Kuthetha ukuthini ubungqina sifo? Ingcinga neentlobo zayo

okukwazi iNgqina lithetha ilungelo ngummi phantsi komthetho ukuba anike ubungqina nxamnye iqela elithile labantu kunye neemeko aziwayo kuye. Kwangaxeshanye, lungenzeki uxanduva mthetho kulo. Esi sibonelelo kuMgaqo ngqo kwi siseko equlethwe Kumqulu Wemigaqo ngobunjalo Criminal. Abemi banelungelo onjalo, njenge sifo lingqina, unako nanini na ixesha ukunika ubungqina efanelekileyo kwimeko ethile.

definition

Abemi banelungelo onjalo, njenge sifo ingqina, kufuneka kungabi ngumthetho ukuba ubungqina. Sekunjalo, aba bantu chazela abasemagunyeni lonke ulwazi nokwazeka kwayo kubo kwimeko ethile, kodwa kuphela xa isicelo zabo. Ukungqinelana nomgaqo-siseko, unelungelo ukuba lingqine yena okanye izalamane zakhe ezisondeleyo. Ngoko ke, ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 308 of the Code Criminal, aba bantu nabutyala.

Noko ke, ukuba ezi yabemi kuya kuqalisa ukunika ubungqina kulo mzekelo, ngaloo baphelelwe ngumsebenzi wabo ubungqina. Kwaye ngoko ke banokubekwa ityala iingxelo zobuxoki.

ban

OliNgqina omzimba e kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ezi ndidi zilandelayo bamntu;

1. abagwebi jurors. Abayi abavumelekanga ukuba badize naluphi na ulwazi malunga mzekelo, njengoko ingcaciso yaziwa kubo ekusebenziseni zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo.

2. Isiluleko kunye nezinye isiluleko sokuba ummangalelwa ezinye (kuba yokugqibela wajika wabuyela kuye ngenxa yokubonelela uncedo abaneziqinisekiso zomthetho).

3. umbingeleli, owaba bazazi imeko oko kwenzeka emva uvumo.

4. Amalungu Federation zeBhunga kunye State Duma ngaphandle kwemvume yabo.

Imithetho efanayo malunga iindidi data lwabemi, elifakwe kumGaqo-Code of Procedure Civil. Le Kwiimeko ezizodwa kakhulu, okhankanywe ngasentla, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiNqaku 56 womGaqo Criminal Procedure, ecacisa ukuba aba bantu banelungelo ubungqina omzimba kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ayikwazi ukuziphikisa.

inkqubo civil

Art. 69 Code of Procedure Civil ithi ukuba kwiimeko ezizodwa apho abantu abaphathiswe yaye iwonga elithile, akufunekanga ngokuba njengamangqina. Ubanike ilungelo afake efanelekileyo igama - okukwazi ubungqina - ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano. Kule nkalo, le abemi ayikwazi ukuziphikisa njengabantu unesinye ulwazi kwimeko. Ezi ziquka:

- abameli kunye namagqwetha, abalamli;

- walala abagwebi nabagwebi yobungcali;

- ababingeleli;

- balamle (balamle).

Ezi abemi ukuba ubungqina nayiphi na imeko enye. Ukongeza, ukuba akuvumelekanga ngumthetho. OliNgqina omzimba ekuxoxweni kwamatyala embambano ngabantu abathi, phantsi kwe siseko, unelungelo ukuba lingqine ngokwabo okanye zabo izalamane. Ezi ziquka:

- amaqabane nabantwana, kwanabo eziya kwamkelwa;

- abazalwana noodade zibetheke olunye, kunye notatomkhulu nxamnye abazukulwana;

- namalungu amabhunga mthetho;

- egunyazisiweyo phezu amalungelo abantu namashishini.

