I-July Revolution kunye French Revolution of 1830: inkcazelo, imbali kunye neziphumo

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII kwabakho revolution enkulu eFransi. Iminyaka elandelayo ayengenalo kuthetha ngoxolo. Ukuza amandla ka kukaNapoleon uloyiso lwakhe, nto leyo waphela ngenxa ngokoyiswa emva "Iintsuku Hundred" kukhokelele kwinto yokuba amagunya noloyiso ebekwe kwi ngokubuyiselwa yelizwe Bourbons. Kodwa ebukumkanini Louis XVIII inkanuko leyo ezingekapheli. Ukubuyela impembelelo iingangamsha eyifuna ukuziphindezela, baqhubeka ingcinezelo nxamnye Republican, yaye iphenjelelwa kuphela uqhankqalazo. Ukumkani wagula kakhulu ukujongana nokuba ngokupheleleyo neengxaki njengezona nkalo zitshisa ibunzi, wayengakwazi ukuya ilizwe lakhe phambili mhlawumbi ngokwezoqoqosho okanye kwezopolitiko. Kodwa wafa ngenxa yokugula ngo-1824, waba ngukumkani wokugqibela French, ngubani na yabhukuqwayo luqhushululu okanye ubhedu. Kutheni, emva kokuba yenzekile kokufa kwakhe ngoJulayi Revolution (1830), apho ababhali i "iintsuku ezintathu yobuqaqawuli"?

Zinto zifuneka kuqala Julayi Revolution of 1830: indima loohlohlesakhe

Zintoni izinto ezibangela ukuba July Revolution e France? By the 1830s, kobungxowankulu Western eYurophu bya indawo yayo. ENgilani, wayigqiba revolution mveliso eFransi olukhula ngokukhawuleza kwimveliso mveliso (malunga eli lizwe phambili Belgium kunye Prussia).

Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ekomelezeni yempembelelo ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba mveliso, nto leyo ngoku eqwengiweyo ngamandla, lo gama urhulumente u sirhelele izilangazelelo kubanini kuphela yeengcungcu kunye nabefundisi eziphakamileyo. Oku kuba nefuthe elibi kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho karhulumente. Baqhankqalaze imizwa ikhuthazwa ukuziphatha inkanuko abafuduki abasuka kwindawo yeengcungcu, owaboyikisa ukubuyiselwa ucwangco pre-revolution.

Ukongeza, oongxowankulu, kwaye kule meko kwakukho Republican amaninzi abaxhasa revolution, wayengonwabanga kunye nendima okukhulayo bamaKatolika kwinkundla yakomkhulu, izibonelelo zolawulo, kwakunye ezikolweni.

Umthetho phezu kwemivuzo kowayesakuba abathutha

Ngowe-1825, eli lizwe yamkela umthetho phantsi apho abasuka basebukhosini yangaphambili wafumana imbuyekezo kwi mali malunga billion omnye franc umonakalo, oko kukuthi, ilizwe athatha. Lo mthetho wayefanele kwakhona ukomeleza indawo yabantu basebukhosini kweli lizwe. Kodwa bamqumbisa iiklasi nje ezimbini - nabalimi kunye noohlohlesakhe. Le yokugqibela iye aneliseke nesibakala sokuba imali iintlawulo asebukhosini, enyanisweni, kwenziwa ngeendleko rentier, kuba bekucingelwa ukuba imali yale ukuguqulwa kumnika iirenti karhulumente ukususela-5 ukuya-3%, kwaye oku kuchaphazela ngqo kwingeniso oongxowankulu.

Kwavunyelwana ngelo xesha "imithetho ukunyelisa" enye, nto leyo ngenxa amatyala unqulo zinzima kakhulu athathiweyo izohlwayo, iphenjelelwa ukunganeliseki eklasini, kuba wabona ukubuyela kwimihla yakudala.

