Bashkir: inkolo, amasiko, inkcubeko

Russia - ezweni ngeentlanga. Le uburhulumente umiwe abantu abohlukeneyo na iinkolelo zabo, inkcubeko kunye namasiko. In iVolga Federal weSithili kukho isihloko Russian Federation - Republic of Bashkortostan. Lingcwaba lomfo kwisithili kwezoqoqosho phambene. Le ndaba i-Russian Federation ngasemdeni Orenburg, eChelyabinsk Sverdlovsk iingingqi, i-Perm Territory, seeRiphablikhi ngaphakathi Russian Federation - Udmurtia kunye Tatarstan. Ikomkhulu Bashkortostan yi Ufa. WeRiphabliki ukuzimela lokuqala ngezizathu zobuhlanga. Lasekwa ngo-1917. Ngokwemiqathango labantu (abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine), oku kuthatha indawo yokuqala phakathi autonomies. Republic ahlale ikakhulu Bashkirs. Inkcubeko, inkolo, amasiko le hlanga iya kuba kwinqaku lethu. Kufuneka wathi Bashkirs siphile kuphela kwiRiphabliki Bashkortostan. Abameli abantu zifumaneka kwezinye iindawo Russian Federation kunye Ukraine neHungary.

Luhlobo olunjani lwabantu - Bashkirs?

Le kwabantu bomthonyama kwegama elifanayo yi kwindawo yimbali. Ukuba inani labantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezine, ezi Bashkirs yobuhlanga ulikhaya abantu 1172287 kuphela (ngokutsho kubalo lwabantu lwango-2010). Xa yonke Russian Federation kukho isiqingatha amalungu kwisigidi esi sizwe. Malunga nekhulu lamawaka wahambela kwelinye. Bashkir ulwimi yabelwa evela West-zeAltai subgroups usapho eyadlulayo. Kodwa nokubhala de kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, baye ngokusekelwe kwi-Arabhu. ESoviet Union, "ummiselo phezulu," yaguqulelwa Latin, kwaye kule minyaka kolawulo Stalin kaThixo - oonobumba Cyrillic. Kodwa akukho nje ulwimi umanyanisa abantu. Ekwakheni into, ukuvumela ukuba balondoloze ukuba bangoobani, yaye unqulo. Uninzi amakholwa Bashkirs - ngamaSilamsi Cartoon. Ngezantsi nathi ukuyichaza ngakumbi iinkcukacha zabo inkolo.

Imbali yabantu

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, le Bashkirs bamandulo wachaza uHerodotus uPtolemy. "UYise Imbali" Argippeans wababiza waza wabonisa ukuba aba bantu abanxibe namSkitiya, kodwa uthe lwesigodi ekhethekileyo. Imibhalo Chinese isikhundla efanayo njengoko Bashkirs ukuba izizwe Huns. Xa "Book of Sui" (kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe) ukhankanya ubuzwe Bay kunye Bo Ding-Han. Bangakwazi inokuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo Bashkirs kunye iVolga Bulgars. Yazisa ingcaciso nangaphezulu ephakathi Arab. Bamalunga nama-840 Muhammad al-Tardzhuman watyelela loo mmandla, wachaza ilinganiselwe kunye nendlela yokuphila yabahlali. Yena ephawula Bashkirs ibe luhlanga oluzimeleyo, abaphila zombini kwamaxandeka le nqubo zentaba, phakathi imilambo iVolga, Kama, Tobol kunye Yaikom. Baba semi-amadlelo abelusi, kodwa kakhulu ukuba nenkani. mhambi Arab ukhankanya ukukholelwa, leyo benza Bashkirs mandulo. Inkolo ithetha oothixo bazo elinambini: ihlobo nobusika, imvula nomoya, namanzi kunye nomhlaba, imini nobusuku, amahashe kunye nabantu, ukufa. Chief phezu kwabo uMoya zezulu. Iinkolelo Bashkirs nazo ziquka izinto totemism (ezinye izizwe ayeze milenge, intlanzi kunye neenyoka) kunye nemimoya.

