Lo moya "TU-204": ncomo. moya Civil

"Tu-204" medium-uluhlu umkhweli jet. Lo matshini yaphuhliswa kule minyaka ingama-80 kwiSebe Design Tupolev. Ngoncedo kwabayili lwakhe ukuthatha indawo i lixesha lo gama "Tu-154". Kukho utshintsho ezahlukahlukeneyo moya: VIP-uguqulelo, umkhweli, imithwalo kunye ezizodwa. Lo moya "Tu-204" nayo yonke ukhuseleko imigangatho, ukukhutshwa nengxolo, ngoko le mifuziselo kungenziwa eziqhutshwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ngaphezulu kule kamva.

design

Lo moya "Tu-204" - a cantilever monoplane scheme eqhelekileyo. amaphiko ayo itshayelwe iphantsi noko. Zakhe ezimbini iinjini turbojet elifakiweyo iipayiloni ezikhethekileyo. kwiindawo zawo zibekwe phantsi kwamaphiko. Oku kunika imodeli uhlobo olwahlukileyo. Ekupheleni yephiko amalungiselelo nganye Ezi ncam. Oku kunceda ukwehlisa isiphathi eyabangelwa nokwandisa lift. Ukongeza, ukuba baxhotyiswa enezinto kabini-slotted. Zonke ezi zizizathu ezibalulekileyo. Kwakhona, le abasuke apha. Bona nokulawula iimpawu ethwele-moya. Bona ibekwe ecaleni komphetho nokhokelo iphiko. Kwisisu semoto enemilenze emithathu kunye bahambahamba impumlo. Ubume powerplant iquka RB211-535E4 okanye 2 turbofan "PS-90A"

indaba

Emva kokuba moya yoluntu Russian "Tu-154" moya zazisebenzisela ngokuba kwiminyaka emi-2 edlulileyo, ngo-1973 kwiSebe Design Bureau waqalisa ukusebenza ngaphandle elizayo ukuze ufakele le modeli. Ekuqaleni, oko kucetywa ukuba liphucule anzongonzongo "Tu-154" kwaye baphuhlise ezahlukahlukeneyo esimo, kunye nezikim ezitsha ezahlukeneyo. Ngapha koko, oosonzululwazi baye benza ukhetho esixhasa imodeli trimotored ngokubanzi-emzimbeni, leyo ebizwa --moya "TU-204 '.

Le projekthi evunywe yi-Government ngo-1981. Nangona kunjalo, ngethuba lokuqhuba kwale nkqubo, i abayili bagqiba ekubeni bayeke injini ngumsila wena. Emva koko hlaziya uyilo. Ngenxa yoko, yona yaya komhla omiselweyo yi-moya.

Ngexesha uphuhliso, oosonzululwazi isicelo ngenkuthalo iindlela ezintsha uyilo, besebenzisa iikhompyutha elektroniki. Ukuze ukhethe uqwalaselo ashukimisayo kangangoko kwimibhobho ezikhethekileyo ezithile, kwafuneka ukukhangela inqwaba imifanekiso. Ngaphezu koko, ukunciphisa ubunzima kwaye andise amandla yunithi olwenziwe isicelo izinto ahlanganisiweyo. isabelo sawo ubunzima modeli ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-14%.

Xa yagqitywa uyilo, i-moya "TU-204" aqalisa ukuvelisa ezentengiso kwi-Ulyanovsk Aviation Industry Complex ogama emva Ustinov D. F. Le nto iyinyaniso. A moya wokuqala "Tu-204", ncomo kuzo HIV, wakha eMoscow eluntwini kunye ASTC yemveliso ebalulekileyo anamava. A. N. Tupoleva kunye UAPK.

test

Le nkqubo ababandakanyekayo 2 prototype. Iinkqubo ezizodwa ababekhwele umzekelo kwenziwa kwi nqwelo ezininzi.

Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 1989 kwakukho moya yokuqala moya utshilo. Lo moya "Tu-204" amhluba ukusuka isikhululo seenqwelo-moya "Ramenskoye". Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zeemvavanyo kwenziwa ekuyilweni uphuculo ezithile. Yaye kuphuculwe ubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa. Kulo mzekelo, ingqalelo eqaphelekayo yahlawulwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba lo msebenzi inkqubo entsha digital. Ukuhlolisisa kule ndawo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezidibanisayo. Iingcali ziye zaphuhliswa 23 iinketho ibhodi yolawulo oluzenzekelayo usebenzisa ivili lokuqhuba. Ngasinye ivavanywe ukuba ukuthembeka kunye iimvavanyo moya ezininzi. Konke oku kwakusitya ixesha elide. Ukongezelela koko, ngelo xesha waqalisa iingxaki zoqoqosho sikarhulumente. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni mali inkqubo lancipha. Ngenxa yoko, imiqathango landile ukuba bafumane amaxwebhu ayimfuneko kunye novavanyo.

Kwi-90 lwemali mali yeprojekthi yamiswa ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwakhokelela ima lovavanyo isatifikethi, kunye moya "Tu-204", nto leyo kusafuneka ukuba bangenele izifundo isondlo, kulindeleke kwi kwamaphiko.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ngenxa yokuba kwi 90 imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe aya engaboni kakuhle ngendlela emangalisayo, uvavanyo flight mali ucishe isusiwe. Ukwenzela ukugqiba umsebenzi ngasentla, izazinzulu kwafuneka ukuba athathe amanyathelo ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, bavuma ukuba bathwale umthwalo entlawulo. Xa Iimvavanyo ezifanayo eyathatyathiswa onxusene moya zorhwebo. Oku kwenza ukuba asebenze ukugqibezela ngezimali iprojekthi le. Emva umgudu wenkuthalo, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukufumana isatifikethi kuyimfuneko ngo-1994.

ukuxhaphaza

Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1996 lwaqhutywa ukubhabha yokuqala yorhwebo omtsha ngokusekelwe moya wathi. Lo moya "Tu-204" sibhabhe "Vnukovo Airlines" ukusuka kwikomkhulu ukuya Mineralnye Vody.

Bekucingelwa ukuba "Tu-204" kufuneka kufakwe "Tu-154". Nangona kunjalo, i-drop ngequbuliso kule mali kushishino lweenqwelo ukuba kukhokelele uqhushululu ekugqityweni-moya, yaye oko kuye kwanciphisa izinga kwimveliso. Isiphumo - inani elincinane iimodeli kwiinkampani eyama iindleko eziphezulu abaza kuzisebenzisa kunye nokugcinwa, kwemitshini rhoqo. Konke oku kwakhokelela lalihlile ukhuphiswano lwe-moya wathi, ingakumbi xa kuthelekiswa ne-Airbus-320 kunye iBoeing-737, liye lwasentshona nenoqoqosho ngakumbi ukusebenza kwaye sitshiphu.

Ngo 2000, yavelisa akukho imifuziselo ngaphantsi kwe-10 nyaka ngamnye. Njengomgaqo, abathengi zabo-arhente zikarhulumente.

Ukususela mzuzu sele iqalile yemveliso mass, oko kukuthi ngowe-1990, siye sabona ukukhanya 75 moya "Tu-204" ukwahluka ezahlukeneyo. NgoFebruwari 2013 esisebenza ngokubonakalyo lilonke leeyunithi air-50 kule ntsapho.

amathuba

Ekuqaleni, kule nkalo, i-moya "Tu-204" nto unelishwa kakhulu. Ngokwesi sicwangciso yokuqala abayili, ukuba kuye kwafuneka benze ezinkulu, kwaye ukuba imveliso yawo wakha isityalo esitsha kraca elise Ulyanovsk. Noko ke, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, emva kokuwa USSR iimfuno kushishino lweenqwelo i baqalisa ukuba achithe imali encinane. Uqoqosho eemarike indawo lwesiqhelo. Ngenxa yoko, "Tu-204" moya zitshintshile umenzi elisetyenzisiwe ntshona matshini. Ukongeza apho, umfuziselo ngandlela ezininzi kuphelelwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Esinye sezizathu ukuba yaphela eziza kusetyenziswa, kukuba crew "Tu-204" ibandakanya abantu 3, lo gama uninzi iinqwelo- mihla kufuneka 2. kuphela Oku kuthetha ubukho iindleko ezongezelelweyo ukuze kugcinwe pilot.

