Iimpawu imali, imisebenzi yayo kunye neentlobo. supply imali

Isibonelelo semali ejikeleza ngaphandle lunikezelwa ngeendlela ezimbini. Ngaba umnxeba iinkozo zemali kunye yamaphepha. Ezo imali Ixabiso wesiqhelo (elinikiweyo kubo) ingqinelana yokwenene. Cinga iinkcukacha ngakumbi imisebenzi neempawu imali.

zemali

Ifom yale hlobo mali ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, kuye kweebhokisi, ngoko - izikali. Coins lamathuba kamva waba linophawu umthetho omiswe. Eyona ndlela elula imali metal - ngeenxa zonke. Ekuqaleni kusetyenziswa isilivere negolide imali. Le yokugqibela bafudukela kwisiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ukwenza imali ngegolide ngenxa yokuba iimpawu sentsimbi. Bavumela zemali ngokuhambelana injongo ezenzelwe yona. iimpawu ezingundoqo imali iintsimbi amanga neqiniso ukuba iindleko zabo yaye phantsi ukwehla. zemali Gold zithathwa isixhobo mali ngokwaneleyo dyondzisaka. Bangakwazi ingaguqulwa neemeko ezikhoyo, ngaphandle kwefuthe abanini bazo. Xa ilizwe sele eninzi imali ngegolide, oko kukuthi, inani layo lidlula imfuneko yokwenene kwabo, zithunyelwa myezo. Kwimeko apho i imfuno ezo ngqekembe azibuyiswa kwaye kwakhona ukuqala ukusetyenziswa. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, loo nto ayithethi ukuba nawaphi na amanyathelo akhethekileyo ukuze alawule isixa semali, njengokuba kwenzeka engamaphepha, umzekelo. Noko ke, kukho izinto kuneengxaki. Ziqulethe ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. imigodi Gold akazange abe nexesha ukuze kukhululwe impahla. Kule meko, oku ayiboneleli imfuneko ngokupheleleyo imali.
2. Kakhulu lwemali eziphathwayo ayikwazi kusetyenziswa imali encinane.
3. zemali Gold kakhulu lubiza kakhulu iphepha.

imali

imali iphepha Russian wabonakala endaweni iinkozo zemali igolide. Umahluko phakathi ngexabiso elifikelelekayo kunye nexabiso imveliso zenza zengcebo ukukhutshwa inzuzo. Kusebenza into ebalulekileyo kwingeniso yesizwe. Engamaphepha ekhutshwe ngaxeshanye iingqekembe zegolide, ngokuthe ngcembe ukubuyisela wokugqibela unyango. Ngenxa ukuvela kunye nophuhliso mali ifezekiswe kwandiswa. ixabiso layo umiselwa ngurhulumente imfuneko imali. umba Qaphela ukuba azilawulwa iimfuno ingeniso. mechanism oluzenzekelayo nokubasusa koovimba ezikhoyo. Kule nkalo, oko akuzi kuqinisekisa imali izinzile.

nokwehla

Xa ilizwe sele eninzi imali lephepha, ukuba uhlale "izandla" kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingeniso. Ngenxa yoko, bathwele ngemizila okurhweba baze baqalise depreciate. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:

1. ukukhululwa karhulumente ekuthiwe bangaphezu kwemfuneko.
2. Ukunciphisa sinokungafihlisi kuyo umsebenzisi.
3. ratio ezingantlanga phakathi kumazwe angaphandle kunye import.

Ipropati basic engamaphepha kukuba iimpawu yexabiso ezikhutshwe ngurhulumente yokugubungela eshotayo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Njengomgaqo, azikho zaba ngegolide wasinika kunye nezinga enyanzelekileyo.

iimpawu credit

Bavela ne ekuqaleni uphuhliso lwemveliso yorhwebo, kwiimeko apho ukuphunyezwa lwaqhutywa ngezavenge (credit). kwazo lunemiqathango kwi ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi kunye neempawu imali njengendlela intlawulo. Bakhonza njengento ebalulekileyo ekufuneka mazihlawulwe kwixesha elithile. Injongo zoqoqosho yeenowuthsi ukuba:

1. Bonakalisa iimfuno ingeniso yemali.
2. Igcina iindleko abalinganiswa eyiyo.
3. Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso non-cash esebenzisa intshukumo.

