Bodwa Reproductive: Inkcazo, Ubangela. Iindlela bodwa lokuzala: imizekelo

Xa eziphilayo panmiktichnyh (ukuzala ngokwesini) chwetheza - iseti ezenza izinto ziyafana lonke uluhlu lweempawu nga oko ngokukhululekileyo hybridize zenze inzala ochumileyo. Ingcamango yokugquma lisetyenziswa kwimeko zizivelela, okanye, njengoko ibizwa ngokuba, - speciation. bodwa Reproductive iqala inkqubo ukusekwa kweentlobo amatsha akugqiba kuyo. Kodwa asingabo bonke iintlobo le nto iya kukhokelela ukuvela uhlobo entsha, njengoko ingeyiyo yonke ubushushu nezikhokelela dissociation lokugqibela bakuyo okuzala.

ndlela zibangelwe kwemvelo

Abantu ngaphakathi iintlobo kukho amaqela - abemi. Yeyona njengabantu iyunithi zizivelela bakhonza njengoko izinto ukuze kwakhiwe iindidi ezintsha, alifani amazibulo. Phakathi kweentlobo phakathi abantu ngezixhobo mfuza bananisa ngexesha lenkqubo yokuzala. Into ebizwa amandla okuzala omzimba. Xa, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, yile ncoko phakathi abantu oluthile lwento sinqongophele okanye akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo kuthi ukuba bodwa okuzala. Kwinkcazelo yale ndlela yendaleko kukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abantu ezahlukeneyo akakwazi ukuvelisa inzala. Imbali ukuvela uhlobo entsha - nomxokelelwane iintlobo ezahlukeneyo bohlukaniswe yenzala, ngokubuyisela okanye sifana kakhulu, eyenza iyantlukwano yabantu vuhlayiseki.

bodwa Reproductive: yokuhlela

Kukho izinto ezininzi ukuhlelwa abemi beentlobo ekude. kwasetyenziswa iikhrayitheriya ezizintlobo ngeentlobo zithathwa njengokuba msebenzi esisiseko isiphiwo esithile umba ukudideka. Mandithathe njengesiseko ukuba lilolo okuzala njenge esisigxina isithintelo panmixia (zibuko free) us - oku linqanam lokugqibela, le speciation yokugqibela. Abaxhasi umbono lo bodwa kweentlobo-ziye zaziwa zebhayoloji kwindaleko FG Dobzhansky (1900-1975 gg.) Yaye E. Mayr (1904-2005 gg.). IiNdlela amakheswa okuzala kule ndlela iya kwahlulwa ngokwamaqela amathathu:

• ukwahlukana lomhlaba (geographical);
• ukwambathisa yokusingqongileyo (iindlela zokukhusela);
• efanelekileyo indlela lokuzala eziquka dokopulyatsioinnye (ukwenza zygotes) kunye poslekopulyatsionnye (yokuhambisa kwenzeka, kodwa kweqanda ayaqhama okanye hayi, mhlawumbi yafa, okanye ngxilimbela engenazintsholongwane) imiqobo.

Xa nasiphi na isixhobo kuko panmixia nciphiso: ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokungaphelelanga. Ngokufutshane, kwiqela ngalinye liza kuqwalasela iintlobo yodwa okuzala. Imizekelo ebonisa nabo kuya kubanceda ukuba baqonde kakuhle le nto okanye loo fomu.

bodwa Spatial kwamanani iindlela

mechanism wedwa ezinxulumene utshintsho ngengingqi ezahlukeneyo (isahlakalo nakwiingxaki ngohlobo nasentshonalanga okanye umlambo) okanye ukuyohlala kwiindawo ezinkulu ifomu. Kwimeko zokugxojwa flow sofuzo phakathi sabantu abazahlulayo kwenzeka wedwa okuzala. Ngongcono owaziwayo umzekelo kule meko ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha iintlobo kuqwalaselwa siqithi creepers zeGalapagos, eyaba omnye weyona mizekelo for Darwin "Origin of Species Esebenzisa Ukhetho Natural." Okanye umzekelo magpie emsi, abemi umntu ophila eTshayina, kunye nezinye - eSpeyin.