Ngubani uvelisa-10 kwezi modeli ngonyaka. Ngelo xesha, njengoko umthetho, ithandwa kwi Arctic, 'Russian "kunye Force Air. Ngenxa yokuba i-Ulyanovsk kunye Kazan moya mveliso ayikwazi ngobuninzi bemveliso kunye nenkonzo okhethekileyo, lo moya "Tu-204 'musa ukuba kukho imfuneko enkulu asisininzi leenkampani. Noko ke, ngokutsho iingcali, imodeli entsha i "MS-21" kwindawo ukukhuphisana isitya langaphandle "737". Ngokutsho ingcaciso yakutshanje, abathwali ezinkulu, ezifana Olubomvu Wings yaye "Transaero" lidla ingxelo ukuba unomdla uthenga iiyunithi emoyeni lohlobo elichaziweyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba kunokuba ethandwayo-moya "Tu-204", izigxeko-ncomo ingcali leyo ebonisa ukuba kusekutsha kakhulu ukuba bakuzibalela ngayo kwityala sigaba aviakonstruktorskogo elidlulileyo. Kla kunye Ministry of Industry nokutyala izibalo kakhulu kwezi projekthi, apho ikhona kuphela ephepheni. Ezi ziquka i "MS-21", kulungiselelwe ukuba ukukhululwa kumgca kuphela ngo-2020.

Inkcazelo iimpawu zobugcisa moya "Tu-204 '

Kulo mzekelo, cinga oku kulandelayo:

• Crew - Abantu 3.
• Two injini turbofan - "PS-90A".
• Swayipa indawo / iphiko 42,0 m / 184,17 m².
• Ubungakanani ubude / ukuphakama-moya - 46.0 / 13.9 m.
• Weight isuka (max) / engenanto - 94 ukuya 600 kg / kg 58 ukuya 300.
• Payload - 21000 kg.
• Ingami isantya 830 km / h.
• Nophahla practical - 12 ukuya kwi-100 m.
• uluhlu ubuninzi km 2.900.
• Ukubakho ukolula 16.140 kg.
• Ubunzima: eliphezulu ngexesha elinye / bafikela - 94,6 t / 47 m; Ukwenza umzekelo yokunqanda 58,3 m.
• umthwalo Commercial kuvumelekile - iitoni ezingama-21.
• Flight isukela phezulu ukuya 3700 km.

kokulungiswa

Okwangoku, kukho oomahluko ezininzi kule yunithi moya. Nganye kwezi abasunguli esebenza kakuhle ukuze ufumane isiphumo oyifunayo. Okulandelayo, khangela kubo kancinane ngakumbi.

"Tu-204 '

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ubunzima isuka kwetyala isiseko yi 94.6 m. Ixesha lokuqala lo moya "TU-204" isithombe enikiweyo apha, wavuka 17 Agasti 1990 (moya ezicwangciselwe) umoya. Ukongeza, i impahla iye yaphuhliswa inguqulelo imodeli. Scheme moya "TU-204", kuzeke nekuchazwa nabayili. Payload kule ndlela ingadluli iitoni ezingama-30.

"Tu-204-100"

Le ngobuwena unalo iinjini "PS-90A" kunye avionics Russian. sinamandla kakhulu eliphezulu. Le nkalo. endlwaneni "Tu-204-100" inokuthatha abakhweli-210. Ngezatifikethi lo moya kwenzeka ebusika 1995.

"Tu-204-200"

Le modeli i zolungiso "ye TU-204-100". Esebenzisa le moya yi kwamatanki ezongezelelweyo amafutha, eziyimfuneko ukuze uluhlu olubanzana. Ngaphezu koko, abo abanezakhono Ulyanovsk isityalo "Aviastar" wakha iqela elinye kuphela wathi nenombolo ibhodi RA-64036. Ngoku ke imodeli evela Kazan.