Non-ukuxelwa kolwazi

ngenxa umkhululi wazo umsebenzi ongenela kwisivumelwano kunye umxhasi kaMasipala, oko unelungelo enjalo, njengoko igqwetha lingqina nezifo. It akavumi ukuba bazise ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwaye ulwazi wentendelezo yaziwa kuye ngumxhasi. Esi sibonelelo sicaciswa gca kwiSiqendu 56 womGaqo weNkqubo yoLwaphulo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba umntu wacela uncedo kwisiluleko abaqeqeshiweyo wayinikela iimfihlelo zabo kuye, wayeqinisekile ukuba, ngaphandle kokuba lowo yokugqibela, akukho mntu ufunda ngayo ityala lakhe kunye neemeko lwesiganeko. Le ingqiqo iyafakwa Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo. Ngokuba ithi ukuba nommeli nomrhanelwa okanye ummangalelwa akayi ndiyakuthetha ndikungqine mzekelo, njengoko waziwa kuye ngokunxulumene nobonelelo uncedo ngokusemthethweni yokugqibela. Ithi efanayo kunye GIC. Inqaku 69 olu xwebhu uthi ummeli okanye nomkhuseli akakwazi ingxelo malunga iimeko kunjalo, leyo waziwa kubo ngokunxulumene kubonelelo noncedo lwasemthethweni. Kananjalo luqinisekisa ukuba igqwetha - umntu ilifa nezifo ubungqina.

ebalulekile

Inqaku 51 yomthetho esisiseko urhulumente uthi akukho namnye uya kuba lingqina wazichasa ngokwakhe, ngokunjalo abahlobo nezalamane. Oku kusebenza nokuba iye ngayo isimo yenkqubo. Ngoko ke umgaqo ubonisa ubungqina nezifo. Ukongeza, Art. 56 Code of Criminal Procedure othintela uluhlu ethile abantu ukunika ubungqina ngexesha ngemibuzo. Ezi ziquka abagwebi, iququzelela, ababingeleli. Abo unolwazi ezinye kwimeko, apho kuye kwafika kubo ekusebenziseni zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo. Ngoko ke, ekuphenduleni umbuzo othi ngubani na ubungqina sifo, kukhuselekile ukuba ukhankanye uluhlu lwabantu (kuba kuchaziwe kwi-Criminal Procedure Code), kwakunye nezalamane kwabarhanelwa kunye abamangalelwa.

Ukuba oyifunayo, ummi ukuxela ulwazi oluthile malunga mzekelo, umele ukhumbule ukuba oko kuya kuxhomekeka kuyo yonke imithetho yi-Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo. Yaye kwimeko lokuxoka phantsi kwesifungo, uya isigwebo esifanelekileyo. Oku kukwasebenza kwakhona kwabo bantu kuxhomekeke kwilungelo ubungqina nezifo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufuna umfazi, ukuba lingqine okutyekileyo indoda yakhe, uba ngokuzenzekelayo ngummi imo zenkqubo. Kwaye umgaqo ingqina okukwazi akukho kuphinda bunayo injongo. Kungenxa yokuba efunyenwe ngexesha ngemibuzo kwi imeko baya kusetyenziswa yi-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho njengobungqina.

Kumazwe angaphandle

Kwi-US, imiba enxulumene nokusetyenziswa ingqina sifo, byi ingqalelo enkulu. Ukongeza, wamtshabalalisa isahluko kwi Collection lweMithetho. Kunjalo, oku kuphela umthombo, esithi ilungelo aba bantu. Legislating inkcazelo ingqina omzimba kula mazwe ukuba asebenzisane ne-Russia, oko abakacaci kakuhle, kodwa ngokubanzi asetyenziswe practice. Umzekelo, lo mthetho samkelwe ziinkundla eUnited States kuphela. Ukongeza, kukho iindidi ezininzi:

- ubungqina okukwazi;

- ilungelo sihlale cwaka (esasetyenziswa self-incrimination);

- lungelo.

Kwakhona ukufumana inkcazo epheleleyo kubo kuba kwimigaqo Uniform yenkqubo mthetho, asebenza eUnited States.

ubulungisa iLungu

Ingqina unendima kakhulu ekuphandeni ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ijolise ukunceda uphando, kwaye inkundla yokujongana nemiba ebaluleke ngokukodwa ukuze athathe amanyathelo otshutshiso. Ezibonisa umntu kuthathwa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga zonke iimeko umthetho kwaye eziyimfuneko ekhule ekusombululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoko ke, i kuye ingqalelo ekhethekileyo CPC.

Bubo umntu ilifa ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho yaye ingxelo ngayo ngexesha lendaba koogunyaziwe zokunyanzelisa umthetho. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, phambi kokuba ndlebe uyasichazela amalungelo eziliwela kunye nezibophelelo. Kwakhona, ngummi uya kwaziswa malunga nobutyala ngenxa iingxelo zobuxoki.