iindlela bodwa Environmental

Izinto ezibangela bodwa okuzala elolu hlobo enxulumene umahluko inane iimeko ukufuya kweentlobo ophilayo symmetrically, oko kukuthi kwindawo enye. Umzekelo, ezizalayo okanye ukudubula namaxesha musa idibana. On the California unxweme symmetrically kukho iintlobo ezimbini zemithi ngcu: olunye uhlobo umungu ndihlanjwe ngoFebruwari, yaye omnye - ngo-Epreli. bodwa zonyaka eziphilayo iye ukwanda kwabo. UMZEKELO wedwa lokuzala, kodwa kwenzeka ngenxa iinkcukacha ezidla ezahlukeneyo zibonisa iintlobo ezintathu amatywina Antarctic eyenzeka omnye kukhokho phylogenetic. Seal Veddelya utya intlanzi kuphela, ulwandle nengwe - yoonombombiya kunye lamatywina, Ross itywina - izilwanyana.

Iifom Dokopulyatsionnye yodwa zokuzala

bodwa Mechanical - ngaphandle ngenxa yokuhambisa ebangelwe isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo amalungu okuzala okanye copulative. Umzekelo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwesilumko, babe shape imbali kwaye ezimvumvuzelwa nezinye iinyosi. Kungqinelwano efanayo phakathi orchid iingcungcu. Interspecies lokukhwela undizela Drosophila ekhokelela ukwenzakala okanye ukufa neqabane.

bodwa Ethological - hayi kokuhambelanisa ngenxa iiyantlukwano nokuziphatha ngokwezesondo (kubantu abathandanayo, ukucula, ukudanisa, chweba okanye umahluko pheromone). Umzekelo, iintlobo kwenkanyezi ngokusondeleyo related ababhinqileyo olungele zikhwela iimazi ezahlukeneyo ezibengezelayo (rhoqo enyuse ixesha). Kwakhona, kusenokubakho mazichazwe kule meko, iintlobo-ezithile iingoma oongqatyana kunye namasele. Kwaye phezu ukusukelwa amasiko iintaka wazi yonke into.

bodwa Gametic - ukunqongophala impefumlelwano gametes okanye gamete ukufa. Ubukho olu hlobo yokugquma kubonakaliswa ngokomfuniselo. Umzekelo, iintlobo ezimbini urchins elwandle kwezichumiso lwangaphandle wawela zemfuza yaseMelika kunye Denis Brachet. Kwamaqanda ivundiswe kodwa umbungu wafa nisaqala gastrulation.

Iifom Poslekopulyatsionnye yodwa zokuzala

Oku kubhekisela non-koshishino lwe iqanda kunye nokufa okanye umbungu nisaqala ontogeny. Okanye ukufa kosana olungekazalwa (okanye abantu) ukuba avuthwe ngokwesini. kufutshane kakhulu ingqikelelo bodwa gametic.

Le inzalo kwezilwanyana hybrid

Uninzi izilwanyana asinda ibhastile interspecific ukuba ludlolo, okt akazange akwazi ukuvelisa inzala. Ngaphandle inokuba nzalo semisterile. Indlela yesi simo entsonkothileyo kakhulu, ngokusekelwe kwi-gene, chromosome okanye izizathu cytological. Nantsi imizekelo nje ngxilimbela interspecific, ezaziwa kubo bonke.

Hybrid-esile kunye yehashe - imeyile. Yena mkhulu kuno-esile kunye ezincinane ngaphezu ihashe, ukongeza, ziqulathe izilwanyana lula. Ngxilimbela zenyathi ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo izinja kunye iingcuka (volkosob, poluvolk) aye avelisa nangokuvulelekileyo nonyamezelo ngaphezu inja oluqhelekileyo. Abaninzi akwariyam fish - iifom hybrid (Aulonocara ezimibalabala). Zinhle, ezinkulu kuno iifom ngabazali, kodwa xa uthenga kufuneka ucacise imvelaphi wentlanzi, kungenjalo akuyi ulinde inzala. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba imbewu yezityalo olinywayo (iitumato, cucumber), ezinophawu F-1, - iphetshana gqith. Iziqhamo ezi zityalo zisaseleyo, ukuba imbewu.