Iimvavanyo ubunjani on phenol. Ukulungiswa Phenols: Reaction

Carbolic acid - elinye lamagama Phenol, ebonisa ukuziphatha yayo ekhethekileyo inkqubo yemichiza. Le nto kulula ongena benzene ibe nucleophilic endaweni reaction. Iimpawu enawo compound zicacisiwe ukushukumiseka hydrogen asidi atom kwiqela hydroxyl yesondo khonkcweni. Uphononongo lwesakhiwo lwalusanda kunye nempendulo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuya ukuvumela phenol compound ziquka iikhompawundi enuka - yezabelo benzene.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

Ngowe-1834, ekhemesti waseJamani कार्ड ikhadi abelwe carbolic acid evela amalahle tar, kodwa wayengakwazi ukuba ususe nokubunjwa kwayo. Kamva, abanye abaphandi baye ifomula, athabatha uqhagamshelwano entsha utywala enuka kamnandi. Ummeli elula eli qela - phenol (hydroxybenzene). Xa uhlobo yayo enyulu, le nto crystal transparent ukuba livumba isici. Air-phenol umbala zingatshintsha ukuba opinki okanye obomvu. Kuba enuka notywala eqhelekileyo amahlwempu ukunyibilika emanzini abandayo yaye okulungileyo - organic izinyibilikisi. Phenol linyibilike kubushushu we 43 ° C. Ngaba compound ityhefu, wadibana eluswini ibangela ukutsha kakhulu. Le moiety ibhedolaki yinto olukhulu phenyl (C6H5-). Ngqo enye athom carbon le mpilo yesondo neqela hydroxyl (-OH). Ubukho nganye amasuntswana ubonisa indlela efanelekileyo ubunjani ukuya phenol. Ifomula ebonisa isiqulatho lilonke athom of imichiza kwi molecule - C6H6O. Ulwakhiwo zibonisa indlela kwesakhiwo, kuquka umjikelo kunye Kekule iqela esebenza - hydroxyl. lumelo olubonakalayo molecule, utywala enuka ukunika indlela sharosterzhnevye.

Iimpawu lobume molecule

Ukuphazamisa le ring benzene kunye neqela OH uchaza iikhemikhali indlela phenol kunye zesinyithi, halogens, nezinye izinto. Bambopha ngekhonkco enuka ye atom oxygen kukhokelela nokunikezelwa electron ezinoxinano kwi molecule. Unxibelelwano O-H na polar ngakumbi, nto leyo ewenza abe maninzi nokushukumisa hydrogen kwiqela hydroxyl le. Le Proton nga kufakwe athom yesinyithi, nto leyo ibonisa ukuba asidi le phenol. Ngenxa yoko, iqela OH kwandisa iimpawu yovukelo khonkcweni benzene. Delocalization of elektroni ukunyuka, kunye nokukwazi endaweni electrophilic kwi ngumongo. Oku kwandisa nokushukumisa athom hydrogen yesondo le carbon kwi ortho- kunye para-isikhundla (2, 4, 6). Le effect kungenxa kubukho abanikelayo electron mninzi - iqela hydroxyl. Ngenxa kwifuthe lazo phenol esebenzayo ngaphezu benzene eziphatha ngayo kunye nezinto ezithile kunye substituents ezintsha ezijolise kwi ortho- kunye para-izikhundla.

Mihlaba emuncu

Iqela hydroxyl le enuka utywala oxygen atom unenxaxheba isigxina entle, buthathaka unxibelelwano hydrogen. release Proton ibe lula, ngoko phenol liziphatha asidi, kodwa yomelele alkoholi. asabela esemgangathweni ukuze phenol ziquka uvavanyo litmus test phambi protons itshintsha umbala ukusuka oluhlaza ukuze pink. Ukubakho athom halogen okanye amaqela nitro enxulumene ne ring benzene kukhokelela ekwandeni umsebenzi hydrogen. Le nguqu uyaqapheleka iimolekyuli nitro phenol. substituents asidi Lower ezifana iqela acid, kwaye alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, njalo njalo). Izakhi idibanisa umsesane benzene, iqela hydroxyl kunye imethyl ezinkulu, ibhekisela cresol. iimpawu zayo ithambile carbolic acid.