isiphumo Large weDanube

Ngenkulungwane yesithoba, eentaba ye Urals bekhangela emadlelweni ezingcono ishiywe nje kuphela Magyars amandulo. Kanti ke ezinye izizwe Bashkir - Kese, ogama linguEneya, Yurmaty kunye nabanye. Le dlalo ephila, kuqala ahlala kule ndawo phakathi Dnieper kunye Don, akha lizwe Levediyu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, phantsi kwesikhokelo nowaseArpadi, waqalisa ekhuthaza phambili entshonalanga. Ukuwela Carpathians ngokwezizwe amadlelo woyisa Pannonia nisekelwe iHungary. Kodwa asifanele sicinge ukuba Bashkirs kufakwe ngokukhawuleza Magyars amandulo. Izizwe ohlulwa ndaza ndahlala phezu zombini kweendonga weDanube. Iinkolelo Bashkirs, lowo Islamized nasendaweni Urals, ngokuthe ngcembe indawo sihamba. yeembali Arab kwinkulungwane yeshumi ukukhankanya ukuba elunxwemeni ngasentla weDanube omiweyo ngamaKristu Khunkar. Nakwelasezantsi loBukumkani Hungary aphile Bashgird-Muslims. Isixeko eziphambili ababenabo keratitis. Kakade ke, Islam isentliziyweni of Europe akwazi ukuphila ixesha elide. Sele kwinkulungwane weshumi, uninzi Bashkirs kuguqukela kubuKristu. Ke kaloku amaSilamsi elinesine e Hungary yayingeyiyo kwaphela.

Tengrianism

Kodwa emva kweentsuku zokuqala, phambi kokuba isiphumo zizizwe zalapho evela Urals. Makhe sihlole ngakumbi iinkcukacha iinkolelo, ngoko abathi Bashkirs. Le nkolo ebizwa Tengri - egameni loYise kwezinto zonke ke uThixo wezulu. Kule yonke, ngokutsho Bashkirs yamandulo, kukho iindawo ezintathu: umhlaba kuwo ngaphantsi kwalo. Yaye ngamnye kubo yinxalenye ecacileyo kunye ezingabonakaliyo. Wezulu yahlulwe kwimiqolo eziliqela. Xa liphezulu omiweyo Tengri Khan. Bashkirs, babengazi ukuba kunjalo, baneembono ecacileyo karhulumente amandla nkqo. Bonke abanye oothixo elijongene nemiba yendalo (onyaka, nesiphango, imvula, umoya, njalo njalo) kunye nasekugqibeleni limlulamela Khan Tengri. Bashkirs bamandulo wayengakholelwa eluvukweni komphefumlo. Kodwa babekholwa ukuba kuya kuza imini baphile emzimbeni, kwaye baya kuqhubeka bephila zifakwe emhlabeni indlela yehlabathi yokuphila.

Compound ne Islam

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi, intsimi eyayihlala Bashkirs kunye iVolga Bulgars, baqala ukungena abavangeli Muslim. Mu kuya kwa nshita Ubhaptizo eRashiya, apho wadibana nayo komsindo yabantu zobuhedeni, tengriantsy ephila kwamkelwa Islam ngaphandle olahlwa. Ingcamango yokuba Bashkirs inkolo emanyeneyo ngokugqibeleleyo kunye ingqikelelo kaThixo mnye, iBhayibhile enikela. Tengri wazihlanganisa kwabo noThixo. Noko ke, "oothixo asezantsi" abajongene izakhi kunye ngezimanga zendalo, kudala ehlonitshwa kakhulu. Kwaye ngoku izidumbu iinkolelo bamandulo inokulandwa ngokuntsonkotha, izithethe namasiko. Sinokuthi Tengriism refracted kwi ezingqondweni ubunzima ebantwini, ukudala uhlobo simanga yenkcubeko.

Ukwamkelwa Islam

Uya kungcwatywa ngokungcwatywa lokuqala yamaMuslim kwiRiphabliki Bashkortostan ezabhalwa ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. Kodwa ukugweba yi izinto ezifumaneka emangcwabeni, kunokuthi kubonwe ukuba umfi kungenzeka ukuba baye bangaphandle abantu. Ngelo an unyango kusekwangoko yabantu bendawo ukuze Islam (kwinkulungwane yeshumi) wadlala zevangeli indima enkulu brotherhoods ezifana Naqshbandiyya kunye Yasaviya. Beza bevela kwizixeko Central Asia, ikakhulu eBukhara. Oku uqinisekile ukuba yintoni na ngoku unqulo Bashkirs. Emva ubukumkani eBukhara ithotyelwe Cartoon Islam, nto leyo ngokusondeleyo sase Sufi iimbono kunye Hanafi nokucaciswa Koran. Kodwa abamelwane Koloni zonke ezi bokuqonda Islam abazange ecacileyo. Franciscans John-Hungary kunye William abaye baphila ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka emithandathu e Bashkortostan, bathumela 1320 yimbalelwano ku Jikelele umyalelo wakhe: "Sichole le enguMongami Baskardii kwaye phantse yonke indlu yakhe ngokupheleleyo iimpazamo sifo Saracen." Kwaye kusivumela ukuba nithi zokuqala nesiqingatha elinesine leminyaka, inkoliso yabantu lommandla wamanga Islam.

