Iifom ezisisiseko umba motion

iintlobo udaba motion - ke ukukwazi kwento zizame isithuba kunye nexesha. Kwaloo Ingcamango "nto" uchazwa ubungakanani ikuyo emzimbeni ilifa mihlaba ilandelayo:

1. Le into.
2. Body ukuba, ke, loo mntu parameters: ubunzima, ubude, kwindawo ethile.

Kukho nenye inkcazelo lomba. Ukusuka kwindawo yentanda izinto udidi lwembono, oko ke into, nto leyo eye iindidi ezimbini nyaniso: yinjongo enokuthi kuluphawu umgaqo yokuqala, yaye luluvo - seengcamango.

A imbono olubanzi ingqikelelo lomba

Ngomhla ingcamango "nto" waqala yokuqala Greece yamandulo. Eli gama ngoko kwakuthetha zonke eziphilayo ezikhoyo ehlabathini, kwaba isiseko ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth. Leucippus and Democritus --nzulu yokuqala ukuqulunqa inkcazelo enjalo.

KumaXesha Aphakathi komxholo othi: "Matter, isindululo kunye nemilo ikhona" zaxoxwa ixakeke kakhulu. Oosonzululwazi mkhulu kunye neengcamango bavakalisa izimvo zabo ngalo mba, ukwakha nantoni na awayefike sele, kwaye uthi ukukhusela uluvo lobuqu.

Ngokomzekelo, uThomas Hobbes bacinga mba njengoko kwento leyo "yesibini". Ngaphantsi, nayo, wayethetha isiseko yezinto zonke sohlobo oluthile. Kulo mzekelo, kuba uTomas Hobbes kwakungekho mbono "into yokuqala", kuba ngaphantsi oko waqonda ukunqongophala epheleleyo ifom isithuba kunye nexesha. Nantsi into wabhala wakhe othi: "Lo mba ngaphandle ifomu - uhlobo sombono lomzimba, oko kuboniswa xa ekubhobhozeni yethu engqondweni onke amagama ebonakalayo, ngaphandle mali kunye nexesha."

Utitshala odumileyo yaseBritani Dzhon Lokk wabeka phambili imfundiso yakhe. Ekuqondeni sayo - umzimba eyandisiweyo ukuba mninzi. Ngokutsho Locke, oko kubangelwa amava ethu ukuba akukho ingcamango okanye uluvo ayikwazi ukuba ayinasihlahla. Njengoko wabhala kwiincwadi zakhe: ". Lo mba, Kakade, apho ke kukuthi,, Kusekho nto nye for us - inaso iimpawu ezingundoqo iyahlala lexinene, ayibonakali iliso kwaye baqonda yi izivamvo"

Ngenxa yoko, i-sobulumko waseJamani Immanuel Kant ebizwa ngalo mbandela "ezibandaknywayo semvelo", yaye umtshato wabo - "ifomu ezibalulekileyo". Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, yena wakhetha ezimbini iintlobo zenkqunto :

1. Ngendlela enengqondo. It is a ingqiqo eyahlukileyo ifomu.
2. Ngokwasemzimbeni, okanye mda. Le yinto yezenzo, umda kuphela umahluko ifomu omnye komnye.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kant wanika le nkcazo ilandelayo zenkqunto: ashinyeneyo, unomzimba elide, elifumileyo ihlabathi lonke abasingqongileyo yaye sisiseko imvelaphi ukushukumisa. Le mbono nangoku efanelekileyo kunye nesiseko kuzo zonke bulumko ezilandelayo kunye neentshukumo.

zimpawu ndaba

Uphononongo ngokupheleleyo iintlobo isindululo lomba kukhokelele Ukuqhela iimpawu zayo eziphambili:

1. Kuba ifomu self-uphuhliso sesindululo kufuneka ukuphikisana alo.
2. Isiseko sande nganye ubudlelwane bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye zesi isakhiwo umcimbi izinto carrier amiliswe kuzo kamva.
3. Thina ngokupheleleyo naluphi na uhlobo na indawo volume, ezele ezo izinto iinkqubo, ngezimanga ukuba azikho kwezinye iindawo.
4. Naluphi na uhlobo intshukumo sizalwa ubukho umgangatho nokugqwesa, ekhokelela yimbonakalo umanyano ezahlukeneyo izinto zangaphandle.
5. Ngendlela yophuhliso na iziko elizimeleyo enye, kuxhomekeke kuphela kwimiqathango kwenzondlela uyaguquka.
6. uhlobo nganye intshukumo wakha indibaniselwano kuphela efanelekileyo carrier kuyo, ekubeni yayo indlela ukwenzeka kunye nophuhliso.
7. Ngokuqinisekileyo ifomu nganye imelwe zenzululwazi yayo ngamnye sisonke kwaye therebetween ebumbene.