Hlobo uboleka imali eRashiya. Bona ekhutshwe yi-Central Bank ukuba yenze imisebenzi eli-mboleko kunye ngenkqubela kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezahlukeneyo. Ukunika umbutho zebhanki lwamatyala kunika yomboleki imali yakhe. Ekupheleni kwethuba semboleko bokusetyenziswa, baya kubuyiselwa nokuqokelelwa angahlawulwanga.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo

imali Iphepha kunye namanqaku zebhanki zizinto zakudala ezibalulekileyo:

1. Ngu indlela ukukhutshwa. Umba imali yephepha lwenziwa-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali, kwaye lwemali - i-Central Bank.
2. Injongo yokwazisa yasasazwa. imali Paper yenzelwe ukuxhasa intsilelo mali, imali engamaphepha - izivumelwano zoshishino.
3. Ingakumbi ukukhululwa. Engamaphepha wangena ejikelezayo ngokunxulumene neenkqubo ngetyala, apho kwenziwa kubanjiswene ne kwimveliso kunye nokuphunyezwa ngokwayo, amanqaku iphepha iya kuthunyelwa ibe ejikeleza ngaphandle yokubopha.

Kwimeko zokugxojwa mali ngenxa credit balahlekelwe iinzuzo zabo baze babe iimpawu ngokubanzi ngemali. Zijika kwiimeko ezinjalo iindleko imiqondiso kwephepha.

iimpawu imali

iindleko iimpawu abe elilingana iphela. Bathi complex iimpawu ezintathu:

1. exchangeability kwangoko. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na imveliso inokuguqulwa ngqo kwi kwemali.
2. uhlobo Independent exchange-value. Ixabiso kweemveliso ezahlukeneyo uba ibinzana efanayo ubuchule imveliso kunyaka omnye.
3. Ifom izinto engaphandle yabasebenzi. Zonke okanye nengenxalenye yeenzame babe nenkalo zemali.

exchangeability ngoko nangoko

Kukholelwa ukuba le yeyona ndawo iphambili imali. Oku kubonakala kwinkqubo unaniselwano okanye ukuthengisa. Inxenye yabemi Finance ziguqulwa zibe iimveliso ezahlukeneyo, njengoko umthetho, impahla kubalulekile ukuze zisetyenziswe ngabanye. Imali, nto leyo zenzelwe ukuba bavale iindleko zokuvelisa kunye nokwandiswa yayo, ayikwazi isetyenziselwe ukuthenga izinto ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo. Nakuba kunjalo, kuzo zombini ezi meko, imali ivela inkalo ebalulekileyo - exchange ngqo kweempahla kunye neenkonzo.

inani exchange

Okubonakalisa yalo propati, imali kwi inkqubo yemveliso umsebenzi equlethwe imveliso uyalingana ngokuthelekisa amaxabiso zayo iindleko iimpawu. Izinto ezivakaliswa ngokwemiqathango kunaniselwano-parameters (amaxabiso). Kulo mzekelo, imali elingana iphela. Zinelungelo ngentshukumo ethile ukuzimela. Funds bangaqokelela kukongiwa, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulondolozo lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwabo okanye abanye abantu abathile. Ngelo xesha linye iimpawu imali akasivumeli ukuba ijike ibe ubutyebi epheleleyo. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ukuhamba iindleko zabasebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko izenzo njengoko ixabiso yokwenene imveliso. Umzekelo, banikwe indleko yekhapitali kufuneka ithathelwe imikhwa akhawunti kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ezichaphazela inkqubo ngokutsha.

zemisebenzi yoluntu

Ifom izinto engaphandle yabasebenzi kukuba xa lifana iimveliso imali ubonisa kunye amanyathelo kubo isebenze ngokwemigaqo ixabiso. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, le ngokomlinganiso umgangatho isikhundla esixhasa yokuthenga ixabiso leempahla. Ukusuka kwindawo oluninzi kwimboniselo kucingwa umthamo kwimveliso.

ukuqashwa

Iimpawu kuvumela ukusetyenziswa imali yabo:

1. Iindleko accounting zendalo imizimba yabasebenzi.
2. Ukuthelekiswa lwemisebenzi yemveliso karhulumente ngamnye.
3. Ukuthelekiswa iindleko ezicwangcisiweyo kunye actual.