ukujoyina Russia

Ngowe-1552, emva kokuwa Kazan Khanate, Bashkiria yaba yinxalenye yobukumkani eMoscow. Kodwa abadala basekuhlaleni ezicaciswe ilungelo yayizilawula. Ngoko ke, Bashkirs aqhubeke nobomi ilizwe labo, baqhube inkolo yabo, ukuba baphile ngendlela endala yobomi. kwamabutho Local inxaxheba kule mpi umkhosi Russian nxamnye Order Livonian. Unqulo phakathi nangezinto Bashkirs waba neentsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Le yokugqibela wabavuselela Islam kakhulu ngaphambili. Kwaye inkolo iye yaba ngumba of self-ukuchongwa kwabantu. Xa ukulawula ka Bashkiria eRashiya, kummandla waqalisa ndzulu namahlelo Muslim engqongqo. State ezinqwenela ukugcina ukulawula yonke akwabanyanisayo lizwe, eyasekwa ngo-1782 e Ufa muftiat. Le ukubusa ngokomoya kwakhokelela ekubeni kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, amakholwa uyaphule beskrini. Nayiphi iphiko traditionalist (kadimizm), loHlaziyo (Jadidism) kunye ishanizm (ezilahlekileyo isiseko kwetsima Sufism).

Yiyiphi Bashkirs inkolo ngoku?

Ukususela ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, kwiphondo rhoqo zavukela enamandla ummelwane kumntla-ntshona. Ingakumbi rhoqo abakulo weshumi elinesibhozo leminyaka. Ezi ukuvukela zaye ngogonyamelo livunyelwe. Kodwa Bashkirs, ogama unqulo isici ekuxhaseni of self-ekuchongweni abantu baye bakwazi ukulondoloza amalungelo abo nkolelo. Baqhubekeka bathi Cartoon Islam iziqalelo ze Sufism. Noko ke, Bashkortostan liziko ngokomoya onke Muslims Russian. In the Republic kukho ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zamaSilamsi, Islamic Institute, eziliqela madrasas. Ufa ke iBhodi Central Spiritual Muslim Russia.

Inkolo Bashkir namasiko izifundo

Abantu alondolozwe kwaye nasekuqaleni iinkolelo pre-Islamic. Ngokufundisisa izithethe Bashkirs, ungabona ukuba kuzo, a balubiza emangalisayo. Ngoko ke, Tengri iye ezingqondweni zabantu kuThixo omnye, Allah. Abanye izithixo wazihlanganisa ngoomoya Muslim - iidemon ububi okanye abanomdla ukuba abantu jinn. A indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwabo kuhlala Yorty eyyahe (izindlu Slavic analog), Huu eyyahe (amanzi) kunye Shurale (Umtyholi). Umzekeliso ogqwesileyo balubiza bakhonza ngamakhubalo, leyo, kunye amazinyo kunye neenzipho izilwanyana, ukusuka umona ebhalwe ngamazwi ezinde amaxolo yeKoran uncedo. Grachinoye iholide Kargat ithwala imikhondo ihlelo wookhokho, xa isidudu isiko esele entsimini. amasiko abaninzi kwenziwa ekuzalweni, umngcwabo kunye nenkonzo yesikhumbuzo, ibonise elidlulileyo yobuhedeni yabantu.

Ezinye iinkonzo Bashkortostan

Njengoko sisazi ukuba uluntu lulonke Bashkirs ziintlanga kuphela ikota, kukhankanywa kufuneka zenziwe malunga nezinye iinkonzo. Okokuqala, ukuba ubuKristu Orthodox, leyo yayize apha ndawonye abantu bokuqala Russian (ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI.). Kamva kuhlala phantsi apha, yaye Amakholwa Old. Ngenkulungwane XIX, kwafika iinkosi German abangamaYuda kweli lizwe. Kwakukho a yamaLuthere icawa kunye yesikhungu. Xa Poland and Lithuania yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya, enyeleni baqalisa ukuhlala yomkhosi agxothelwa namaKatolika. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini okuqala Ufa kuyo lamaBhaptizi bafudukela emideni IKharkiv. Multi-yobuhlanga abemi beRiphabliki, leyo unobangela iyantlukwano yeenkolelo, okuyinto kakhulu ukuyekelela zomthonyama Bashkirs. Unqulo hlanga, kunye balubiza zayo, iselelona elementi ungubani uhlanga.