I-Museum Museum yaseSt. Petersburg: ukuhlaziywa, inkcazo, imbali kunye neengqinamba ezithakazelisayo

Kwakungekho nabani na obala ukuba zininzi iimyuziyamu ezikhoyo kwihlabathi. I-State Museum of Religion yaseSt. Petersburg yedwa kuphela eRashiya kunye nomnye wezinto ezimbalwa kwihlabathi ezibonakaliswa yimbali yokubunjwa kwenkolo. Iqoqo leemiboniso eqokelelwe kwiSt. Petersburg inani elingaphezu kwamawaka amabini amaikopi: ziimpawu zeemveli kunye nezembali zeentlanga ezahlukeneyo kunye nee-eras. Indala yezo zinto zifunyanwe zizinto zakudala ezivela kwi-6th millennium BC. E.

Kwakunjani iMyuziyam yoMbuso weMbali yeNkolo yadala eSt. Petersburg?

KwiNdwendwe yaseBusika (iHolo yeMhlophe) entwasahlobo ka-1930, umboniso wendlela yokukholelwa kuThixo ayinikwe kuluntu. Isiseko sawo kwakuyimiboniso evela kwiimyuziyam ezininzi zedolophu-i-Kunstkamera, iMyuziyam yaseRussia, iThala leNcwadi ye-Academy yeSayensi, i- Hermitage. Umqalisi walo mboniso nguVladimir Germanovich Bogoraz-u-ethnographer owaziwayo, umbhali-mlando, ulwimi.

Ukubonakaliswa nokufundwa kwezinto eziphathekayo zonqulo, kunye nezinto zeenkcubeko zithathwa njengendlela efanelekileyo, eyayinokulondoloza abemi baseSoviet "kwiinkathazo zecawa". Imiboniso ngempumelelo ihlanganiswe ngcamango yexesha apho ukulwa nenkolo kuqhutywa yizo zonke iindlela ezikhoyo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba ukuvezwa kwakuthandwa kakhulu.

Ukuguqulwa komboniso

Lo mboniso wakhawuleza wagcwaliswa ngemiboniso emitsha, kwaye kungekudala kwakukho isidingo sokuguqulwa kwawo kwiMyuziyam yeNkolo. ISt. Petersburg yazaliswa ngeziko elitsha elinomdla ngo-1930. Iziphathimandla zedolophu zigqibile ukuhlawula iimfuno zeemyuziyam ezintsha ezakhiwa kwiKathedral yaseKazan, eyayingasebenzi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu koko, ngexesha "lokuhamba" ibandla elihle kakhulu liseburhulumenteni. Abasebenzi baseMyuziyam bekufuneka bawubeke ngokulandelelanisa imizamo yabo.

Ngowe-1932 kuphela umsebenzi wokulungiselela ogqityiweyo. Phakathi koNovemba imyuziyam yafumana iindwendwe zayo zokuqala. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba esi siganeko senzeke ngenxa yobuholi obunet talente nobulumko bukaVG Bogoraz, inzondelelo enkulu yabasebenzi. I-Museum of Religion eSt. Petersburg iphumelele. Abasebenzi bakhe bahamba kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zaseRussia nakwamanye amazwe, iifowuni zazaliswa ngemiboniso emitsha, iziboniso ezintsha zavulwa rhoqo, ezikhoyo zigqityiwe.

Ngokufanayo, izinto ezenzululwazi zenzululwazi kunye nokupapashwa zenziwa. Ngomnyaka we-1935 umbutho wophando wabonakala kwiMyuziyam yeNkolo, eyayizibandakanya ekufundeni iqoqo eqokelelwe. Ekuqaleni kowe-1941 zonke iziboniso ezininzi zazisebenza kwaye zineenkcukacha ezininzi ezibalulekileyo malunga nembali kunye nophuhliso lweenkolelo zabantu ezahlukeneyo.

Ngokungaqhelekanga, umboniso onxamnye nenkolo waguqulwa waba yinkampani enkulu yesayensi eyenziwa kwimisebenzi yemfundo.

IMyuziyam kwiminyaka yemfazwe

Imfazwe Enkulu yePatriotic yaba ngumvavanyo onzima, onzima kunazo zonke kwilizwe lethu nakubantu balo. Asimele sikhohlwe malunga nokuba yiziphi iimvavanyo ezawela kwisabelo seLeningrad nabemi bayo, abangazange bahlala kwiimeko ezinobundlobongela, basebenze baze bagcine ubuncwane obungabalulekanga bomuzi wakubo.

