Imvelaphi Ulwimi: nemibono yeengcinga

Enye eemfihlelo olunzima kakhulu ukuphila kwabantu ulwimi. Njengoko wabonakala, kutheni abantu bakhetha ukunxibelelana nalo, apho umhlaba ngoko iintlobo ezininzi zentetho? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo kwisifundo sophando.

iingcamango ngokobugcisa ngemvelaphi yeelwimi

Xa sijonga imvelaphi ulwimi, theory sixelele kakhulu. Bonke bephela bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini: eziphilayo nezentlalo.

Iqela lokuqala ziyabethabethana ugcina ukuba uphuhliso kwisigaba yeelwimi abantu enxulumene nophuhliso ubuchopho bakhe kunye nezixhobo kwimiphimbo. Oku ingcamango isifanadumo, ocacisa ukuba amagama kwintetho yomntu kwabonakala njengoko ukulingiswa Eyona nto zehlabathi. Umzekelo, abantu baye beva isandi ngumoya, iintaka bakhale, uya kunkqangaza bestial kwaye ukudala amagama.

Le mbono uchaza imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso siluxelise ulwimi izandi zendalo, lwakhawuleza waliwa. Eneneni, kukho amazwi alinganise izandi zehlabathi ezingqongileyo. Kodwa ubukhulu becala kwizandi uhlobo emizini yethu engasekho beva, yaye amagama amatsha badalwe nangezinye iindlela.

Ngemvelaphi yeelwimi, uphuhliso theory amagama namabinzana - konke oku isifundo lezifundo philology. Sele kumaxesha amandulo oku kwenziwa zizazinzulu, kwaye wadlala indima kanye ngemfundiso Ukusebenzisa iindidi zesigama. Oku yavela ngenkulungwane ye-18.

kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba amagama yokuqala ukuvakalisa ezahlukeneyo ithi ngokweemvakalelo, kwaye okokuqala wabonakala entetho ukukhala iimvakalelo.

yesivumelwano social

Abaninzi baye uphando ngemvelaphi yeelwimi, Ezolimi njenge inzululwazi eziphuhliswe ezi zizazinzulu. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ithiyori ngokobugcisa ngemvelaphi ulwimi sigatywe, ukuba indawo zentlalo.

imibono ulwimi yabonakala ngamakhoboka. Diodor Sitsiliysky wayesithi ukuba abantu ekuvunyelwene kunye nezinye malunga nendlela igama izinto ngendlela ethile. Ezi iimbono zenziwa sobulumko French Jean-Zhak Russo kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo.

Engels 'imibono

Imvelaphi kunye nophuhliso lolwimi ebesoloko nomtsalane izazinzulu ababefuna ukusombulula le iqhina. bekukho umsebenzi Fridriha Engelsa "Indima Labasebenzi weNguqu ukusuka lwenkawu ukuya Man" ngo-1876. Uluvo oluphambili, nto leyo izisa Engels, kukuba ukuthetha igalelo kwinguqu nkawu emntwini ngophuhliso lonke iqela ngethuba ehlangeneyo yabasebenzi senzo. Sikunye Karlom Marksom, Engels wadala umsebenzi omninzi kuphuhliso zentetho. Abaninzi yeengcinga ezilandelayo malunga ngemvelaphi yeelwimi ivela Marx kunye Engels.

Ngokutsho uluvo Engels, ulwimi kunye nokuziqonda ezinento omnye komnye, yaye sisiseko sezingqondweni ngumsebenzi wabantu practical. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye nophuhliso loluntu, kukho iziyelelane ezahlukahlukeneyo zentetho kunye nembonakalo isenesazela elime elite oluntu iba ulwimi uncwadi, nto leyo oluchasene lwesigodi kazwelonke. Ngenxa yoko, ngokoluvo Engels womntakayise, yinto uphuhliso lweelwimi German kunye IsiNgesi.