"Tu-204-120"

"Tu-204-120" yaye "Tu-204-220" ngokulandelelana iinguqulelo "Tu-204-100" yaye "Tu-204-200". Bona baxhotyiswa avionics asentshona iinjini RB211-535E4 (2 × 19 500 kgf) - British-eyenziwe Rolls-Royce. Le ezintsha yenziwa ukwandisa iimpawu yabathengi yemodeli, leyo labhabha kuqala ngo-Agasti 1992. Phesheya mithwalo charter moya eYiputa Cairo Aviaton wenza ngalo moya ukususela ngo-1998. Emva koko, le Tupolev moya, nto leyo eye ifoto kwitekisi, zisiwe China. Lo moya le modeli yenziwe version IsiNgesi. Oku kwenza kube lula unikezelo kwamanye amazwe. Uthe unit umoya okokuqala kwimbali moya Russian kwaqinisekiswa ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ethile yaseYurophu.

"Tu-204-300"

Le modeli (ngaphambili - "Tu-234") bufinyeziwe ukuba eemitha 6 xa kuthelekiswa nenkcazelo esisiseko ye fuselage. Lo moya inokuthatha akukho ngaphezu abakhweli 162, kodwa ekuqaleni obuqhajelweyo yokuhlala izihlalo 142 kwi-moya "TU-204-300" zahlulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: iklasi business 8 134 - noqoqosho. Le intshayelelo kubalulekile. Oku kubonisa indlela eyodwa yalo yokuphila, "Tu-204 '. Ngeendawo, Kakade ke, kuya kuba kwiklasi yeshishini. Le yunithi yenzelwe kwiiyantlukwano ezintathu. Uluhlu lwabo ndiza 9250, 7500 no 3400 km. Ngenxa yoko, "Tu-204-300" yathatyathwa-moya wokuqala injini amabini, nto leyo enokwenza loo moya evela kwikomkhulu Russia Vladivostok ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Nciphisa ngexesha elinye Ubunzima ndiza 107,5 okulahlwayo kwi izixhobo kule ndlela :. avionics yasekhaya "KSPNO-204 'kunye Motors ezimbini" PS-90A ". Okokuqala ngqa, "Tu-204-300" yabhabha emoyeni ngo-Agasti ka-2003, emva kokuba wenziwe umboniso kwi aerospace show "maks-2003". Certified yena 14.05.2005, ukuhlalwa imveliso serial iye yasekwa kwi Ulyanovsk mveliso "Aviastar".

"Tu-204-300A"

Ezi kwendiza yabantu zisetyenziselwa ukuthutha yolawulo kumgama elingagqithanga 9600 km. Le modeli yokuhlala abakhweli 26 kuphela. Nokuchitha - iitoni 42.

"Tu-206"

Lo moya sisakhula iingcali. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba izixhobo wathi isetyenziswa njenge amafutha kwerhasi yendalo. Ezi iinqwelo- baqalisa ukuvelisa ngokusekelwe-moya ezifana "Tu-204-100". Enye ingxaki enkulu kule meko ukubekwa kwizikhongozeli irhasi ezifuna umthamo omkhulu.

"Tu-214"

Le modeli i loyamano "TU-204 '. Ubuninzi ngexesha elinye ubunzima le yunithi yandisiwe ukuya kwiitoni 110,75, kwaye ubungakanani payload -. Ukuze iitoni 25.2-moya imithwalo loguqulelo iye eqinisekisiwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho Russian "AP-25", leyo yenziwe ingqinelane Western AYIKHO-25 enengqayi -252. imveliso Uthotho imiswe e Kazan aviaobedinenii kuzo. S. P. Gorbunova. Okokuqala kulo mzekelo kwenzeka ngo-1989. Baqalisa ukusika ezi iinqwelomoya eSoviet Union zoPhapho ngo-1997 kuphela. Oko kukuthi, emva kokuwa eSoviet Union. Ngo-Apreli 2010, lo moya yaqala ukuvelisa kuphela spetskomplektatsii. Kodwa ukwenza oko koguqulelo yamiswa, ngenxa yokuba ongenakunceda nto. Nangona ukufunyanwa ubandakanyeko abathwali ekhankanyiweyo enkulu aggregate - "Transaero".

