Iingozi zeTechnogenic: umxholo, udidi, imizekelo. Izizathu zeengozi ezenziwe ngabantu kunye neentlekele. Ukhuseleko lomntu kwiingozi ze-anthropogenic

Kuphina nawaphi umgangatho woluntu uphuhliso, luhlala luhlala luhlangene kunye nolungqongileyo. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, impucuko yethu iyazi ngakumbi ngokutshintsha kwiplanethi, eqaliswe yedwa. Okuyingozi kakhulu ukuphazamiseka koluntu kwindalo, engaphethekiyo kwaye eyoyiyo iimpendulo zayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukusingqongileyo akusoloko kwindlela yokubeka ityala: izingozi ze-technogen kwi-70% yeziganeko zivela ngephutha lomntu ngokwakhe.

Unyaka ngamnye inani leziganeko ezinjalo likhula kuphela, iimeko ezifanayo zenzeke, ngokudabukisayo, phantse yonke imihla. Iingcali zenzululwazi zifaka ubungqina bokuba kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo ukuphindaphinda kwazo kuye kwanda kabini. Ngelishwa, emva kwazo zonke ezi zibalo ziyiqiniso elibuhlungu: izingozi ze-technogen azikho nje iindleko ezinkulu zokuphelisa imiphumo yabo, kodwa kunye nokuphila okukhubazekile kunye nabantu abafa okanye bahlala bekhubazekile.

Ulwazi oluyisiseko

Ngendlela, yintoni ekuthethwa ngayo ngeli gama? Yonke into ilula: imililo, ukuphazamiseka komoya, izingozi zeemoto, ezinye izenzakalo ezenzeka ngephutha lomntu. Ngakumbi impucuko yethu isekelwe kwiindlela zobugcisa zolawulo, iingozi zetekgeni zenzeka rhoqo. Oku, alas, yi-axiom.

Izigaba zokufunda

Zonke iziganeko kwihlabathi azenzeki "nakanjani" kwaye kungekudala. Nangona ukuqhuma kwe-volcanic kulandelwa kwisigaba esithile sokuqokelela kwe-magma ecikiweyo. Ngaloo meko kwakhona: iintlekele zendalo ye-anthropogenic ziqala ngokunyuka kwinani leenguqu ezimbi okanye kwiziko elithile. Naliphi na inhlekelele (nangona i-anthropogenic) eyenzeka ngaphantsi kwefuthe lokunikezelwa kwemisebenzi, izinto eziwonakalisayo kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo. Iingcali zezobuchwephesha zihlukanisa izigaba ezinhlanu zophuhliso lophuhliso:

• Ukuqokelelwa kweprayimari yeprayimari.
• Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo (ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, ukungasebenzi komsebenzi, ukunganaki).
• Ngengozi ngqo.
• Iimiphumo zeziphumo, ezinokude zide.
• Amanyathelo okuphelisa ingozi.

Ekubeni sicinga ngeengozi ze-anthropogenic, siza kuhlalutya izizathu eziphambili kunye nezinto ezinokuthi:

• Ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nobunzima obunzima bokuvelisa inkqubo.
• Ekuqaleni wenza iimpazamo ekwakhiweni nasekuveliseni.
• Ukugqithwa kwezixhobo, iindlela zokuphelisa ezingapheliyo.
• Iimpazamo okanye ukulimala ngamabomu kubasebenzi benkonzo, izenzo zobugandlo.
• Ukungaboni kakuhle ngezenzo ezidibeneyo zeengcali ezahlukeneyo.

Ezi zezizathu ezibalulekileyo zengozi ezenziwe ngabantu. Kumele kuthiwa kwimizuzu eyi-100-150 eyadlulayo kwakukho ezimbalwa kwiintlobo zazo: iinqanawa eziphahlakeleyo, ingozi kwindustri, njl. Ngamhla, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemveliso kunye nezobugcisa zifana nokuba kubekho isahluko esahlukileyo sengozi ezenziwe ngabantu. Siza kudibanisa.

