I-astronometer ... Abaphathi beenkwenkwezi abakhulu kwimbali

I-astronomer ngumntu onomdla kwiinkqubo ze-cosmic kunye neziganeko. Kuthetha ukuthini ukuba yi-astronomer? Ngubani owokuqala ukubuza imibuzo malunga nemigqabhaka yezulu? Malunga neenkwenkwezi zokuqala neenkwenkwezi ezinzulu zifunda kwinqaku lethu.

I-astronomer ...

Abantu baye bahlala bebuza ukuba yintoni efihliweyo emva kwamafu nendlela ihlelwe ngayo yonke indawo, kwi-interstellar space. I-astronomere ngumntu obizwa ngokuba yiyo kuphela ukubuza le mibuzo, kodwa ukuphendula. Uyingcali kwi-astronomy - inzululwazi yendalo yonke, zonke iinkqubo kunye nokusebenzisana okwenzeka kuyo. Kwaye oku kuyimfuneko ukuba ube nomonde, ukhangele, kwaye, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, ulwazi oluninzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi. Ngoko ke, i-astronomer ngokuyinhloko isosayensi.

Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zezobugcisa kufuneka zibe nolwazi kwi-physics, mathematics, nakwiminye i-chemistry. Basebenza kumaziko okuphanda kunye namaziko okuhlola, ukuhlalutya ulwazi malunga namaziko e-cosmic, ukunyakaza kwawo kunye nezinye iziganeko ezifunyenwe kwizinto ezibonwayo, zanikwa ama-satellites, ngelixa zisebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Lo msebenzi uquka uqeqesho oluncinci oluninzi, umzekelo, isazi semvelo, isayensi yeenkwenkwezi, i-astrochemist, i-cosmologist.

Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zokuqala

Ukubukela esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku, abantu baqaphela ukuba umzekelo kuwo uhluka ngoxhomekeke kumaxesha. Emva koko baqonda ukuba iinkqubo zasemhlabeni nezasezulwini zihlangene, kwaye zaqala ukutyhila imfihlelo yazo. Izazi zeenkwenkwezi zokuqala zaziwa ngabaSomeri nabaseBabiloni. Bafunda indlela yokuqikelela ukukhanya kwenyanga kunye nokulinganisa iinjongo zokunyakaza kweeplanethi, ukubonwa kwimiqulu kwiidwecwe zobumba.

AmaYiputa abuyela kwi-IV leminyaka BC. E. Waqala ukuhlukanisa isibhakabhaka kwiinkwenkwezi kwaye uzibuze kumaziko asezulwini. KwiTshayina yakudala, yaziqaphela ngenkuthalo zonke iziganeko ezimangalisayo, ezinjenge-comets, eclipses, meteors, iinkwenkwezi ezintsha. I-comet yaqala ukukhankanywa ngo-631 BC. KwiNdiya yakudala, kwakukho impumelelo embalwa, nangona kwinqanaba le-astronomer yaseNdiya lalisungula ukuba iiplanethi zijikeleze ngeenxa zonke zazo.

Ukuqwalaselwa kweenkwenkwezi kunye neeplanethi zazibandakanya ii-Incas, iMaya, iCeltic druids, amaGrike asendulo. Ezi zilandelayo zazaliswa kunye neengcamango ezichanekileyo kunye neengcamango. Ngokomzekelo, iNdlu yoMhlaba yayikude neNkanyezi yaseNyakatho, kwaye ekuseni nakusihlwa iVenus yayibhekwa njengeenkwenkwezi ezahlukeneyo. Nangona ezinye zazichanekile, umzekelo, uAristarko waseSamos wayekholelwa ukuba ilanga likhulu kunomhlaba, kwaye wayekholelwa kwi-heliocentrism. U-Eratosthenes walinganisa umjikelezo womhlaba kunye nokuthambekela kwe-ecliptic kwi-equator.

I-Copernican Revolution

U-Nikolai Copernicus unye-astronomere obhekwa njengomnye woovulindlela kwi- revolution yesayense. Ngaphambi kwalo, kwiMinyaka Ephakathi, izazi zeenkwenkwezi zihlaziye ngokugqithiseleyo ukuqwalaselwa kwenkqubo yePtolemy yemvelo eyenziwa yicawa kunye noluntu. Nangona abanye abantu, njengoNikolai Kuzansky okanye uGeorg Purbach, nangona kunjalo babeka phambili ukucinga kunye nokubala, ukuqiqa kwezesayensi kwakungekho nto.