Imvelaphi waphezulu ulwimi

Ulwimi, kubandakanywa iincwadi, sisipho inikwa umntu ngaphezu koThixo. Sasicinga iinkcuba ezininzi kangaka elidlulileyo. Grigoriy Nissky, njengomntwana onengqondo owaziwayo ngumKristu, wabhala ukuba "isipho nkulumo umfo wakwaThixo." imibono efanayo zibanjwa kunye Vilgelm Gumboldt. Ngokutsho kwakhe, intetho wanikwa indoda ngamandla kaThixo, kwaye oku kuye kwenzeka ngephanyazo, ngaphandle uphuhliso ngaphambili. Kunye nokudalwa umzimba womntu awayebubeke entliziyweni yakhe, ukuba bathethe baphimisele. Nalo le mbono, nguye lowo hypothesis monogenesis iilwimi kunye kwibhayibhile ibali ngayo iNkosi yayiphambanisa zeelwimi zabantu, ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukuqonda kwabanye.

Le nguqulelo waphuhliswa Abaphengululi ezifana Alfredo Trombetti, uNicholas Marr, Alexander Melnychuk. American yolwimi Morris Swadesh angabanga ubukho enkulu macrofamilies lolwimi kunye nosapho amaqhina phakathi kwabo. Iqela elikhulu - nostratic, oko kuquka Kartvelian, ಪ್ರೀತಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ ndiyakuthanda, sase, isitsotsi Eskimo-baseAleut. bonke abafana ngazo.

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele imvelaphi ezinye zazo.

Ngemvelaphi ulwimi Russian: ixesha Old

ulwimi Russian yenye idumileyo ehlabathini. Oko kuthethwa ngabantu malunga 260 million. Ngaba yesihlanu idumileyo ehlabathini.

Imbali ulwimi Russian inamathuba ezininzi. Kokuqala kwexesha zalo zophuhliso - wamandulo Russian, eyathatha, kuthabathele kwilixa lesithandathu ukuya elinesine leminyaka AD. ixesha Old lahlulwe preliterate, oko kukuthi, de ngenkulungwane ye-11, yaye kwathiwa, ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11. Kodwa ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-11 kukho sokonakalisa ulwimi amandulo neziyelelane ezahlukeneyo. Oku kungenxa ayehlasela AmaTatar, kunye kwisahlulo a laseRashiya ezigxile ithi ezahlukeneyo. Imvelaphi ulwimi Russian mihla intsukaphi ixesha kamva, kodwa kule mihla kukho umaleko akudala lwesigama.

period Old Russian

Ithuba lesibini lophuhliso - Staraya Russa, eyathatha ukususela elinesine kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe. Ngelo xesha, xa inkcubeko enye yokuhlalisana maleko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo - Church luguqulelo Russian ye ngentetho kunye ulwimi neyona zoncwadi Russian, ngokusekelwe lwimi abanam. Ngenxa yoko, oko kuqala ukwanda eMoscow nolwimi.

Imbali ulwimi Russian sikuvumela ukuba ubone lamiswa ngayo, yintoni walahlekelwa iimpawu zayo inkqubo ukubunjwa. Sele kwixesha Old Russian shwaka iimpawu ezifana ezimbini, libunile iindidi yokubiza (Noko ke, leyo, wahlala ngolwimi Ukrainian), ziye elidityanisiweyo declination.

lukazwelonke Russian

Ukuqala ukuyilwa yolwimi yesizwe Russian kungathathwa kweminyaka yee-elinesixhenxe. Imvelaphi ngobuwena walo wokudla inxulumene ixesha kamva, ezizezi ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19. nempembelelo enkulu lasungulwa ukuba uAleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin.

Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe elinesibhozo ngcembe linciphise umda wokusetyenziswa Church Slavonic ulwimi, njengoko uluntu lube wempangelo ngakumbi yaye yehlabathi ozukileyo. Kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo wabeka imithetho yegrama Russian kunye nopelo, kwaye indima enkulu kule idlalwa Mihail Vasilevich Lomonosov. "Igrama Russian" lakhe uba isiseko oosonzululwazi elizayo kunye kwiilwimi, bonke abanomdla zegrama Russian, lexicology, morphology.

umsebenzi Pushkin ekugqibeleni kwasekwa ulwimi Russian zoncwadi wavumela ukuba ukuthatha indawo elungileyo ehlabathini. intetho kazwelonke Russian luphawulwa kukuba indima ityala kakhulu phezulu kulo. Ukuba ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, beza evela ulwimi Polish kwi elinesibhozo - ukusuka Dutch kunye German, kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwindawo yokuqala isiFrentshi, yaye kwiinkulungwane wamashumi mabini ananye - IsiNgesi. Kwaye ngoku amazwi avela IsiNgesi, likhulu kakhulu.

