekhompyutha.

Company-umqambi IT-mveliso kuveliswa, njengoko eyongeziweyo lobeko lwe iinkqubo zolwazi ezingundoqo eyenzelwe ukuba flagship yentengiso. Kwathi ngelo xesha phantsi brand efanayo - wongezelela iimveliso. Ukuba eziliqela iimpawu ingabalelwa olu hlobo mveliso, njengoko inkqubo yolwazi. Nangona iintlobo zemisebenzi eyenziwa yi ngamnye izisombululo ziya kwahluka ngokupheleleyo.

uhlobo lwedatha

Enye header enokufakwa phantsi kodidi iinkqubo ulwazi, iintlobo kubo - ubukhulu becala uhlobo lwe data kusingathwa-sikhokelo hardware ne-software ubuchule efanelekileyo. Iingcali Modern ama inkqubo ngaloo obusezimpepheni echanileyo. Iqela lokuqala luquka abo apho processing of ulwazi kwifomati yokubhaliweyo okanye ngohlobo imifanekiso. Iqela lesibini - ngaloo apho imilambo data basetyenziswa, ukwakhiwa ukulandelelana iinkcukatha ezithile. Phakathi kwezi kungaba, umzekelo, iziko ledatha. Nangona yokuba badla ziquka okubhaliweyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iifayile zomzobo - kuphela phantsi ubuchule ezithile ulwazi oluyinyaniso kubo kunokuba ixabiso. Injongo yenkqubo yolwazi - ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye unokuwatyhila kumsebenzisi.

Umda phakathi kwee-adyumenti kunye ulandelelwano ezinobunyaniso ngexesha elinye kunokuba engenasizathu kakhulu. Ngako oko ke, iinkqubo yokuhlelwa njengenqobo akuxhomekekanga jikelele yamkelwe ziingcali. Abanye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba naluphi na uxwebhu na FACTS kunjalo. Ubuncinane kwinqanaba ubume eendaba otsalayo okanye ilifu yokugcina, apho afumaneka khona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni na kuboniswe umfanekiso othile okanye ezifotwe kwifayile nevidiyo iya kuba idilesi ethile, kuya luphawulwa volume, izalathisi esemgangathweni. Le ngxoxo isoloko isetyenziswa yi ngabahlahleli njengendlela ukucacisa ingongoma lwabo kwiingxoxo neengcali bakholwayo, umzekelo, ukuba iindidi ezithile iifayile - imifanekiso, iividiyo - awukwazi kusoloko ingachazwa abathwali zicwangciswe sikhokelo kwenkqubo izibakala.

mboni-ngqo

Isibaluli ilandelayo zokuhlela iinkqubo zolwazi - ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo elithile loqoqosho, kwinqanaba lolawulo kwezopolitiko okanye imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Ngokukodwa, iinkqubo zolwazi lweziko, njengoko umthetho, apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimfuno yoluntu kwiindawo ezithile zamashishini, ishishini okanye inkonzo iintlobo. izigqibo ezithile ezifanelekileyo emininzi.

kwinqanaba lezolawulo

Nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkqubo yokuhlela? Apha, njengokuba umthetho, oko umzekelo ngqo kunye nemigaqo lombutho nkqo amandla nolawulo kwezopolitiko. Iingcali izenzakalo ngaloo ekwanti ezifana Federal Information System, kwingingqi okanye, umzekelo, kamasipala. Konke efanayo njengoko amagunya ekwabelwana. imisebenzi inkqubo ulwazi Regional xa kufikwa eRashiya, kwinqanaba yesifundo federal. KaMasipala - kwindawo ethile okanye indawo.

Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo apho inkqubo ulwazi kwakhona uhlobo oluthile isebe zihlelwe njengenxalenye criteria ingxelo. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo kweenkampani ezinkulu, brand web. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye uhlobo lwesakhiwo lolawulo oluyintloko, nto leyo eya kusebenza kwinkqubo yolwazi kumgangatho ofanayo, kwakunye nee-ofisi zemimandla, apho asebenza uhlobo olwahlukileyo isisombululo.

uhlobo umsebenzi

Enye ngokuhlelwa yokuhlola - uhlobo imisebenzi le nkqubo. Ngokuhambelana ngawo, wabuyisa iingcali, umzekelo, iinkqubo zolwazi zekhompyutha, imisebenzi ethile - isicelo, ubukhulu becala, ngenjongo yokuba ubuchule zezibalo ukubala izixa ezithile ukushwankathela ulawulo-manani nezinto ezithile ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo calculation software. Olunye uhlobo lweenkqubo correlative kunye umbandela yokuhlelwa njenge uhlobo lwemisebenzi - yolawulo. umsebenzi wabo kudla swi emsebenzini kwicandelo lolawulo kwezoshishino, izinto ezifunyanwayo, umsebenzi utyalo-mali.