Ngomsebenzi "Ekujikelezeni kwimihlaba yasezulwini," eyapapashwa ngo-1543, iCopernicus inikeza imodeli ye-heliocentric. Ngokwale ndlela, ilanga yinkwenkwezi, apho umhlaba kunye namanye amaplanethi ahamba khona. Le ngcamango yayixhaswe nakwiiGrisi zakudala, kodwa zonke ezo zinto zazicingelwa kuphela.

UCopernicus emsebenzini wakhe wanikeza iingcamango ezicacileyo kunye nezigqibo ezifanelekileyo. Ingcamango yakhe yaqhutyelwa ukuphuhliswa ngabaninzi beenkwenkwezi ezinzulu, njengoGiordano Bruno, uGalileo Galilei, uKepler, uNewton. Azikho zonke iingcamango zakhe. Ngaloo ndlela, uCopernicus wayekholelwa ukuba iiplanethi zeeplanethi zisesyhula, i-Universe igcinwe kwisistim somhlaba, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe uguqule umbono wokuqala wesayensi wehlabathi.

Galileo Galilei

Igalelo elixabisekileyo kwizesayensi yeenkwenkwezi yenziwa nguGalileo Galilei - isazi seenkwenkwezi saseTaliyane, isazi-mzimba, isazi sezemathematika nefilosofi. Enye yezona zidumileyo kwiimpawu zakhe zentsebenzo yendalo ye-telescope. Inzululwazi yenze isixhobo sokuqala se-optical nge-lens ukugcina isibhakabhaka.

Ngombulelo kwi-telescope, i-physicist-astronometer yazimisela ukuba umphezulu wenyanga ayithethi, njengoko bekucingwe ngaphambili. Wafumanisa ukuba kukho amabala elanga, amafu eMilky Way ayenenkwenkwezi ezininzi, kwaye amaplanethi amaninzi ajikeleza ngeJupiter.

UGalileo wayengumsekeli okhuselekileyo weengcamango zikaCopernicus. Wayeqinisekile ukuba uMhlaba awujikelezi nje ngeenxa zonke kwelanga, kodwa kwakhona ujikeleze i-axis yayo, ebangela ukuba uguqulwe kunye nolwandle. Esi sizathu sokuba umzabalazo olude kunye necawa.

I-telescope yafunyaniswa iphosakele, kwaye iingcinga ezihlambalazayo zazingalunganga. Ngaphambi kweeNkundla zoKhuselo, uGalileo wacinyanzeliswa ukuba alahlekise iingxabano zakhe. Uthiwa inqaku elidumileyo, ekuthiwa wathi kamva: "Kodwa ke liza!"

Johannes Kepler

I-astronomer uJohnnes Kepler inkholelwa ukuba i-astronomy iyimpendulo kwimigqomo yokuxhamla ngokufihlakeleyo phakathi kwezulu kunye nomntu. Wasebenzisa ulwazi lwakhe ukuqikelela iimeko zezulu kunye nezivuno. Kwakhona waxhasa iingcamango zeCopernicus, ngenxa yokuba wayekwazi ukuqhubela phambili nakwiimpumelelo zenzululwazi.

U-Kepler wakwazi ukuchazela ukuhamba okungafaniyo kweeplanethi, ngokusekelwe kwimithetho emithathu awayifumanayo. Wazisa ingcamango yeengcingo, ukuma kwayo kwachazwa njenge-ellipse. Inzululwazi nayo ifumana ukulingana okusivumela ukuba sibone isikhundla sezitho zulwini.

Zonke iimbono zesayensi ze-Kepler zazidibaniswe neengcamango. Njengabantu basePythagore, wayenombono wokuthi kwakukho ukuvumelanisa okukhethekileyo kwisigxina sezimba zendalo kunye nokuzama ukufumana inani lalo linani. Eyona nto ithetha ngokufihlakeleyo, uye wanciphisa iimpumelelo zakhe zenzululwazi, ekugqibeleni zazichanileyo.