I-carbon-low carbon: ukwakheka kunye neepropati

Intsimbi ye-carbon-low etholakala yonke indawo. Ukuthandwa kwayo kusekelwe kwizinto eziphathekayo, iikhemikhali kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Le alloy isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini kunye nokwakhiwa. Masiqwalasele olu hlobo lwensimbi ngokubanzi.

Ukwakhiwa

Isitye - isinyithi, ichithwe nekhabhoni kwinkqubo yokuqhaqha. I-Carboniferous smelters ibonakaliswe ubukho bekhabhoni, ebeka izixhobo ezisisiseko zetsimbi kunye nokungcola: i-phosphorus (ukuya kwi-0.07%), i-silicon (ukuya ku-0.35%), isulfure (ukuya kwi-0.06%), i-manganese (ukuya kwi-0.8% ). Ngaloo ndlela, i-carbon-low-carbon isine-0.25% i-carbon. Ngokubhekiselele kwezinye izithako, i-manganese kunye ne-silicon inokukhupha (ukususa i-oksijeni kwintsimbi yamanzi, eyanciphisa ukunyameka ngexesha lokutshisa okutshisayo). Kodwa ukunyuka kwepesenti yesulfure kunokukhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-alloy ngexesha lokushushu, u-phosphorus-kubanda.

Izindlela zokufumana

Ukuveliswa kwe-alloy carbon-alloy kungahlulwa kwiinqanaba eziliqela: ukuhlawula isinyithi kunye neengxowa (inkokhelo) kwisithandweni somlilo, ukutshiswa kwe-thermal kwimeko yokuqhafaza, ukususwa kokungcola kwinqununu. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukukhangela isinyithi okanye ukuqhutyelwa okungeziwe kungenziwa: i-slag okanye i-vacuum kunye ne-inert gases.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuphumeza ezinjalo iinkqubo:

• Iifom Marten. Izixhobo eziqhelekileyo. Inkqubo yokuqhaqhaqhaqa kwenzeka kwiiyure ezimbalwa, okwenza kube lula ukujonga umgangatho wezinto ezifunyenwe ngama-laboratories.
• Ovens. Eveliswa ngokucoca nge-oxygen. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ii-alloys ezitholakala ngale ndlela azikho mgangatho ophezulu, kuba ziqukethe ukungcola okungakumbi.
• Ukuchithwa kunye nezixhobo zombane. Inkqubo yemveliso isebenzisa i-slag. Ngale ndlela, i-alloys ephezulu kunye neengcali ezikhethekileyo ziyafumaneka.

Khawuqwalasele iimpawu zokuhlelwa kwee-alloys.

Iintlobo

I-carbon-low carbon ingaba yintlobo ezintathu:

• Umgangatho oqhelekileyo. Kwimihlathi enjalo, umxholo wesulfure awugqithisi u-0.06%, i-phosphorus 0.07%.
• Umgangatho . Ekubeni: i-sulfure ibe ngu-0.04%, i-phosphorus ibe yi-0.035%.
• Umgangatho ophezulu. Isiqulatho sesulfure sisukela ku-0.025%, i-phosphorus ifike ku-0.025%
• Umgangatho okhethekileyo. Umxholo ophantsi wezinto ezingcolileyo: i-sulfure ukuya ku-0.015%, i-phosphorus-ukuya ku-0.025%.

Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, ukungcola okumbalwa, kungcono umgangatho we-alloy. I-carbon-low carbon GOST 380-94 yomgangatho oqhelekileyo uhlulwe ngamacandelo amathathu:

• A. Yinqunywe yizakhiwo zayo. Ifom yokunikezelwa kumthengi ifunyanwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwifom yeefayile ezininzi kunye neefayili.
• B. Izikhombisi eziphambili - ukwakheka kwemichiza kunye neepropati. Efanelekileyo kwimpembelelo yenkxalabo phantsi kwe-thermal factor (yokwakha, ukunyathela).
• B. Ngezo ntlobo ze-alloys, ezo zakhiwo zibalulekile: ubugcisa, ubuchwepheshe, imvelo, i-chemicals kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukubunjwa.