"Tu-204SM"

Lo moya oluphuculweyo ngokunzulu "Tu-204 '. Xa kuthelekiswa "TU-204-100" ubunzima bakhe andize eliphezulu inyuswe kakhulu. Kwakhona kule modeli ilungiswa avionics. Ngenxa yoko, inani elo qela lancipha abantu ababini, ukunciphisa izihlalo-moya "TU-204" kwaye eshiya inqanawa ngaphandle kwi-kwibhodi yinjineli. Oku kwenziwa ngokungqinelana ngemizekelo practice ngamazwe kule klasi.

Ukongeza, lo moya "Tu-204SM" unenzondelelo kwezinye iinguqulelo.

1. Ukuphuculwa turbofan "PS-90A2." Oku sikhatshwe nokuhla kwamaxabiso lomjikelo wobomi kunye ukungcitywa okwandayo kunye neeyunithi resource babelwe kunye nezinto eziphambili (icala hot - 10000 imijikelo nengqele - ukuya ku-20,000).
2. Updated APU "TA-18-200". Kulo mzekelo, oko kwandiswa kwendawo lokuqalisa kunye nokubaleka. Yaziswa izixhobo ezitsha, nto leyo elenza imisebenzi eyimfuneko ihambelana neemfuno ezithile kuba kwaye ngoku ICAO kunye nolawulo yaseYurophu.
3. chassis zaphuculwa. Iingcamango design zaye zathathelwa ingqalelo zonke iinkalo ezihambelana airframe resource.
4. ndlwana kuye kwaphuculwa.
5. crew okwehlileyo 2 abaqhubi.
6. Oku sele siphuhlisiwe kwaye ilindele inkqubo yolawulo ufakelo iiyunithi obschesamoletnymi (EMS). Kwakhona, ngcono ulondolozo kunye uxilongo.
7. kwinkqubo yala maxesha: Amandla Saver, ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi, amafutha kunye isixhobo.

Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 2010 yawa phantsi uvavanyo moya "TU-204SM." Kuye kwenziwa a pilot uvavanyo kakuhle hola uViktor Minashkin. Le nkqubo wahamba kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, zonke iimvavanyo elikhankanyiweyo moya oluhlaziyiweyo bathwalwa ngaphandle kolibaziseko okungephi. Kwinkomfa cofa kumlawuli jikelele ngenqwelomoya izityalo Sergey Dementiev waxelela abaphulaphuli ukuba uvavanyo ukubhabha le modeli sele zicwangciselwe ngoDisemba 17, 2010. Noko ke, wabethelela ukuba umsebenzi naphezu kwembutho moya yolu hlobo kufuneka banikwe ishedyuli.

"Aviastar-SP", inkampani iye de 2016 izicwangciso ngokuvelisa 44 moya "Tu-204SM" isitya, wayefuna ukuba inkampani enkulu Red Wings Airlines. Ngokutsho ulwazi lokuqala, ngemali le projekthi yabelwa ubuncinane $ 1.8 billion.

Phakathi-Januwari 2012 inkampani edumileyo isakhiwo moya Ulyanovsk phantsi kwegama "Aviastar-SP" eyenziwe nguSekela Prime Minister of Russia. Ngokutsho nguDmitry Rogozin, izitifiketi-moya "Tu-204SM" uhlobo olutsha umkhweli liza kuphela ngoJuni, yaye ukususela phakathi konyaka singathetha ngayo imveliso serial.

ngenxa

Emva kokufunda ngasentla, umntu kanye sinengcamango yokuba oko kuchazwe inqwelo-moya, yaye ezinye iinguqulelo zayo ezikhoyo. moya Tupolev Ngokubanzi bahlangabezane ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho ethile. Okwangoku, iiyunithi umoya yentsapho banandiphe imfuno omkhulu. iimpawu yobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kwezixhobo elolu hlobo kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo. Noko ke, abaphuhlisi musa ayeke uqhubeke ukuphucula olu hlobo moya.