Le ntlekele yorhwebo njengoko iyimfuneko yokuqala July Revolution

Ubangelwa kaJulayi Revolution of 1830 nayo walala yokuba ngo-1826 kwakukho nengxaki industrial kweli lizwe. Yaba nengxaki ezaziwa hormone, kodwa ntlekele yokuqala elibujikele ukuba nazo France ilandelwa eNgilani. Yena indawo kwisigaba elide ndidandatheka. Le ntlekele ungqamene iminyaka eliqela isilimo ukuba mandundu isigxina bongxowankulu, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi. Kule mizi, abaninzi sijamelene ekungakwazini ukufumana umsebenzi apha ezilalini - yindlala.

Ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba industrial eziqhotyoshelwe ityala ngenxa yesehlo phezu igunya, esola urhulumente ukuba ngenxa imisebenzi amasiko ophezulu ingqolowa, amafutha kunye izinto ngexabiso iimveliso French olukhulayo, kunye nokhuphiswano yazo kwiimalike umhlaba.

Ngothango yokuqala kunye notshintsho kurhulumente

Ngowe-1827, kwakukho, ngoko ukuthetha, kube indlela ye revolution. Emva koko, ngokunxulumene kunyulo ukuya Chamber of yamaSekela e Paris, akukhange kubekho kuthetha imiboniso enoxolo kubumelwane ukusebenza-class kwakhiwa ngothango wajoyina nabavukeli e kwegazi kunye namapolisa.

Kunyulo 1827 efanayo iivoti ezininzi amanqaku benkululeko, awayefuna ukwandiswa umthetho lonyulo, uxanduva urhulumente epalamente, ilungelo self-government wengingqi kunye nangaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, Korol Karl X kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukurhoxa urhulumente ultraroyalistskoe. Kodwa ke urhulumente omtsha okhokelwa Count Martignac, leyo ngokungeyompumelelo wafuna onakalisa phakathi oohlohlesakhe kunye wabanumzana, ukumkani akazange nje. Kwaye kwakhona andulule urhulumente, kwasekwa ikhabinethi elitsha ultra kwaye ibekwe intloko ayithanda iNkosana Polignac, indoda sizinikele kuye ngokobuqu,.

Ngelo xesha, ukungakhululeki kweli lizwe banda, kunye notshintsho kurhulumente anegalelo.

Wawunezimiselo July 26, kunye nokupheliswa Charter 1814

King wayekholelwa ukuba lo moya yoqhankqalazo zingaphunyezwa ngokuqinisa imo. Yaye-wesithandathu amabini ngoJulayi 1830 kwiphephandaba "Gada" kwapapashwa namasiko, eneneni, kubhangise ukuma Charter loMgaqo-siseko ka-1814. Kwaye ke phezu kwezi meko kurhulumente, wamoyisa uNapoleon evuselela ukumkani eFransi. Abemi azamkele ezi namasiko njengenzame ubhedu. Ingakumbi ukususela ezi zenzo, angabi France amaziko karhulumente simahla, kanye njengoko babenjalo.

Okokuqala Ordinance uyekwa inkululeko yamaphepha-ndaba, lichithakale weSibini Chamber of ePalamente, kwaye elesithathu, enyanisweni, yaba umthetho omtsha lonyulo, njengoko apho kukuhla kwenani zamasekela kwaye inciphise inani abavoti seSigqeba efanayo ahluthwe ilungelo lokutshintsha umGaqo-mthetho eyamkelweyo. Lo mmiselo wesine oqeshwe kwiseshoni evulekileyo le Iqela elilawula.

Ukuqala zoqhankqalazo: imeko kwi komkhulu

King wayeqinisekile kumandla karhulumente. Akukho manyathelo for izixholoxholo kunokwenzeka phakathi inginginya hayi kulindeleke, ukususela nomthetheli yamapolisa Mangin wathi baseParis kwaye ushukume. INkosana Polignac wakholwa nto, kuba ndandicinga ukuba abantu ngokubanzi akakukhathalele inkqubo yonyulo. Malunga abakumgangatho ophantsi oko, kodwa iimfuno imimiselo koohlohlesakhe wayichukumisa nzulu kakhulu.