Ngenkqubo yokukhutshwa kwezinto, insimbi iyahlula:

• Uxolo. Inkqubo yokuqinisa ihlazo. AmaGesi kule nkqubo ayabelwe. I-Shrinkage ibonakala phakathi kwe-ingot.
• Ukuzola. Insimbi ephakathi phakathi kwezinto ezizolileyo nokubilisa.
• Ukubilisa. Ukunyanga kwenzeka ngokukhutshwa kwegesi. I-sink.

Iipropati eziSiseko

I-carbon-low carbon is high ductile, iphosakele kalula kwindawo ebanda ebushushu. Isici esahlukileyo saloo alloy isilungele kakuhle. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto ezongezelelweyo, iipropati zensimbi ziyahluka. Ngokuqhelekileyo amaninzi ase-carbon alloys asetyenziswa ekwakhiweni nasekushishini. Oku kungenxa yexabiso eliphantsi kunye neendawo ezintle zamandla. Le alloy ikwabizwa ngokuba yakhiwo. Iipropati ze-carbon-low steel are coded in the marking. Ngezantsi sijonga izinto zayo.

Iimpawu zokumakisha

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-carbon-low carbon-carbon has the name of CT and digital. Inombolo kufuneka ihlukaniswe ngama-100, ke ipesenti yekhabhoni iya kuqondwa. Ngokomzekelo, i-CT15 (i-carbon 0.15%).

Cinga ukumakisha kunye nokucacisa ukuphawula:

• Iileta zokuqala okanye ukungabikho kwazo kubonisa ukuba ngumntu othile weqela elithile lomgangatho. Ingaba nguB okanye iBra. Ukuba akukho ncwadana, i-alloy ikwahlulo A.
• St imele igama elithi "insimbi".
• Ukwaziswa kwedijithali yipesenti ye-carbon.
• I-Kp, i-ps isetyenziselwa i-alloy ebilisiwe okanye i-alloy-quenched alloy. Ukungabikho kweso sibizo kubonisa ukuba insimbi ithule (cn).
• Ukubhaliweyo kwileta kunye neyedijithali emva kokutyhila oko kukungcola kwimeko kunye nepesenti zazo. Umzekelo, i-manganese, i-Ю - aluminium, i-Ф - vanadium.

Ukufumana i-carbon-stels steels, i-lettering "St" ayifakiwe kwi-marking. Ukuchongwa kombala kusetyenziswa kwakhona. Umzekelo, ibakala le-carbon grade low-10 linombala omhlophe. Insimbi ekhethekileyo yenjongo ingabonakaliswa ngamagama abongezelelweyo. Umzekelo, "K" - isetyenziselwa kwishishini lokubilisa; I-OsV - isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwee-axle imoto, njl njl.

Vumela iimveliso

Amaqela amaninzi yemveliso yensimbi ayahluka:

• Ishidi lensimbi. I-Subspecies: i-leaf-thick (i-GOST 19903-74), icwecwe (GOST 19904-74), iqabunga elibanzi (GOST 8200-70), umgca (GOST 103-76), i-GOST 8568-78)
• Iiprofayili zendawo. Ukulingana (iGOST 8509-93), ukungalingani (iGOST 8510-86).
• Imizila yesiteshi (GOST 8240-93).
• I-imithwalo. I-beam ibhola eziqhelekileyo (GOST 8239-89), i-I-boram-gauge beams (GOST 26020-83, STO ACHM 20-93).
• Iibhobho.
• Umgangatho ophantsi.

Kuloluhlu, iiprofayili zesekondari zongezwa, ezenziwe ngokususa kunye nokuchonga.