Ngoko ke, lo mbandela, ifomu lweentshukumo kunye ubukho yalo magama gangqa kubonakala efika kuqala.

Intshumayelo kunye nokuhlelwa esisiseko zenkqunto

Izinto uphawu zenkqunto amacandelo amathathu: intshukumo, isithuba kunye nexesha elibekiweyo. Ngelo xesha linye zohlukile kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, izinto mba ube lweengcinga ezifanayo isithuba kunye nexesha.

Ifilosofa German, umhlobo Marx kanye umsunguli imisebenzi yakhe Friedrich Engels wayihlawulela ingqalelo kulo mba. negunya lakhe bobabo ulwahlulohlulo ilandelayo iintlobo isindululo zenkqunto:

1. ngokomzimba.
2. uphuhliso Chemical.
3. Mechanical.
4. Eziphilayo.
5. Social.

Yena ingqalelo kubo eqhagamshelana kunye oluncedisanayo ngokupheleleyo.

Kunye iifomu, iyeza iye iipropati nayo ezithile:

1. Ukungabikho indalo kunye nentshabalalo amandla ezenziwe ngumntu.
2. Infinity indawo ngexesha kunye nendawo.
3. Mba usoloko sizalwa intshukumo kunye notshintsho, nokuzeyisa uphuhliso, inguqu kunye utshintsho ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye.
4. Opredeljaemost zonke iinkqubo.
5. A ubuhlobo kobude. Oku kubonisa ubuhlobo nokuhlalisana izinto kwisakhiwo yonxulumano kulo mba, ngokunjalo izinto zabo neemeko.
6. Reflection. Le nkqubo ekhoyo kuzo zonke iindidi zemisebenzi, kodwa kuxhomekeke isakhiwo kweenkqubo zokuqhagamshelwa kunye neempembelelo bangaphandle. Kungenxa yale meko kba fom, njengoko beenkqubo zeengcinga abstract.

Olunemimiselo yalo kwifom nokubekwa na le isindululo:

1. Umthetho umanyano izichasi kunye isizathu. Engels wayekholelwa ukuba uhlobo ngalunye daba malungana yayo, kunye inawo ubudlelwane ngexesha elifanayo isizathu nokuxabisana.
2. Le nguqulelo ubungakanani umgangatho. Phantsi kwale lungiselelo, ubuninzi inento efana olumanyanisa izifundo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomgangatho - zahluke ngezinto ezifanayo kunye nezimo. Nangona lo mahluko, xa izinto eziphathekayo, ukuba enye - umlinganiselo ukuya ngaphaya kwemida leyo ekhokelela ukutshatyalaliswa umanyano. Ngokomzekelo, isixa utywala kwanele lokusindisa umntu, benesidima.
3. Zalisa kuphika le kuphika. Kuyinto phambili umthetho odlulileyo. Luquka umlinganiselo banyathela phezu, bawaphula sikhokelo endala kunye nokwamkelwa data ezintsha, ezithatyathwe imida endala.

Ulwahlulo entsha kwezinto

Ukuhlelwa iintlobo Engels 'I ngentla ngoku kumaXesha Aphakathi. Noko ke, njengokuba ixesha lihamba, siye satshintsha ingqiqo, yaye nabo iintlobo isindululo lomba. Oku kungenxa yokuba, umzekelo, ifom ebonakalayo isindululo ukuba luyekiswe ubushushu kuphela, babe amagama phambili ngakumbi ngezimanga. Ngoko ke, ukuba ulwahlulohlulo entsha iintlobo intshukumo zezi:

1. Ukuya emajukujukwini.
2. Moving abasebenza njengoko ibonisa ukuzalana izityholo iinxalenye.
3. Development yasendle omxhuzulane: nuclei unxulumano olumandla kwISithuba buthathaka, njengoko kuchazwe ukufunxeka kunye ukuphuma ngamasuntswana neutron.
4. Ifom imichiza sentshukumo. Yinkqubo kunye grand total iimolekyuli zokuqhagamshelwa kunye amasuntswana icala.
5. Ukususela endle yokwakheka komhlaba. Oku kubonisa utshintsho kwiinkqubo zejoloji esisiseko: amazwekazi, umaleko kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.
6. Ifom eziphilayo sentshukumo. Nayo iquka iinkqubo zendalo kwindalo: yokuqaphela, utshintsho zeselula.
7. ifomu Social. Limele yonke ngezenzeko ezenzeka ekuhlaleni. Ngaba entsonkothileyo kakhulu yaye ubhetyebhetye zonke ngasentla.