Ukongeza, uMgaqo-siseko kunye Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo ebekwe bucala inani elithile labantu abaye ndinabo ubungqina sifo, ilungelo, umsebenzi apho ukwala ukungqina kwaye yokunxibelelana lokuthotyelwa komthetho. Ngokomzekelo, umyeni, umfazi, bazalwana noodade, abantwana kubazali babo ayikwazi ingxelo uphando kunye nolwazi trial malunga ababathandayo. Ngenxa yoko, umqondisi-mthetho, umbingeleli Akuvunyelwe ukuxela ulwazi liye laziwa kubo ngokunxulumene nemisebenzi yabo. Ngenxa yoko, ubungqina omzimba kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezijoliswe ekukhuseleni ezo ndidi zabemi abathi, ngenxa, ulwalamano ukuthembela kunye olusondeleyo abarhanelwa kwaye ummangalelwa angaxeli lonke ulwazi kubo iqiniso wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngelo xesha linye abakwazi kutshutshiswa.

Ayisebenzi

Inani labantu ezicaciswe kwi-Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo kunye Code of Procedure Civil abangenalungelo ngumthetho ukuba ukuxela ulwazi nokwazeka kwayo kubo kule meko. Nangona kunjalo, eli lungelo abanalo bonke abemi. okukwazi iNgqina asisebenzi kubantu abangengabo nezizalwane abarhanelwa kunye nabamangalelwa, abamangalelwa, lommangali. Oku kulandela ukuba umntu amaziyo okanye umhlobo inokuba kakuhle kuba kuhle indima yenkqubo elinikiweyo. Ingakumbi ukuba wayesazi zonke iimeko lwesiganeko. Kwakhona, ubungqina okukwazi aziyi kusebenza abamangalelwa baye ubungqina bobuxoki nxamnye nomnye umntu kwityala eyahlukileyo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kulo mzekelo, umthetho isicelo art. 307 Code Criminal.

iintlobo

okukwazi ingqina ilungelo labantu abathile, nto leyo musa ukubonelela isinyanzelo ukunika ubungqina kwityala. Ukuyikhulula okulandelayo:

- ndawo ingundoqo - unawo umlinganiswa umlomo yowiso ngenxa ka Art. 69 zaloMgaqo Civil Procedure kunye Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo;

- isihlobo - enikwa abo ngubani na ukwazisa abasemagunyeni leefekthi aziwayo, nangona ukwala ilungelo lokusebenzisa ngokungqinelana nomGaqo-siseko;

- ezinxulumene (ngokuzithandela), enika ilungelo lokukhetha;

- inkonzo - ivumela, ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe, kungekhona ukuze angqine (umntu okanye amalungelo ishishini umkomishinala);

- buso - ukuchitha imizimba umyalezo ulwazi kuphela ezithile;

- epheleleyo - yinto elirhoxisa ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo ke ithetha utshutshiso (abantu abasondeleyo lokuzalwa ummangalelwa).

Apha kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kaloku abawuthobeli ngemibuzo abavikeli kunye nabameli kwamatyala embambano nezolawulo. Ngenxa yokuba, ngawo umthetho, ukuba abantu ulwazi kwimeko, apho kuye kwafika kubo ekusebenziseni zomsebenzi oqeqeshelweyo. Iintlobo ubungqina okukwazi akukho ngokusesikweni kuMgaqo-mthetho, ngoko abameli bakhe bakholelwa owahlukeneyo kwaye wabelane zawo, ukhokelwa izithethe lwezobuGcisa. 69 Code of Civil Procedure nobugcisa. 56 soMthetho i-Criminal Procedure Code.

amalungelo

Ukuba umntu ungqina zenkohlakalo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba uya kubizwa ngokuba xa amapolisa ukuze angqine kweli tyala. Ukongeza, loo mntu uya kuba le iwonga naxa ukuba uqhagamshelane amapolisa ngokwabo, efuna ukuxela ulwazi oluyimfuneko, nto leyo eya kunceda uphando. Kule meko kuya kuba yimfuneko ukukhangela ibe lingqina nezifo. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 56 ukuba kubonelelwa kwiindidi ezithile zabantu. Kulo mzekelo, i ngummi, ebambe isikhundla igqwetha okanye ijaji, ngeke ibe lingqina. Lo mgaqo mnye uya kusetyenziswa kubabingeleli. Ukuba ke ingqina sisizalwane esisondeleyo yomtyholwa, unelungelo ukunika ubungqina kwimeko, apho kamva isetyenziswe njengobungqina. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba umntu eyaziyo, ubume ezinjalo, kungcono ukuba ngemibuzo, kunye nomkhuseli.