Iikhrayitheriya ngokuhlelwa kweenkqubo zolwazi, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, kukho abantu abaninzi. Ezinye iingcali aveze, umzekelo, inkqubo malilungiselelwe uhlobo lomsebenzisi. Ngoko ke, kukho ikhaya izisombululo, ofisi, uphando. Kukho abo ziqhelana bezifo ezithile okanye abantu nawolawulo ethile. Umzekelo, iingcali ziye zachongwa iinkqubo zobuchule iinkcukacha kakuhle esilungiselelwe ngokukodwa ukuba abaphathi top, esebenza - kuba abaphathi yee-level, kwakunye nokusebenza, ukuthi zenzelwe iingcali.

Umda phakathi iikhrayitheriya ukuhlelwa iinkqubo zolwazi amaxesha ukuxhomekeka kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, le nkampani eyenziwayo ukonyulwa isiveliso iqela elithile akukho kangako ngokususela kwimisebenzi ukuba enze naziphi na izigqibo yenzululwazi okanye yeengcingane nje, umzekelo, ngeenjongo zokuthengisa. Elifanayo software IT-inkampani angakhupha kwiiyantlukwano ezimbini amacandelo ethile kwimarike. Ngokusemthethweni - kuya kuba iinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo sistmy. Enyanisweni - ngokufanayo.

Kusenokwenzeka kwakhona kuqatshelwe ukuba iinkqubo ezithile iinkcukacha ezithathwa ngokwemiqathango ethile, njengoko umthetho, ingachazwa njengabantu kwakhona kwezinye iindidi. Kungenjalo, kwaguqulwa, umzekelo, ukuba ukuhlangabezana nemingeni kushishino oyile kungenzeka ezingundoqo yayo, lweenkcukacha ezihlangeneyo ngokupheleleyo yinyani, imisebenzi zolawulo ezibalulekileyo.

iinkqubo zokuzaliswa

Cinga inkalo umxholo, okanye ilungiselelo lolwazi neenkqubo. Kutheni kungaba kubalulekile? Into yokuba le nkqubo, ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ingummiselo osemthethweni obulungu resource ethile kwinkqubo ulwazi. Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba ngokungqinelana enye indlela echazwa ngayo le nkqubo kufuneka lizilawule. Ntoleyo, ngokutsho abahlalutyi, ingalandwa kule nkalo zokhuseleko lolwazi.

Iingcali zisebenza uluhlu olubanzi amagama echaza le nkqubo. Ngokomzekelo, ezifana "umxholo." Kuyinto inani yeengcingane mbono babe neempawu ezifana umthamo, ngoku efanelekileyo. iindlela ezithile ngokusebenzisa apho ulwazi nokuxhasa iinkqubo, ichazwe ngu Okukodwa zabo. Okanye, kungenjalo, bephuma kwezi ndidi zingentla. Umzekelo, imithombo iinkqubo zenkcazelo kokugcwaliswa, abasebenza kwicandelo elithile, kusenokuba uhlobo lwe data ingxelo, inkcazelo ebonisa iinkqubo, okanye, umzekelo, isantya kwentengiso iimveliso.

Yandex, Google - iinkqubo zolwazi?

Ngaba kunokuthiwa ethandwa kakhulu kwi iinjini zokuphendla Russian kwi Internet - Yandex, Google, jonga ulwazi? Kwiinguqulelo ze ezinye iingcali - ewe. Noko ke, abahlalutyi bathi, Yandex ne Google wayeza kuba echanekileyo lokuhlela ibe inkqubo yolwazi retrieval. Ekubeni iinjongo ezingundoqo, ezibonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo, ezinxulumene ikakhulu ekufumaneni i data tye kwimiboniso kwi Internet.