Ukushwankathela le misebenzi, singatsho ukuba le mali isetyenziselwa ukubonelela ulawulo phezu umlinganiselo yabasebenzi kunye nokusetyenziswa, nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi zemali, ezoshishino noqoqosho inkampani, ingxelo, amanani, uhlalutyo. A inkalo ethile ukusebenza kwale misebenzi isebenza ukusetyenziswa efanelekileyo imali.

intengiso

Kuliwa kumacala eziliqela. Ngokutsho inqununu, ekumiseleni amaxabiso ngenxa eziveliswa indima ngowam izikhombisi iindleko kunye eluncedo. Njengenxalenye yale ndlela, ixabiso ukuyilwa lwenziwa ngenxa lifana ngayo ngemali. Le indlela yesibini Marx ingqalelo. ukubaluleka mkhulu eqhotyoshelweyo umsebenzi imali njengoko amanyathelo iindleko. Marx wayekholelwa ukuba abasebenzi basebenze ezilingana amaxabiso kweemveliso. Le ndawo lwesithathu lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa imali amaxabiso ngenxa ikhono labo lokuba njengendlela intlawulo.

umqondo yasekhaya

ERashiya, ulwalathiso lixhaphakileyo yophuhliso yeengxaki zemali njengenyathelo iindleko kuthathwa ukuba iya kuba yile ilandelayo:

1. Formation of the amaxabiso kwempahla ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kwemali akwenzeki.
2. Ixabiso lisebenza ixabiso lemali - ixabiso kwiimveliso.
3. Iimpawu Market babe imida ephezulu nesezantsi zokutenxa. It zinganikezelwa ezingenanzala: asezantsi threshold = + iindleko kwingeniso, zisembundwini eliphezulu = ingeniso + imfuno.
4. Umahluko ivumela ukubuyisela imveliso kazwelonke phakathi kwamanqanaba ezahlukeneyo kunye namacandelo oluntu.
5. Kwinkqubo kukuzimisela ixabiso ithatha ingqalelo ukubaluleka iimpahla, iindleko zemveliso, ngesidanga imfuno kunye neendleko iimveliso ngokubambisana kunye nanoqhagamshelwano.

Okukodwa

Isikali amaxabiso lilungu ekhethekileyo nkqubo yangoku. Njengenxalenye zegolide standard lwemali, ixabiso ubunzima ezithile ukusekwa kweeyunithi yesinyithi. Amaxabiso zonke iimveliso zinxulunyaniswe umxholo zegolide yamaphepha. Isikali Ixabiso isekelwe kwinqanaba sokutya. Kunye nale iseti kunye lobudlelwano. Ukumisela isikali amaxabiso kuphela iimveliso yabathengi. Xa uqoqosho senguqu, onke la magama akukho oqhagamshelwano phakathi kwaye ezahlulwe-level.

njengenkcitho

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali njengendlela yokubala uphawu kwezoqoqosho phambili emarikeni. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, amaxabiso iseti asebenze ngengqondo intsebenziswano okuzalisekileyo isekelwe kwisithethe. Utshintsho kwindlela yolawulo-mali ngendlela yokuvuselelwa emali, ngokutsha loqoqosho, ihlelo ayitshintshi kulo msebenzi. Kule meko, ukulungiswa kuxhomekeke isikali amaxabiso.

imali kuthetha

Xa imiqathango yokuphatha imali ingqalelo umlamleli sokufudumeza inkqubo intshukumo ngaxeshanye lweenkonzo kunye nempahla i. Lo msebenzi lwenziwa compulsorily ngabalinganiswa yokwenene, kodwa hayi kuzo zonke iimeko, aphezulu-grade. Injongo yalo msebenzi imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukususwa lwemida kunye nemigangatho ethile unaniselwano.
2. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa sengeniso kwemali kwiindleko zabasebenzi.
3. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kulwabiwo ngokutsha ye-GDP.