Ummi wabiza ingxoxo zenkqubo abasemagunyeni yophando okanye inkundla, unelungelo:

- ukudlulisa ulwazi ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe;

- ukwala ukungqina ngenxa yomthetho esisiseko karhulumente;

- sebenzisa uncedo itoliki (ukuba kuyimfuneko);

- ukuba bangenise izicelo izikhalazo;

- cela ukuba isicelo ngenxalenye neenkxalabo zokhuseleko, ukuba ubomi bakhe ezisengozini;

- kunyuka nge igqwetha.

ukuphepha

Kwimeko apho umntu obizelwe ukuba abe lingqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, uthi yena okanye amalungu entsapho yakhe basengozini osweleyo ubomi okanye ugonyamelo, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, umphandi uya kuba nelungelo lokwenza isicelo amanyathelo ezithile. Safety ukwamkhulu ukuba data yakhe yesazisi ziya kudweliswa phantsi elabo. Ngexesha lokuthethwa kwetyala, igama lakhe kunye negama ziya zihlelwe. Xa lo ngemibuzo ingqina Igqwetha kubakho.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

A ingqiqo ecacileyo ubungqina okukwazi ayikho kwimithetho ekhoyo ngoku. Ngoko ke, amagqwetha zobungcali ulityhile evela iimbono ezahlukeneyo, lo gama ehlonipha imithetho ezibunjwe ngumthetho lwembambano nolwaphulomthetho. Ubungqina okukwazi lungelo lithetha umntu akanyanzelekanga ukuba angqine kweli tyala. Ukongeza, ngokusemthethweni umntu unelungelo ukuba ukuxela ulwazi malunga abahlobo nezalamane zakhe.

Art. 56 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo ithi abagwebi, amagqwetha, ababingeleli ayikwazi ngokuba njengamangqina. Ngoko ke, lo mthetho ukhusela umdla bobubi kommangalelwa umgada. Ngenxa yokuba ijaji phambili inkqubo, ukwazi zonke iinkcukacha inkohlakalo kwimeko, yaye ngako oko abavumelekanga ukuba badize iinkcukacha efunyenwe ngethuba umsebenzi umsebenzi, kwabanye abantu.

Lo mgaqo mnye ukwasebenza nabameli. Le yamva, xa osebenza ummeli, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, akayi aveze ingcaciso evela kwinqununu, abanye abantu. Kuchasene nomthetho. Nababingeleli, ukuphulaphula Ukuvunywa wamdlwengula, kwaye kufuneka angaxeli ulwazi alufumene waza kwabanye abantu, kwesa oogunyaziwe bezomthetho. Le ban ke inkalo inqununu ngumsebenzi wabo ubungqina.

isohlwayo

Xa kunjalo, ukuba umntu wanqula kwingxoxo yenkqubo okanye enkundleni njengengqina kwimeko, uthe amagosa zokunyanzelisa umthetho ngolwazi lobuxoki, oko kuqhutywa criminally ityala phantsi Art. 307 Code of Organised. Lo mgaqo mnye uya kusetyenziswa iingcali kunye neetoliki. Ukuba ungummi de enetyala, bavuma ukuba ubungqina enikwe ngabo amanga, ngoko kokuba ichithwe.

call

Ngokuhambelana kunye nemigaqo-Criminal Procedure Code, ingqina nga ezizakumenywa ingxoxo yenkqubo okanye kwinkundla kuphela kwi-ajenda. Kulo mzekelo, uxwebhu kufuneka siqulathe ulwazi malunga ungubani ebizwa ukujamelana imibuzo, kwakunye ibonisa imeko yayo yenkqubo.

I-ajenda ithunyelwa ubungqina ngesandla, sithunyelwe ngeposi ebhalisiweyo okanye nge nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano. Kwakhona, eli xwebhu ukudluliselwa kumntu ngokusebenzisa amalungu entsapho abadala wakhe, ukuba kukho umntu, nokuba kungasiphi na isizathu, engekhoyo. Kulo mzekelo, ilungu losapho, wafumana umyalelo okubizela enkundleni, uthembisa ukuba ukutshintshela abemi bayo, ngubani na oya kwazisa uphando okanye inkundla ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwityala eli.