Uninzi lwabasebenzi beMyuziyamu yeNkolo eSt. Petersburg (iLeningrad) baya phambili, kwaye bambalwa abantu abagcina iqoqo. Nangona kunjalo ukuba phantse zonke iziboniso zigcinwe, abasebenzi bakwazi ukulungiselela imibukiso emininzi eLeningrad.

Emva kowe-1945, umsebenzi onzima kunzima ukuqala ukubuyisela iqoqo leMyuziyamu yeNqulo eSt. Petersburg. Isakhiwo sonakaliswe kakhulu, kubanda kwaye kunqunywe umanyolo kwindawo yayo, leyo ingayonakalisa kakhulu iqoqo. Abasebenzi bekufuneka badibanise imisebenzi yabo yesayensi kunye nemisebenzi ekubuyiselweni kwesakhiwo kunye neziboniso.

Ngelishwa, emva kwemfazwe, inkokheli engasigxina yemyuziyam, iVG Bogoraz, ayizange isigxina, kwaye iinkokheli zedolophu zanquma ukudibanisa iMoscow kunye neLeningrad Museums of Religion kunye nentlangano yemiboniso kwi-capital. Kodwa esi sicwangciso asizange sizaliseke-iqoqo lembali laseMoscow lathunyelwa eKhedithrare yaseKazan, eyaye yahlaziywa ngo-1948.

Buyela kwisigxina esidala

Kwiminyaka engamashumi ama-60 ekhulwini lokugqibela, i-ideology yeSoviet Union iphinda yaqinisekisa ukukholelwa kuThixo. Ngowe-1954 i-museum yaqanjwa kwakhona-yaziwa ngokuba yiMyuziyam yeNkolo kunye noThixo. Ngako oko, ulwalathiso lomsebenzi wakhe lushintshile-kwakucatshulwa ukuba into yokuphanda ngoku ibe yinto echasayo yenzululwazi, kwaye ukuvakaliswa kwacetyiswa ukuba kutshintshwe ukuze ukungakholelwa kuThixo kubonakale nje ngumbono wehlabathi owenziwe ngumntu waseSoviet.

Isakhiwo esitsha

Isigaba esitsha ekuphuhlisweni koRhulumente. Imyuziyamu yembali kunye nenkolo eSt. Petersburg yaqala kwiminyaka engama-90 ekhulwini lokugqibela, xa ukubuyiswa kwezinto zembali, ukutshabalaliswa okanye ukuvalwa ngexesha leSoviet, kwaqala kulo lonke ilizwe. Le ntshukumo ayinakuchukumisa kodwa yathintela kwiKathedral yaseKazan, ngoko i-museum yaqala ukukhetha ngokukhawuleza elinye igumbi.

Kungekude neSt. Isaac's Square kukhethwe indawo yokuMyuziyam yeNkolo eSt. Petersburg. Idilesi yesakhiwo esitsha-st. I-Pochtamtskaya Street, 15/4. Isakhiwo sidinga ukubuyiselwa ngokukodwa, kwaye kufuneka ndithi yenziwa ngokuhambelana neemfuno ze-museum. Ngethuba lokwakha kunye nokugqiba imisebenzi, wazama ukulungelelanisa neemfuno zeemyuziyam ukuya phezulu. Wabuye watshintsha igama lakhe - iMyuziyam yoLuntu yeNcwadi yeNkolo eSt. Petersburg. Usebenze kwindawo entsha ukususela ngo-2001.

Iqoqo lakhe lihambile ukusuka kwiiholo ezinkulu kunye ezide zeKazan Cathedral ukuya kwiinkcukacha ezininzi, kodwa amakamelo aqaqambileyo. Abasebenzi beMyuziyam bekufuneka bavelise kwakhona. Ngamhlanje, xa ubunzima beentlangano behlelwe ngasemva, kwaye zonke iimfundiso zobuxoki zikhohliwe, iMyuziyamu yeNkolo iyamema abaPetersburg kunye nabakhenkethi besixeko ukuba baqhelane nemiboniso engabonakaliyo echazela ngento ecacileyo yobomi bomntu-ngokukholwa.