Izicelo

Ummandla wokusetyenziswa kwe-carbon-low steel steel wide enough kwaye kuxhomekeke ekumakeni:

• St 0, 1, 3Gsp. Isicelo esikhulu ekwakheni. Umzekelo, ukuqinisa intambo eyenziwe nge-carbon-low steel,
• 05kp, 08, 08kp, 08yu. Kuhle ukupakisha kunye nokubanda okubandayo (i-ductility high). Isetyenziswe kwishishini lezimoto: iinxalenye zomzimba, amatanki amatshini, iileyili, iinxalenye zezakhiwo eziphethwe.
• 10, 15. Zisetyenziselwa iinxalenye ezingekho phantsi kwemithwalo ephakamileyo. Iibhobho zamabhoyili, ukubetha, ukuxuba, i-bolts, i-screws.
• 18kp. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zizakhi eziveliswa yi-welding.
• 20, 25. Kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zokuzila. Ukubambisana, iipoppethi zevenge, izakhelo kunye nezinye iindawo zemishini yokulima.
• 30, 35. Iingxube apho kukho umthwalo omncinci, iiprockets, gears, njl.
• 40, 45, 50. Iinkcukacha ezifumana imithwalo ephakathi. Ngokomzekelo, i-crankshafts, i-disc friction.
• 60-85. Icandelo eliphantsi komthwalo ophezulu. Ezi zinokuba yimilayezo yomzila weevili, iivili ngeenqanawa, emithonjeni, ama-washers.

Njengoko kunokubonwa, uluhlu oluveliswayo lukhulu-akuyena nje ucingo lwe-carbon-low steel. Kwakhona zezi nkcukacha zeendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

I-low-alloy kunye ne-low-carbon carbon: iintlukwano

Ukuphucula nayiphina impawu yelungu, isalathisi isongezwa . Izitishi eziqulethe ixabiso elincinci lekhabhoni (ukuya kwikota yeepesenti) kunye nokufakelwa kwee-additives (ipesenteji epheleleyo-ukuya kwi-4%) zibizwa ngokuba ngama-low-alloy steels. Ukuqokelela okunjalo kugcina iimpawu eziphezulu ezibunjiweyo, kodwa ngelo xesha iipropati ezahlukeneyo ziyaqiniswa. Umzekelo, amandla, ukuchasana neempawu zokurhoxisa njalo njalo. Njengomgaqo, zombini iintlobo zisetyenziselwa kwizakhiwo ezifakwe kwi-seld, ezimele zimelele udidi lokushisa ukusuka kwi-40 ukuya kwi-450 degrees Celsius.

Iimpawu zokwelusa

Ukunyuswa kwee-carbon-low steels has high performance. Uhlobo lwe-welding, i-electrodes kunye nobukhulu bawo lukhethwe ngokusekelwe kwile data elandelayo yobugcisa:

• Uqhagamshelwano kufuneka lukhuseleke ngokuqinile.
• Akufuneki kubekho iziphene zokubamba.
• Ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali okubambisana kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho echazwe kwi-GOST.
• Amagxa adibeneyo kufuneka ahlangabezane neemeko zokusebenza (ukumelana nokunyamezela, ukuxinezeleka kwengqondo, imeko yokushisa).

Iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokususa kwi-gas ukuya ekuthungeni kwi-carbon dioxide medium kunye ne-electrode esebenzayo ingasetyenziswa. Ekukhetheni kuvumela ukufaneleka okuphezulu kwee-alloys eziphantsi kwe-carbon.

Ngokubhekiselele kummandla wesicelo, i-low carbon-carbon isetyenziswe ekwakhiweni nasakhiweni somatshini. Ibakala lesensimbi likhethwe ngokusekelwe kwimihlaba yenyama kunye nemichiza efunekayo kwimveliso. Ubungqina bokubambisa izinto zingaphucula ezinye iipropati (ukuchasana nokubola, ukutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa), kodwa kuphazamisa abanye. Ulungelelwano olungileyo lunye uncedo lwama-alloys anjalo.

Ngoko, safumanisa ukuba zeziphi iimveliso ezisuka kwi-low-carbon and alloy-alloy steel.