Noko ke, uRhulumente ingqalelo ukuba oohlohlesakhe akazange abe nobuganga kwaphela ukuya emfazweni. Ngoko ke, kwikomkhulu kwakukho amajoni kuphela-14 amawaka, nangenxa ukutshintshwa kweendlela imikhosi ezongezelelweyo Paris ziye zathathwa. Ukumkani waya kuzingela e Rambouillet, apho wayecebe ukuba aye yakhe yokuhlala e Saint-Cloud.

amasiko Isiphumo kunye ukubonakaliswa Palais Royal

Namasiko aye ingqalelo uluntu kwangoko. Kodwa amaxesha amaninzi impendulo kubo womelela. Ngelo istock exchange yavele ingakrazuki. Ngelo xesha, iintatheli, kunye nokuqokelelwa wegqitha kwiphephandaba "constitutionalists" wayo, wagqiba ukupapasha wokumelana namasiko, futhi zahlanganiswa a ngokwemigaqo ngokwanelisayo elibukhali.

Wodliwa kwangaloo mhla, kukho iintlanganiso ezininzi zamasekela. Noko ke, abazange beze isigqibo ezaziqhele waza wabhalisa abaqhankqalazi kuphela xa kwabonakala ukuba esaqungeni apho unako ukufikelela usukelo lwabo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ijaji inkxaso abavukeli. Ngesicelo "Tan" iphephandaba "Courrier Français," nabanye, iNkundla Commercial kunye neNkundla Yokuqala Umzekelo wayalela indlu yoshicilelo yokushicilela amanani alandelelanayo nombhalo yoqhankqalazo, ngenxa yokuba imimiselo ichasene Charter awaba nako siyakubophelela kubemi beli.

Ngokuhlwa, i-wesithandathu amabini ka-Julayi kwi-Palais Royal waqala imiboniso. Le ukuqhankqalaza bamemeze slogans "Phantsi nge abalungiseleli!" I iNkosana Polignac, ngubani bekhwele impahla yakhe ecaleni elungisiwe, ngokungummangaliso basindileyo isihlwele.

Iziganeko Julayi 27: esize

I-July Revolution eFransi ngowe-1830 kwaqala nge-27 Julayi. Ngale mini, yazo ivaliwe. abasebenzi babo wazithabathela ezitratweni, berhuqa abanye abasebenzi kunye namagcisa. Baloo dolophu ngazo namasiko yaza yapapashwa neentatheli baqhankqalaze. Ngelo xesha linye i baseParis bafunda ukuba womkhosi kwikomkhulu uya Marmont, ngubani babengakuthandi phakathi kwabantu. Noko ke, Marmont akazange akuvumele imimiselo ukuzidambisa amagosa baza babayala ukuba ukuqala ukubadubula nje bavukeli musani ukuqala baseyunivesithi, kwaye umpu idabi wayesazi ukudubula ezingamashumi amahlanu ubuncinane.

Ngale mini kwizitalato Paris up yenze. Kuhlwa babesilwa, abona baphembeleli apho ubukhulu becala abafundi. Ngothango e Saint-Honoré street athathwa amajoni. Kodwa ke udlame lwaqhubeka esixekweni, yaye Polignac wavakalisa ukuba eParis phantsi zokungqinga. Ukumkani wahlala e Saint-Cloud, ngaphandle lemka evela kwishedyuli yayo yesiqhelo kunye ngenyameko nokufihla iimpawu ixhala.

Iziganeko ngoJulayi 28: Imvukelo iqhubeka

Le mvukelo ukuba imisinga Paris, akuzi kuphela ngabafundi kunye iintatheli, kodwa noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga, kuquka abarhwebi. Kwelinye icala abo bavukeli kunye amajoni namagosa - le yokugqibela bakhokela umzabalazo wezigalo. Kodwa ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba enkulu yemali wathabatha salinda.