Expositions

Sithethe kakade malunga nokuba namhlanje kwiimyuziyam zeemyuziyam kukho imimandla engamakhulu amabini anemiboniso ebonisa imbali yeenkolelo zehlabathi, iintambo kunye neenkolelo zabantu abahlukeneyo. Le mizobo kunye nepeyinti, izambatho zemizila kunye nezinto zokunqula, imiqulu kunye neencwadi, iimveliso zetsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye nezixhobo zomculo, ukuqokelela kwezitampu kunye neengxowa-mali, ividyo, ifoto, izinto zokulalelwayo.

Zonke iimiboniso zahlula kwiimali ezilishumi elinesihlanu, ngasinye sizenzele isifundo esahlukileyo. Zonke izinto zibonakaliswe ngolu hlobo lwezithuba ezibekiwe kwindlela ethile-iindwendwe zihamba ukusuka kwi-archaic ukuya kwixesha elide, ize ziqhubele phambili kwiinkqubo zonqulo. Ukuhlobisa izandi kunye nobugcisa beeholo kuphucula umboniso wokuhlola.

Iinkoliso ezininzi zigcinwe kumyuziyam, ezinikezelwe kwiinkonzo zehlabathi eziphambili. Izihlandlo zihanjiswe ngabantu beeminyaka ezahlukileyo-ukusuka kubantwana abakhulu abasesikolweni abahlala emakhaya, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho abavakhenkethi bezinye iintlanga. Kwiqela ngalinye, unokukhetha inkqubo enomdla - malunga nokufa emva kweYiputa yamandulo kunye neempawu zezenkolo, iinqanawa kunye nama-shaman aseSiberia, malunga nezinto zezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezidumi ezidumile. Iindwendwe ezincinci zinikwe iinkqubo ezizodwa.

Ukongezelela kwiihambo, iMyuziyamu inokudibanisa iinkomfa zesayensi kunye neentetho, kunye nelayibrari. Uninzi lweendwendwe luyaneliswa yinyani yokuba ulwazi olunikezwa zizikhokelo luqaqambile kwaye lufikeleleke, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo lusemvelaphi yesayensi. Akukho nto ikhethayo nayiphi na inkolo, njengokuba kungekho nqubukiso yokungakholelwa kuThixo, kwaye nakwiimyuziyam namhlanje ayikho iholo ezinikele kuye.

Kwimicimbi yolondolozo efihliweyo ukuqokelela kwezixhobo zokuhlushwa kwe-Inquisition, eyayisakuba ngamaxesha amandulo iboniswe kwiindawo zokukhusela zeKathedral yaseKazan.

Iinkalo zemyuziyam

Ukusuka kwiholo ukuya kwiholo, iindwendwe ziyakucinganisa indlela isimo sengqondo ngayo uThixo sashintsha phakathi kwabantu abaneenkolelo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngelo xesha, xa uhambo luphela, umbuzo wokuba kukho uThixo okanye awukho uvulekile. Emva kokutshintshwa kweemyuziyam ukuya kwindawo entsha, ukuboniswa kunye neminye imiqathango eyoyikwesa abatyeleli (umzekelo, izixhobo zokuhlushwa) zisuswe.

Ngaphandle kokungakholelwa kuThixo, amanye amacandelo ayenawo amaholo. Ngokomzekelo, uMbhaptizi owaziwayo kakhulu eUnited States akafumani indawo yakhe kumyuziyam.

Ndingafika njani?

Iimyuziyamu zifumaneka phantse eSthedral yaseSt. Isaac. Unokufika apha ngokuhamba ngeenyawo ukusuka kwisikhululo se-metro "Admiralteyskaya". Uhambo aluyi kuthatha ngaphezu kwemizuzu engamashumi amabini.

Amanani etikiti

Siyazisa wonke umntu ofuna ukutyelela iMyuziyamu yeNkolo eSt. Petersburg: ixabiso leetitikiti zeendwendwe ezindala zi-ruble 400. Abaxhasi bemali-phantsi (ekubonisweni kwesatifikethi) - ii-ruble ezingama-85. Kubafundi (ithikithi lomfundi iyadingeka) - i-ruble 100. Kubantwana besikolo - iiruble eziyi-100. Kubangaphandle - ama-ruble ama-300. NgoMvulo wokuqala kwinyanga nganye, ukungena kumyuziyam ukhululekile.