Oko kwindawo enye kwimboniselo ukuba Yandex, Google, kunye analogue abafowabo kuthathwa kakhulu iinjini zokuphendla, kodwa hayi ulwazi. Kutheni? Into yokuba ezi zibonelelo Web, abahlalutyi bathi, i algorithm, kunokuba namandla phezu kwezinye iinkqubo zolwazi - isakhiwo yesiza, abancedisi. iinjini zokuphendla ngokwabo, iingcali zithi, musa inxaxheba ekubunjweni umxholo, ukuzalisa iziza. umsebenzi amalungiselelo iinkcukacha eyenziwa ngabo, nto leyo esihambelanayo Yandex ne Google inkqubo, esebenza kumgaqo okuzimela, alichanekanga kakhulu ukubiza.

Ukukhusela iinkqubo zolwazi

Ukhuseleko zezokwazisa kwiimeko ezininzi - into ebaluleke kakhulu yokusebenzisa practical. Iingxaki isonjululwe olu hlobo izixhobo ludla ngokubandakanya ezinye uhlobo wedwa, amanqanaba ukufikelela, kurhwebo kunye ezifihlakeleyo mveliso. I umzekelo inkqubo yolwazi karhulumente njengoko kukhankanywe apha ngasentla, iziphumo zonyulo kubalwa, - into, enyanisweni, a ukubaluleka yesizwe. On isebenza kwaye ngokomgangatho, hayi ubuncinane, likhuselwe njani kuxhomekeke ukuchaneka ukubalwa kweevoti kwi unyulo lukaMongameli, amasekela zikaRhulumente Duma - Russia amaziko eziphambili kwezopolitiko.

Iingcali ukuchonga iinkalo ezimbini eziyintloko ukhuseleko lweenkqubo zolwazi: yobugcisa kunye nezentlalo. Ngokuphathelele lokuqala - nokuthembeka algorithms enikiweyo ukunqanda olungagunyaziswanga ukufikelela kwimithombo yi izixhobo software ne-hardware. Oko kukuthi, i-nkqubo ikhuselwe ikakhulu imigewu zobungcali - .. Abo iindlela ezahlukeneyo iikhompyutha abasuleleke yintsholongwane nkqubo, izixhobo mabaqashele passwords, yabavavanyi, ikhadi abafundi, njl Ngokuphathelele kwenye inkalo, ukhuseleko lweenkqubo lwazi lunikezelwa ukusungulwa ubuchule zokunciphisa kwemposiso kwabantu kulawulo lokufikelela kwizibonelelo. Njengomgaqo, sithetha ukusetyenziswa kwabo bantu abanenjongo ukungenela inkqubo, ezinye izinto eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo urhwaphilizo emanani, amagcisa ukunyoba izixhobo rhoqo lokufikelela kwizibonelelo.

Nokusungulwa kwenkqubo zolwazi, ke ngoko, kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo ezilandelayo-up phakathi kwezo ndawo ezibonisa ezi imiba yokhuseleko. Oku kuthetha, umzekelo, ukuba IT-inkampani, ukuhambisa izisombululo efanelekileyo emarikeni, lizibophelele ufake ikhowudi imveliso algorithms balo ukuba baphumeze inkqubo iivoti ukusuka ngokwaphula ngokungqinelana imiqathango emiselwe ngumnini lwecebo ezikhuselweyo. Okanye, kungenjalo, ukuvakalisa ukukulungela co-ukuphuhlisa ubuchule ethembekileyo abayithintelayo kusebenziso olungavumelekanga.

Iinkqubo zolwazi - inkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna into eninzi Ukuhlanganiswa macala umphuhlisi kunye umsebenzisi elandelayo izigqibo ahambelanayo, ingakumbi xa kufikwa kumaziko karhulumente. Leyo ndawo kwenzeka ukuba ifike ngendlela yokulumkisa - njengento anti-virus okanye, umzekelo, yisuti ye ofisi. Ulwazi yokuphuhlisa iinkqubo kucala kunye isifundo inkampani ethile ngumxhasi ishishini okanye imisebenzi ekufuneka yenziwe kusetyenziswa hardware wadala kunye software. Yaye kuphela emva kokuba oluqala IT-inkampani ukubeka ubuchule ezifanelekileyo - phantsi iinqobo ezithile ngumthengi.

Ukhuseleko kweenkqubo zolwazi kufuneka ungabi enganobungozi imisebenzi ephambili ukuba abelwe kule hlobo software and hardware izisombululo. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali, akukho namnye ngokomlinganiso yokhuseleko data, enoba olukhuselekileyo kusenokuba, ngaba kumgwebela ngokwawo, ukuba umsebenzisi ekupheleni IT-iimveliso akayi kuba nako ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo iimpawu ufuna izisombululo.