Inyiloni yinto ekhethekileyo, ayifaki indawo yeendwangu zendalo

Namhlanje, xa abaninzi abathengi bakhetha iingubo ezenziwe kwiingubo zendalo, kuyamangalisa ukuthakazeliswa ngokubanzi kunye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezibangele umhlaba kunye namaSoviet kwiminyaka engama-50 ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi ama-60 ekhulwini lama-20. Emva koko sazisa "emva kweenduli" iingubo eziqaqambileyo kunye namasokisi ayenemfashane kakhulu, ehlawulwa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yemali enobungozi, kwaye ngaphandle kokuzonwabisa, bafumanisa ezinye izinto ezinokubaluleka ngeendlela eziphezulu zabathengi.

Kwakulula ukucima ezi zinto, zome ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, ngokuqinisekileyo azidingeki ukuba zitshatiwe, kwaye ngaphandle kokuba azizange zichithe. I-nylon ibonakala iyimpawu yenkqubela phambili yesayensi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, emva kwayo ikamva, iya kuba yinto emfutshane kakhulu, kunye nehlabathi lonke liza kugqoka izinto ezivela kule ndawo.

Imiba yeChimicals

Enyanisweni, kwimashumi amahlanu wayengasentsha. Ukuba ufuna inkcazo evela kwingcali kwi-chemistry, uyakuphendula ukuba, inqobo, inayiloni i-polyamide.

Ngaphandle kokungena kwiinkcazo zenzululwazi, nabani na abagqithise ikhosi yesikolo, banokucinga ngethungelwano lwee-molecule, ezibekwe ngobude kwaye ziqulethe izikhonkwane ezifanayo. Ukuze unike impahla leyo nayiphina impahla ekhethekileyo, isakhiwo se polymeric esininzi sinokutshintshwa ngokungeza amagatsha nokufakelwa, kodwa, ngokubanzi, ukubunjwa kwamachiza kwiloni kulula, kuhlanganiswa kwizinto ezintathu zendalo: umoya, amalahle namanzi. I-monomer, i-amide, idibanisa kunye nama-molecule afana nayo kwaye iyenze i-polymmer, inamandla kakhulu kwaye inganyangekiyo kwiintlobo ezininzi zezenzo ezinobundlobongela.

Xa iimbotyi zeyiloni zazizincwina

Ngethuba lokuqala, ukuphendulwa kwe-polymerization ye- amide kwenzelwa iingcali ze-American firm DuPont ngo-1930. Phantse kwiminyaka elishumi, inkampani efanayo yaqala ukuvelisa izitokisini zamabhinqa, kunokuba iguqulwe igama layo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba yenziwe ngefuthe. Esi sifundo esincinci se-wardrobe yebhinqa sagqiba ukufezekisa oko iinqununu ezinamandla kakhulu zangekhulu lama-20 ezazingenakukwenza. Iimbotyi zeyiloni zanqoba ihlabathi.

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yokuthengiswa kweemarike ukulawulwa kwemveliso entsha yenkampani ethi "DuPont", le miveliso enomdaka ixabisa kakhulu, unjalo umthetho wongxowa-mali. Kwaye kwabakho ukuncintisana, kwaye izitokishi zaba yinto yokunethezeka enokuthengwa kakhulu kubemi belizwe apho baveliswa khona. Nangona kunjalo, babecingelwa kwi-post-war Yurophu nase-USSR.

Iiloni kunye nokulindela kwangaphambili

Ngelo xesha, xa i-poymeric amashishini aseMelika ejikeleza ihlabathi, ezinye, iintleko ezintle kakhulu kwaye ezimnandi zenzeka kwizopolitiko zehlabathi. Abantu babemi emngceleni wokuxhelwa kwehlabathi jikelele. Imfazwe ezayo ifuna iimithombo, ezahlukileyo kakhulu. Kwakuyimfuneko ukuvelisa amashumi kunye namakhulu ezigidi zeetoni zemveliso, kuquka nezo zinto zendalo kunye nezindleko ezifunekayo njengezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngethuba lePaladesi yePalabathi yePaladesi babethengisa kwi-silk yendalo, kwaye iinqwelo zamahashe kunye neenqwelo-moya zenziwe kwiirubha. Amashishini kunye neenqwelo zomoya zazimbalwa, kwaye amazwe afanelekileyo anokulwa nawo angakwazi ukufikelela. Kwiminyaka yesithathu yeminyaka, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo zempi kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye kwavela ukuba i-nylon - le nto ayikho kuphela kwi-stockings.

Izinto ezicwangcisiweyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwesipolisi kwipolymer kwabonakala kubanzi kakhulu. Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kunye neemfazwe ezalandela, ezininzi zazo zenzelwe le njongo, apho iifiber ezinamandla zifunekayo. Inyiloni yaseDuPont yohlobo oluthile lubizwa ngokuba nguKevlar, kunye nelokuba liphindwe ezintlanu kunamandla ngaphezu kwensimbi livumele ukuba lisetyenziswe ukwenza izixhobo zomzimba ezigqithwe ngamajoni aseMelika kwisigamu sesibini seMfazwe yaseVietnam.

I-rubber yemvelo ukususela ngowe-1939 yaba yintengo yeqhinga, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwayo kwiikoloni zaseBrithani kwakunzima kakhulu. Ekuveleni kwezixhobo ezenziwe ngaphambili kwipolymer yendalo, i- nylon isetyenzisiwe. Oku kusombulula umbandela wabakhuseli, iinqwelwe zezihlangu zejoni kunye nezinye iingxaki.

Ngekhulu lama-21, ezininzi izixhobo zobuchwepheshe zazibonakala, ezizizukulwana zangaphambili azizange ziphuphe. Emva kokuqulunqwa kwama-radars e-compact afakwe kwiindiza, iinqanawa kunye neembombo, kwavela umbuzo ngokudala i-fairness fairings. I-Metal, ngenxa yezizathu ezicacileyo, ayilungile kule njongo, ikhupha isalathisi. Ngokuqhelekileyo kula maxesha, i-polyester okanye i-nylon isetyenziswa.

Kwakhona iingubo

Ukumelana kwamanzi kukubungqina kunye nokungabikho kweengubo ezenziwe ngeengubo zepolymer. Ukungakwazi kwesi sihloko "ukuphefumula" kubangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu, izinto "zinyuka". Nangona kunjalo, nangaloo ngxaki, i-teknoloji zifunde ukulwa, ukudala imembrane kunye nezinto eziphambili. Inyiloni yamanje ingumbumba ophezulu, ngamanye amaxesha unako ukuqhuba ukuqhuba kwezimolekyuli zamanzi unilaterally (resistant) (ngokuchaseneyo nemifanekiso yee-1940 neye-1960) ukuya kwi-ultraviolet imisebe kunye nokushisa.

Nangona kunjalo, xa uhlamba iimpahla kule ndawo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba i-nylon iyayibekezelela kakhulu imiphumo yeklolini equlethwe ezininzi. Ukunyamekela kufuneka kuthatyathwe kwakhona nge-ironing. Nangona kunjalo, ezi mpazamo, mhlawumbi, ziya kutshatyalaliswa kungekudala imizamo yezobuchwepheshe beekhemikhali ezisebenza kubenzi beli qulatho.