Oko kudala umphengululi kulo yophando, njengoko imvelaphi ulwimi? Ulwazi ke kuninzi, ingakumbi ngokunxulumene ulwimi Russian, kodwa ngaphambi kokuphela kwalo mba ibingekacaciswa kakuhle, kwaye ngeli xesha.

wenza njani ulwimi Ukrainian

Ukrainian ulwimi wabonakala phezu ngokususela efanayo lwesigodi yaseRussia. Ngemvelaphi yeelwimi Ukrainian bobabo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Kweli xesha ukususela elinesine ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibhozo liphuhlise endala Ukrainian, kwaye ukusuka elinesibhozo emva - yinto Ukrainian mihla.

Iziseko zolwimi boncwadi Ukrainian kuphuhliswa Ivan Petrovich Kotlyarevsky owadala imisebenzi ongenakufa "Aeneid" yaye "Natalka Poltavka". Kubo, ke ngobuqili idibanisa mibala iincwadi yamandulo kunye zokwenene owayephila ngexesha lakhe. Ke ngemvelaphi Ukrainian lwesigodi, ezininzi izazinzulu Mnikeni bokuyila ka Taras Shevchenko. Yeyona yokugqibela bazisa ukuya kwinqanaba iilwimi zehlabathi Ukrainian yinqobo kuye. Ubuchule Shevchenko Ukrainian yenziwe ukuba baveze izimvo zabo. imisebenzi efana njenge "Kobzar", "uNksk", "Phupha", ziye iguqulelwe kwezinye iilwimi zehlabathi, yaye umbhali eyenziwe ibandla ababhali edume kakhulu futhi zobulumko, ngubani wanika uluntu amaxabiso amatsha.

Ngemvelaphi yeelwimi Ukrainian ufundwa abaphandi abaninzi, kuquka izazinzulu Canadian ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Kutheni idume kakhulu IsiNgesi

IsiNgesi yeyona ixhaphakileyo ehlabathini emveni Mandarin yaseTshayina neSpanishi. Inani labantu abathetha ngayo, idla abantu billion ukuya.

Imvelaphi ngeelwimi ehlabathini ukuze bonke, ngokukodwa abo abafunda IsiNgesi. Ngoku lisetyenziswa kwezoshishino, urhwebo, intsebenziswano ngamazwe, yaye oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba uBukhosi British woyisa isiqingatha zasehlabathini kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Okwangoku nefuthe elikhulu neplanethi eUnited States, ulwimi olusemthethweni apho nayo IsiNgesi.

Imbali ulwimi kaShakespeare yahlulwe ngamaxesha awohlukeneyo. Anglo owayekho yesihlanu ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, kuMbindi IsiNgesi - ukusuka elinanye kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu kunye elinesihlanu ixesha lethu kukho New England. Kufuneka wathi imvelaphi ulwimi Latin unezinto ezininzi yokwenza imvelaphi IsiNgesi.

Xa ukuyilwa intetho British waba ebalulekileyo iilwimi indima izizwe ezahlukeneyo ababehlala kwelo lizwe ixesha elide, kwakunye ulwimi Viking, leyo alingenele siqithi. Kamva kwafika ngokusemthethweni eBritani. Enkosi kubo, ngentetho IsiNgesi yaba ichibi enkulu amazwi baseFransi. Uilyam Shekspir - umbhali uye wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso abemi ulwimi Albion. imisebenzi bakhe baye baba zelifa lenkcubeko British. Origin of ulwimi, ithiyori leyo inkulu kangaka, ngenxa yempembelelo ngababhali abadumileyo.

Ngoku IsiNgesi unesigxina eziphambili ehlabathini. Le yindlela yonxibelelwano kwi Internet, ezenzululwazi kunye noshishino. Uninzi kwiinkqubo thethwano kumazwe ahlukeneyo, imbalelwano ozakuzo okwenzeka IsiNgesi.

Inani nezendawo likhulu kakhulu. Kodwa zichasene iinguqulelo IsiNgesi kunye American.