iintlobo kwiqela motion

Ifom esisiseko sesindululo kufuneka definition zabo, ngenxa apho iintlobo intshukumo kunye nolwalamano kunye neenguqu ezinkulu izinto eziphathekayo ibinzana ngomanyano lwabo. Ngenxa yale ithisisi liqulunqe le nguqulo: ngokupheleleyo yonke into ayikho into eyenzeka uhlobo olunye kunye nesininzi intshukumo eziphathekayo isithuba kunye nexesha. Njengokuba ubungqina le ngcamango na iintshukumo Iifomu amaqela aphambili amathathu, nganye eneyazo sub-amaqela amaninzi.

ifomu Neorganichno. Luquka ezi maqela zilandelayo:

1. Intshukumo esithubeni.
2. Moving amasuntswana cebetshu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amasimi: umoya, amandla ukusuka kummandla, kunye izidanga ezahlukeneyo zokuqhagamshelwa.
3. Ihamba kunye inguqu-athom kunye iimolekyuli ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, kuquka icandelo chemical.
4. Ukuguqulwa ezikolo Yonke - izijikelezi, iinkwenkwezi, iminyele.

uhlobo Organic. Iquka zonke iinkqubo ezendeleyo eziphilayo:

1. Lokugaya.
2. Ukugcina ekhaya uzinzo, ulawulo kunye nokuzala ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji kunye nezinye eziphilayo.
3. Ubudlelwane kwenkqubo yebhayoloji nendalo.
4. Ukuthatha indalo eziphilayo, ezenzeka ngaphakathi umzimba igalelo ukugcinwa yezinto eziphilayo.
5. Iinkqubo bemvelo yebhayoloji kunye nefomu ngomatshini sentshukumo ukuthatha indawo kwiinkqubo eziphilayo, kunye nokumisela indawo nucleation nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

ifomu Social. Oku kuquka:

1. Ukusebenza eluntwini.
2. Ngezinga eliphezulu inguqu reflection iimpawu leyinene.

Iifom ephambili ngeempahla ukubana evela ezisezantsi ziquka iinguqu babo. Noko ke, nangona ulwalamano kunye nefuthe, iifomu eziphezulu zahluke ngokupheleleyo echaphazeleka.

Imfuneko ukufumana ulwazi malunga nohlobo budlelwane isuke ngumnqweno ukwazi kakuhle lokwenyaniso zehlabathi, obubonakala engundoqo, kwakunye nendlela yolawulo.

Types of motion lomba

Kwiimfundiso bulumko ikhona nje iintlobo ezisisiseko into esiyibonayo, kodwa uhlobo yayo. Kukho nokuhlelwa kwezi ntlobo:

1. Ngokutsho inani. It imele intshukumo lomba kwisithuba kunye nokulondolozwa ngokupheleleyo zemihlaba kunye neempawu.
2. Umgangatho. Ukuphazamiseka nayiphi na into - de nokonakala ngokupheleleyo athom kunye iimolekyuli - uguqulelo uhlobo olwahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ngesixhobo iipropati ezintsha.

Uhlobo lwesibini intshukumo has subgroups ezimbini:

1. I intshukumo onamandla emajukujukwini. Le nkqubo igcina kweelana ku gqiba ukungabikho utshintsho lwangaphandle emva kwexesha elide. Ukongeza, nantsi ke kungenzeka ukuba afeze ukukhanya izinto ngokutsha ithi ezinokuntsonkotha abachubekileyo. Umzekelo, oku kwenzeka ukuzalwa ngendaleko kweenkwenkwezi, okanye ulandelelwano kwinqanaba elithile mba.
2. A labemi. Ngqo sakhangelana intshukumo enefuthe ngayo isenzeko. It ephawula intshukumo zohlobo olufanayo isemgangathweni enye kunye inguqu epheleleyo amanqanaba esebe. Kwabo kuquka izakhiwo Ukufudukela imvelaphi ezingaphiliyo okanye kweziphilayo ubomi bomntu.

Kuchaswa, yodwa phambili nokubetha izinto

Ekuqaleni bendiqonda utshintsho ukusuka kwenye indawo emzimbeni omnye, intshukumo / uphuhliso ngokuhamba kwexesha, uhlobo sesindululo eyatolikwa isithuba kakhulu - nje indlela imichiza, ubukho iinkqubo a ophilayo kunye noluntu ekuhlaleni.

Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo jikelele kweziyobisi njengeyona uhlobo wabonakala uhlobo entsha ngokupheleleyo sentshukumo - kwicala:

1. Progressiveness, oko kukuthi, intshukumo rhoqo phezulu.
2. Kuchaswa, oko kukuthi, imbuyekezo isigxina kwimeko yangaphambili.
3. Ukuba kude. Oko kukuthi, intshukumo lomgadi wesekethe ezivaliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwabonisa ukuba le fomu akukho ingqiqo, ngoko ke akanalo ilungelo lokuba khona: Akukho esisenzo zenziwe ngendlela efanayo kunye ukubuyiselwa ukuya kwindawo yokuqala.

luhlole ifilosofi

Izazinzulu emhlabeni wonke kumaXesha Aphakathi babephikisana ngokuba ihlabathi sele uqalile indlela isiseko, apho kuxhomekeke ukuvela kweekhonsepthi ezifana indawo, ixesha, uhlobo sentshukumo. kwiinkampu ezimbini imiswe phakathi impikiswano:

1. Kukho monism kuphela, oko kukuthi indawo yokuqala eyodwa kuzo zonke iziseko zoxolo.
2. Kukho imigaqo eziliqela, okt. E. ezimbini.

Noko ke, kukho wesithathu. Ezi oosonzululwazi wakhanyela ngokupheleleyo nezinto, yimibono kunye ukuphuma ukuba i "Umgca lwesithathu" unknown - ulwalathiso kungekho buhlobo nokuba izinto eziphathekayo okanye yimibono. Ukuba oku hypothesis kamva kwaye yamkela izazinzulu ilungileyo, zobulumko evela ehlabathini lonke. Noko ke, kwaba amanqe, kwaye ke ngoko azamkelekanga ukuba abulawe: ngokutsho kwithiyori, zonke izinto zazivelela bayo baba malunga yimibono, ukuba, enyanisweni, kubo, kodwa kuphela xa ifomu ngakuntsonkotha.

Vitalism njengento umgca eyongezelelweyo ethutha

Ukongeza kwezi ndawo zidweliswe ngasentla iintlobo umba bulumko motion eyahlula kwakhona ezifana vitalism, okt amandla. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ityhileke sizathu eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo womntu; akukho umxube zemvelo chemistry mbandela jikelele kunye nento ukuba amandla ophilayo - umphefumlo. Ngokutsho kwicala efana izinto eziphathekayo, le meko ziyacaca njengenkqubo yendalo yotshintsho mba, inguqu yawo ukusuka kwinqanaba enye ukuya kwenye kunye utshintsho iipropati kwayo.

Kwakhona ucacisa into yokuba umphefumlo womntu luphawulwa abazi lutho. Oku ikhona kuphela xa isindululo ke sisiseko kwihlabathi liphela. Consciousness wabonisa ekuqaleni imfuneko yokuba ukunikezela itanki eyongezelelweyo processing of iinkcukacha zabantu. Ukuqonda oku kungakhokelela ukuxelwa kolwazi lwasekhusini kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo.

Umgaqo ubunye ihlabathi, indima bezenzululwazi kunye bulumko ukuzithethelela kuyo

lonke ihlabathi - iindidi ngeziganeko iinkqubo, kunye neentlobo. Ngalinye kula macandelo sinayo indawo yayo, ukuma kwisindululo mba kakhulu esiguquguqukayo. Noko ke, le icala elinye kuphela imfundiso bulumko. Ukuba ukhangela le ngxaki kwinkalo ezahlukeneyo, uyakwazi ukubona zonke ingqibelelo kunye nomanyano ehlabathini, ukwakha phakathi kwabo nolwalamano indissoluble. Yiyo le umbutho kuthiwa umgaqo umanyano.

Lo mgaqo uyasebenza kule inzululwazi inzululwazi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lonke ihlabathi ezihambelanayo, kwaye ikhokelele ukuvela nesenzeko ngokwesiseko ezitsha kunye nemiba. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa:

1. Umanyano imizimba yasezulwini kwinkqubo solar kwakhokelela ekuzalweni iiplanethi kwindalo iphela.
2. Yonke imithetho yolondolozo amandla kunye nentshukumo kwisithuba - yinto uhlobo umba motion.
3. Umanyano imichiza kukhokelele ekuyilweni kwetafile Dmitriem Mendeleevym.
4. Ingqibelelo inani elikhulu amalaphu abahlala negalelo kuphuhliso kwethiyori Charles Darwin ngokuphathelele imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

kwakhona Konke oku kungqina ubunye elimiweyo ikhonkco amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo intsebenziswano esisiseko. Ngoko ke, lo mbandela, ifomu lweentshukumo kunye ubukho yayo inzima kakhulu, ingqiqo gangqa kubonakala efika kuqala. Akumangalisi ukuba nomdla izazinzulu kule meko kuyaqhubeka ukuba eminyaka ezininzi.