Kwimeko emibi imali ezingazalisekisi lo msebenzi, ukuvuselela utshintshiselwano yokunikwa amalungelo obumi. Oku kukhokelela ekuveleni uqoqosho kwesithunzi.

iingxaki

Xa yokuphazamiseka kwisistim yezemali (umzekelo, ngenxa emali, ukungabikho kweempawu "esandleni") lithatyathwe injongo ekunqandeni imali esebenza njenge eliphakathi. Oku, kuphakamisa uphuhliso unaniselwano, wesefu. Kukho kweziqu psevdodengi ukunyuka isithunzi kwezoqoqosho. Le meko ikhokelela unciphiso kweentlawulo mali, udluliselo non-intlawulo, yehlisa kwi yokuhlawula amatyala yabemi, ubonelelo aggregate kunye nemfuno.

zemali mali

Lo msebenzi ibhekisa nengeniso zegolide okanye yebhanki amanqaku ngokhuseleko epheleleyo. Ebona le ngxaki, imali asebenze esingayi lwesilinganiso soqoqosho. Phantsi kweemeko zangoku, lo msebenzi enxulumene amatyala ngokupheleleyo ngemali. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye impahla, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, umnini uyakwazi ukuhlawula nezibophelelo zawo. Ukongezelela, imali ungagcina iindleko. Le propati wabonakaliswa ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ixabiso lokuthenga efanelekileyo namhlanje ukuhlawula iimveliso kwixesha elizayo.

Ezifuneka phambili ukuze sibe

Ukukhula imali ngenxa yabemi:

1. ukwandisa ingeniso yabemi.
2. Utshintsho kwi isakhiwo kwimfuno yabathengi kwicala lempahla yokusebenzisa ixesha elide.
3. Umnqweno ukudala iimeko koqhubekeko ubomi eziqhelekileyo emva nokukhubazeka.
4. Umnqweno ukuphelisa le ntswela phakathi ngesifo kunye nengeniso yabantu abatsha (kulo mzekelo, ulondolozo esilithundezela ukugcinwa abantwana).

iintlobo lokonga

Ezi mali ke elinganiswa indalo. Kule meko mali yenzelwa iibhanki kunye namanye amaziko zemali. Olu hlobo lolondolozo iyahambelana kunye neemeko zemarike, ekubeni amaziko ngetyala uthathe imali eyintsalela kulwabiwo ngokutsha umdla yabo yezoqoqosho. Kwoqwebo (imali eziinkozo) akukho xabiso yoluntu. Ukuqulunqwa kwale fomu kudale kephofu of zemibutho ulondolozo. Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente ulahlekelwa ulawulo ukwabiwa kwemali zemali. Imali, enza umsebenzi zokuqokelelwa kobutyebi, kuchaphazela amandla neyokuthenga, ukutshintsha kwezinto ezimandla nefuthe layo ukubekwa yayo ngokuxhomekeke labemi kunye nomthamo wayo.

ndlela yokuhlawula

Xa umsebenzi imali njengolwimi wotshintshiselwano, intshukumo yabo kwenzeka ngaxeshanye ukuhamba kwempahla. Ukuba intlawulo wabona isixhobo umsebenzi ezikhandelwa isikhewu yethutyana. Le ukungangqinelani phakathi intshukumo imali nempahla igqalwa ukufaka kulo msebenzi. ukuphunyezwa kwayo ezinxulumene izibophelelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemfuneko ndizibuyisele kuye. Imali njengendlela sentlawulo esetyenziswa:

1. Pay, accrual ye pension.
2. Okuhlawula amatyala kunye nenzala.
3. Ukuphunyezwa kwe-rhafu, ukudlulisa iintlawulo.
4. Ukwenza iintlawulo ze-inshorensi.
5. Ukuphunyezwa nezigwebo neyolawulo.

