Iindlela isifundo imizila yemfuza kwabantu.

Kule mihla zofuzo kakhulu ngokuphathelele kwinkalo ngonzululwazi sokuba uphando. Umfutho yophuhliso yayo yaba imfundiso ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Charles Darwin discreteness kwimfuza, kwemvelo kanye zofuzo ngenxa yotshintsho kweejini transmission yenethiwekhi. Waqala nophuhliso ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, imfuza, inzululwazi lifikelele ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, iindlela zophando lwe yemfuza zabantu ngalo mzuzu ngomnye wemimandla engundoqo lokufunda yobuntu kunye zasendle ngokubanzi.

Qwalasela iindlela ezisisiseko ukufunda yemfuza, owaziwa kungoku nje.

Iindlela asekuqaleni uphando izakhi abangabantu ukuhlalutya nokumisela izakhiwo imodeli zofuzo kwi wokulandelelana ukuzalwa. Iziphumo kunye nolwazi esetyenziselwa kuthintelo, prophylaxis kunye nokwenzeka yokwalatha phawu kufundwe siyinzala - izifo njengelifa. Ilifa ingaba autosomal (ngokubonakala phawu kunokwenzeka kunye okuba obulinganayo kuzo zombini ngokwesini) kunye kunye chromosome ngokwesondo yenethiwekhi ezikufutshane.

indlela Autosomal, yena, yahlulelwe kwii ilifa autosomal zimbini (allele lubalaseleyo nazo waqonda kwi homozygous kwaye heterozygous) nelifa kunye autosomal sofuzo (allele sofuzo zinokuphunyezwa kuphela zikarhulumente homozygous). Kule hlobo elifeni sifo ibonakalisiwe kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

ilifa enxulumene Isini-luphawulwa zalapha zofuzo ezahlukeneyo izabelo homologous kunye nonhomologous Y- okanye X-chromosome. Ngokutsho imvelaphi genotypic, nto leyo yenzelwe kwi zofuzo ngesondo, isigqibo abafazi hetero- okanye homozygous, kodwa amadoda inombolo X-chromosome enye kuphela unokuba hemizygous kuphela. Umzekelo, iimazi heterozygous inako ukugqithisela sifo yimfuzo njengonyana neentombi.

iindlela kwemichiza of study imizila yemfuza zophando kubangelwa sisifo amafa ezosulela ngenxa kwiDNA. iindlela ezifana yabantu izifundo imfuza ityhila iziphene zofuzo pathways ngokumisela izakhiwo iiproteins, iienzymes, iikhabhohayidrethi kunye nezinye iimveliso pathways eseleyo fluid extracellular yento ephilayo (igazi, ukubila, umchamo, amathe, njalo njalo).

yenze uphando amawele yemfuza yabantu bana phandle izifo amafa bafunda iimpawu. namawele afanayo (ephilayo ngokupheleleyo sibangelwa zygotes ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu nakhandiweyo iinxalenye kusekwangoko yophuhliso wayo), babe kweejini ezifanayo, hlolo olo lunokukhangela izinto iiyantlukwano ngenxa yempembelelo yokusingqongileyo bangaphandle phenotype yabantu. ukuba amawele emaqandeni (amaqanda amabini okanye ayaqhama ngaphezulu) ezinxulumene kwabanye abantu ngamnye kweejini, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuvavanya imiba yokusingqongileyo kunye ilifa zomntu yangasemva genotypic.

indlela Cytogenetic zofuzo zophando asetyenziswe isifundo morphology zofuzo kunye karyotype eqhelekileyo, elivumela ekufumanekeni genomic kunye chromosomal izakhi nokuxilonga izifo ilifa kwinqanaba chromosomal, kwaye kwakhona ukuba baphande intshukumo mutagenic wemichiza, izinambuzane, imithi, njalo njalo Le ndlela lisetyenziswa kwi kuhlalutyo kunye nokuchongwa kwe eziphilayo na ukungaqheleki ilifa phambi kokuzalwa. uxilongo siswini kolwelo fluid unesifo kwithuba leenyanga ezintathu zokuqala zokukhulelwa, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba uthathe isigqibo malunga nokupheliswa yokukhulelwa.