phenol reaction ne sodium kunye obrak

Ngokufanayo asidi phenol ukuba awasabela ngayo kunye nesinyithi. Umzekelo, idityaniswe sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-Ona + H2 ↑. Kwakhiwa sodium phenoxide, yehayidrojini sukube uyakhululwa. Phenol ke awasabela ngayo kunye iziseko awonayo. Oku kwenzeka neutralization reaction ukwenza ityuwa namanzi: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Ukukwazi ukunika hydrogen kwiqela hydroxyl kulo phenol ungaphantsi kwe ezininzi asidi ezingaphiliyo kunye carboxylic. It lenkosikazi ukusuka iityuwa unyityilikiswa emanzini nokuba icarbon dioxide (asidi). Reaction equation: C6H5-Ona + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

Ukusabela ring benzene

Iipropati enuka kubangelwa Electron delocalization kwi nucleus benzene. Hydrogen evela umsesane endaweni yi atom halogen, nitro. A inkqubo efanayo phenol molecule kulula ukuba benzene. Omnye umzekelo - le bromination. Benzene halogen isebenza phambi ngumnxibelelanisi, bromobenzene ifunyenwe. Phenol ke waphendula ngamanzi bromine phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Intsebenziswano yokuba kwenze ezimhlophe 2,4,6-tribromophenol, okubonakala ukwahlula uvavanyo into efanayo kuwo ukusuka iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi. Bromination - ukutshintsha ubunjani ukuba phenol. Equation: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Imveliso indlela yesibini - hydrogen bromide. Zakudibana phenol kunye yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano nitric acid wafumana ithe nitro. Le mveliso asabela kunye ne-nitric acid wamandla --trinitrophenol 2,4,6 okanye picric acid ubaluleke kakhulu practical.

iimvavanyo ubunjani on phenol. uluhlu

Xa intsebenziswano kwezinto bafumana ukutya okuthile ezikuvumela ukumisela ubume esemgangathweni izinto yokuqala. Inani umbala asabela ngayo ibonisa ubukho amasuntswana, amaqela asebenzayo ukuba luncedo uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali. asabela esemgangathweni lokubonisa ubukho phenol molecule kwimfuyo enuka umsesane hayi-amaqela nganye:

1. Ewiliko iphepha phenol litmus blue ebomvu.
2. phenols asabela olunombala nayo lwenziwa ngendlela medium buthathaka ezisisiseko kunye neetyuwa diazonium. A iidayi azo etyheli okanye naorenji.
3. Ngaba awasabela ngayo kunye bromine omdaka ngamanzi kwenze kubonakala tribromophenol emhlophe.
4. Xa indlela kunye nesisombululo chloride ferric phenoxide wafumana ferric - into eluhlaza, nemisonto emsi okanye kombala eluhlaza.

Ukufumana phenols

Production Phenol kwi le industry ngokwamanqanaba amabini okanye amathathu. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala propylene kunye yebhenzina phambi aluminiyam chloride wavelisa cumene (isopropylbenzene igama eliqhelekileyo). Inxaki ye indlela Friedel-Crafts yokusabela: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene kunye propylene xa om-3: 1 lidlulile engundoqo asidi. Iya isanda, endaweni zemveli ngumnxibelelanisi - aluminiyam chloride - eziphilayo zeolites ehlambulukileyo. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela igcwala lwenziwa oksijini phambi kwe-sulphuric acid: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. Ezi phenols ukuze ephuma neyanamhlanje wamalahle, kukho intermediates ekuvelisweni nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukusetyenziswa phenols

alkoholi enuka ezisetyenziswa kushishino iiplastiki, idayi, izinambuzane, kunye nezinye izinto. imveliso acid carbolic ye benzene linyathelo lokuqala ekudalweni eziliqela Iipholima, kuquka polycarbonates. Phenol ke waphendula kunye formaldehyde, nentlaka phenol-formaldehyde zifunyenwe.

Cyclohexanol nguye izinto ekrwada ekuveliseni polyamides. Phenols zisetyenziswa ebulala izibulali e deodorants, lotions. Isetyenziswa ukufumana phenacetin, salicylic acid kunye nezinye iziyobisi. Phenols asetyenziswa xa kusenziwa nentlaka ezisetyenziswa iimveliso zombane (itshintshela, neziseko). Kananjalo kusetyenziswa kumalungiselelo iidayi azo, ezifana phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, nto leyo yezabelo nitro ye phenol esetyenziselwa luyawudyobha zomzimba, iziqhushumbisi ukwenziwa.