Kodwa amabini anesibhozo imini kaJulayi, kwacaca ukuba mvukelo yandile. Yaba ixesha isigqibo sokuba ngubani ukujoyina.

Iziganeko Julayi 29: i Tuileries kunye Louvre

Ngosuku olulandelayo bavukeli ukulwa wathatha Tuileries. Ngaphezu kwakhe yaba tricolor ephakanyiswe ngexesha French Revolution. Babemise boyiswa. Kwanyanzeleka ukuba abhenele yokuhlala yasebukhosini Saint-Cloud, kodwa regiments eziliqela wajoyina ngumvukeli. Ngelo xesha, baseParis baqalisa kokulwa kunye Swiss Guards, kanzulu emva kwivaranda Louvre, ngokokuze emkhosini ukubaleka.

Ezi ziganeko wabonisa zamasekela ukuba mandla kwicala abavukeli. isigqibo sakhe yenziwe kubalondolozi. Badla iinkokheli kwimvukelo noloyiso, kubandakanywa imisebenzi yolawulo kunye nokuqinisekisa isixeko enemvukelo ukutya.

Iziganeko Julayi 30: Amanyathelo karhulumente

Ngoxa e St. Cloud okuyona azama ukuphembelela Charles X, echaza kuye imeko oyinyaniso yemicimbi eParis waseka kwikhabhinethi entsha, ekhokelwa iNkosana Mortemart wakhulela, lweli Charter ngo-1814. Bourbon ohlanga ke akusekho ukusindisa.

I-July Revolution of 1830, eyaqala imvukelo nxamnye izithintelo inkululeko kunye ngokuchasene norhulumente Polignac, waguqukela izilogani malunga ukubhukuqwa kakumkani. IRhuluneli ubukumkani wavakaliswa Duke Louis filipp Orleansky, kwaye ukhetho yayimfutshane - ibhodi ngokungqinelana kunye nokumelwa loohlohlesakhe eneenkani malunga uhlobo mandla okanye abe selubhacweni.

Agasti 1 Charles X Kwanyanzeleka ukuba asayine ngokwesiko. Kodwa asiyeke baxhasa nomzukulwana wakhe. Noko ke, ayizange akunamsebenzi. Kwiiveki ezimbini kamva, uCharles X kunye nentsapho yakhe bafudukela eNgilani, Lui filipp waba ngukumkani, waphinda umyalelo zonakale, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Julayi lobukhosi, waze 1848.

Imiphumo kaJulayi Revolution of 1830

Zintoni iziphumo July Revolution? Ukuze amandla eFransi weza, enyanisweni, izangqa ezinkulu zemali. Baye athintele ukusekwa kwiriphabliki kunye kukuqiniswa bomzabalazo, kodwa yamkelwa charter silinene ngakumbi, nto leyo kwanciphisa iziqinisekiso propati ngabavoti nokwandisa amalungelo Chamber of yamaSekela. Baye ke umda ekunene yabefundisi yamaKatolika. Longer banelungelo lokufumana urhulumente wengingqi, kodwa ekugqibeleni onke amandla kwi amabhunga kamasipala kunjalo wafumana berhafu ezinkulu. Kodwa ke imithetho aqatha abasebenzi, akukho namnye wacinga ukuba aphinde.

ускорила восстание в соседней Бельгии, где, впрочем, революционеры выступали за образование самостоятельного государства. Julayi Revolution of 1830 eFransi yanda kwimvukelo oselumelwaneni Belgium, Noko ke, apho ke, abalweli wakhuthaza ukuyilwa geqe. uqhambuko olululo Saxony kunye namanye amazwe aseJamani, Poland yamvukela uBukhosi Russian, kwaye luqiniswe umzabalazo utshintsho yipalamente eNgilani.