I-ajenda zinokusasazwa nge kulawulo indawo yokufunda okanye emsebenzini yobungqina.

drive

Xa kunjalo, ukuba ubungqina akezi ngomhla emisiweyo kunye nexesha ukungqina abayityhilela izizathu zakhe non-inkangeleko, oko kusiwa enkundleni okanye amapolisa, kunye namagosa anyanzelisa umthetho. Kule nkqubo umntu kufuneka enze enesisombululo esikhethekileyo. I drive kufuneka kwenziwe ebusuku. Ngaphandle iimeko ezingekho ngokukhawuleza.

indaba

Lo Mqulu, ngengoko ingqalelo yonke imiba enxulumene kwityala lolwaphulo-1864, kuthiwa abanye abantu abaxolelweyo nje ekunikeleni ubungqina ngenxa yokuba abazange bakwazi ukuba ube lingqina kwityala. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi ngabemi akwazi ngokukodwa nangokuqonda chaza oko kwenzekayo. Ukongezelela, abantu abanjalo ziquka izalamane kunye batyholwa ngokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngaloo mihla inkundla ukuba usaziwa aba bantu ukuba ubungqina. Ukongeza, wonke umntu unelungelo ukuba lingqine elinye besaphula iimfihlakalo karhulumente. Ngokutsho Charter belo xesha, ummi ndisuse nje ukuba waqononondisa ukuba wayefuna ukuba ajongane umtyholwa. In Russia mihla, le umba ingqalelo ukusuka kwindawo ezahlukeneyo umbono. Ukongeza, i okukwazi ubungqina ngaye wathi umthetho esisiseko karhulumente, kwakunye Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo.

Ilungelo nexhoba

Kungenzeka njani ukuba ngaba umntu owenzakeleyo edibene amaqhina entsapho ummangalelwa? Oku kuza kubanceda zobugcisa. 51 zomthetho ezingundoqo, nto leyo ithi ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuba faka bona kunye nabo babathandayo. Kodwa izinto ziyaphuma apha kwaye ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ixhoba, nakubeni ubudlelwane kunye umrhanelwa, igqiba ukunika ubungqina nxamnye naye. The degree of ubuhlobo aphazanyiswa kwaye bafumane amaqela alwayo.

trial ilungelo

Umntu uya kuba nelungelo, nto leyo ekhuselwe emyalelweni esisiseko karhulumente kunye nokuba angaza ngokunenzuzo. Court ukuchithwa ummangalelwa ukungqina ukuba yokugqibela ukuze iminqweno. Ngenxa yokuba umntu unalo ilungelo lokuba ukuxela ulwazi malunga zolwaphulo azenzileyo ukuze bazikhusele lokusinyemba. Olu udidi-siseko kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ummangalelwa kunye nentsapho yakhe ibakala uphando lokuqala. Ukuba oku akwenziwa, ubungqina ngohlobo ufundo data umntu akakwazi kuba sisiseko yomgwebo, kuba eziphikisana ngumthetho.

Ukongeza, ummangalelwa nalo ilungelo lokwala, siyangqina, ukuba banikwa kuwo ngaphambili. Ngenxa yoko, izinga ingqina okukwazi ezinikezelwa yi-siseko, uya kubulawa ngokupheleleyo.

Iimbalasane

okukwazi oliNgqina ichazwe ngokucacileyo kuMthetho Basic karhulumente, kwakunye Code of yeNkqubo Civil and Criminal Procedure Code. Ukongeza, it nquma iwonga, amalungelo kunye neemfanelo abantu abakwaziyo ukunika ubungqina kwityala. Ngoko ke, inqaku 56 zaloMgaqo weNkqubo yoLwaphulo ziyichaze isangqa labantu ekwenziweni kwemisebenzi neyobungcali aluvumelekanga ukuba babe ngamangqina. Lo mgaqo mnye ekhuselwe kwi-Code of Procedure Civil. Eli lungelo ukwasebenza kuRhulumente Koti kunye kwiNdibano ukuba intsebenzo amagunya abo angala ndikungqine kwimeko. okukwazi Ngqina yenye imigqaliselo yobulungisa, obanika ilungelo ukwazisa ulwazi uphando kunye kwetyala ngokuphathelele uphando ityala, apho umtyholwa umntu ekufutshane. Kwakhona unika i-Criminal Procedure Code. CPC, ke, ithi ukuba ukuvalwa imibuzo ibe lingqina abo bantu abenza umsebenzi esemthethweni.