Phakathi iimpawu kwalo msebenzi, kufanele kuphawulwe:

1. Intshukumo ukuzimela kwemali sinxulumana ukuhamba kwempahla.
2. Inxaxheba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo bemali - cash / non-cash - ezezimali lokwenene.
3. Ukuba nokwenzeka inxaxheba izithuthi ezineziphene.
4. Non-ukubulawa umsebenzi kungabangela ukwanda yindlela iintlawulo ntlekele.

zezimali jikelele

Le mali ababandakanyekayo yezithuthi ngamazwe. Ukusebenzisa States zazo ezahlukeneyo kunye bamazwe angaphandle (abahlali kunye nonresidents), okwenza ukuba izibonelelo zehlabathi. Finance, ukukhonza ubudlelwane yoqoqosho lwehlabathi, wabiza imali. Imali isenzo elilingana jikelele ukuba amatyala epheleleyo. imali Global asetyenziswa yokugubungela kusilela esikalini zentlawulo-sikhokelo kunaniselwano ngamazwe. Namhlanje, izivumelwano kwiimarike zangaphandle akwiidola US. Le ikharensi hayi isambuku ephezulu kunye convertibility.

isiphelo

Namhlanje, zombini iphepha kunye netsimbi isetyenziswe ekusasazeni. Kodwa okokugqibela, akuzalisekanga kwigolide. Ubuso bentsimbi yesitirha kuthiwa yinto engapheliyo, inxalenye ephilileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-reverse. Umda wengqekembe ubizwa ngokuba yingcambu. Ukuthintela iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomonakalo, i-brink yemali yensimbi yenziwa i-rifling. Kwiimeko zanamhlanje, iibhanki eziphambili zelizwe zenza umbandela weebhanki zesidima esithile. Ngokwenene, benza njengesixa-mali selizwe, esisebenza kwintsimi yelizwe elithile. Iphepha elikhethekileyo lisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa. Isikhuselo sisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ekukhohliseni. Imali kunye nokuphuhliswa kobudlelwane beemarike kwafumene ukubaluleka kubaluleke kakhulu. Ixesha apho iimpahla zatshintshiselwa kwiimpahla, sele yinto edlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje kunomsebenzi wokuthengiselana. Nangona kunjalo, ukusasazwa kwemali kuthathwa njengento ephambili kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. Imali inikeza amathuba amaninzi kubemi kunye nemibutho. Ukufumaneka kweemali kuthathwa njengesiqinisekiso sokubhaliswa kwamashishini angomthetho. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kumaziko emali. Umthamo wobungakanani bentsebenzo uvavanya ukuzinza kweshishini kwimarike, ukulungiswa kwayo, ukuzimisela ukuhlawula amatyala. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngemali yabemi. Abemi abaninzi basebenzisa iindlela zabo zokuthenga iimveliso ezithile okanye iinkonzo. Icandelo labantu lifuna ukuqokelela imali ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwezemali kwixesha elizayo. Okubalulekayo kokulondolozwa okanye ukuchitha imali kusetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko zoqoqosho phakathi kwelizwe nakwihlabathi. Kubalulekile kule meko inezifundo ezizinzile zemali "zemali". Ziquka, ngokukodwa i-euro kunye nedola. Akungathandabuzeki kukuba ukunyaniseka kwezemali, inqanaba elaneleyo lokunqunyulwa koluntu, amashishini, urhulumente ngokubanzi ubonakalisa intlalo ngokubanzi yabemi, umgangatho wobomi, iimeko zokusebenza kweli lizwe. Eziphakamileyo ziyiyo, amathuba amaninzi karhulumente, ukomelela koqoqosho, kulula ukusukela nasiphi na impembelelo engalunganga.