Iingozi zezothutho

Leli gama lomcimbi ogqithisileyo obandakanya izithuthi, ezibangelwa yimingcipheko yobuchwepheshe okanye iimpembelelo zangaphandle, ezonakalisa ukulimala kwipropati, eyabangela umonakalo omkhulu, abantu babulawa okanye balimala. Ukuze siqonde kangcono isixa solu hlobo lweziganeko, sinika imizekelo embalwa:

• 1977, kwisikhululo seLos Rodeos (iIranary Islands). Ingozi eyingozi, xa ezimbini "i-Boeing-747" zidibene ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yesiphumo, abantu abangama-583 babulawa. Kuba namhlanje ngumngcipheko omkhulu kunazo zonke kwimbali yazo zonke iinkalo zomphakathi.
• Ngowe-1985, iJapan 123 "ye-Boeing-747" yendiza ye-JAL 123 yatshatyalaliswa entabeni ngenxa yecala lokuhamba. Le nhlekelele yabetha ubomi be-520 abantu. Kuze kube namhlanje, kuthathwa njengengozi enkulu yeenqwelo zomlilo.
• NgoSeptemba 2001, eUnited States. Ukungqubuzana ngokuphawulekayo kweenqwelo zezixhobo kunye neendonga ze-World Trade Centre. Inani elililo lokufa alikaziwa.

Ngaloo ndlela, ukufa kwabantu kubona yinto eyingozi kakhulu eyenziwa yizingozi ezibangelwa ngumntu. Imizekelo yeentlekele ezifanayo zikhoyo kwi-USSR:

• NgoNovemba 16, 1967 ekuhambeni kweYekaterinburg (ngoko yiSverdlovsk), i-Il-18 yaphahlazeka. Bonke abantu abayi-130 ababeye ngelo xesha babulawa.
• Ngo-Meyi 18, 1972 kwisikhumulo sezindiza saseKharkov yaphazamisa i-An-10, idibanisa xa ifika. Abantu abangama-122 bafa. Kamva kwavela ukuba imbangela yenkathazo enjalo engaqondakali yajika yaba yintsilelo eyakhayo yomatshini ngokwawo. Iinqwelo ezininzi zolu hlobo alusebenzi.

Kwaye makhe sixoxe malunga neengozi ezenziwe ngumntu kunye neentlekele ezingasongela wonke umntu: emva koko, ithuba lokufa ngokuphazamiseka kwendiza lincinci kakhulu, onokuthi ungayisho, umzekelo, ngomlilo.

Imililo kunye nokuqhuma

Le ngenye yeentlekele eziqhelekileyo zendalo kunye nezobuchwephesha kwihlabathi, ukususela kumaxesha okuqala ukuya kwangoku. Benza umonakalo omkhulu wempahla, umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo, abaninzi abantu bayafa. Abasindileyo bafumana uxinzelelo lweengqondo, abahlala bengakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo ngokuzimeleyo, ekubeni uncedo lwe-psychologist ofanelekileyo.

Ngethuba ludlulileyo kutshatyalaliswa njani iingozi ze-anthropogenic? Iimzekelo ezisuka kutshanje:

• NgoJuni 3, 1989 - isiganeko esibi kwimbali yelizwe lethu: kungekude nedolophu yaseAsha, isitokisini esithintekayo seetriki ezimbini zabathwala abantu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuvuza kwegesi kwipayipi yegesi. Abantu abangama-575 bafa, phakathi kwabo babantwana abayi-181. Izizathu ezibalulekileyo zezinto ezenzekile kude kube ngokucacileyo.
• Ngowe-1999, umjelo waseMont Blanc. Inqwelo yomgibeli ithatha umlilo. Umlilo wawukude kakhulu kangangokuthi kwakunokwenzeka ukuwucima emva kweentsuku ezimbini. Abantu abangu-39 bafa. Iinkampani ezilawula inkonzo yelinki nazo zinetyala, kunye nomqhubi oshonile weloli.

Ziziphi ezinye izingozi ze technogic? Imizekelo, ngelanga, ininzi.

Izingozi kunye nokukhululwa (okanye usongelo) lweentyatyambo ezinamandla

Kule meko, inani elikhulu lezinto zishiywa ngaphandle kwimeko yangaphandle, ekusebenzeni kwabo kwizinto eziphilayo zilingana neentlongo ezinamandla. Uninzi lwale mihlanganisi alunayo kuphela iqondo eliphezulu lobutyhefu, kodwa lukhulu kakhulu, ungene ngokukhawuleza emoyeni xa umjikelezo wokuvelisa uphazamiseka. Iingozi kunye neentlekele ezifana nezobuchwephesha zinzima kakhulu, njengokuba zihlala zifa abantu abaninzi, nangaphezulu - bahlala bekhubazekile, banabantwana abaneempawu ezibi kunye nokukhubazeka okubi kakhulu.

Esinye sezibonelo ezimbi kunazo zonke zenzekile, kwangoko kwenzeka kwisebe le-American "Union Carbide". Ukususela ngoko, idolophu yaseNdiya yaseBhopal ibhekwa ngokufanelekileyo njengegama elifanayo kwisihogo emhlabeni. Intlekele yenzeka ngo-1984: ngenxa yokunganaki okungekho nto kubasebenzi benkonzo, amawaka eetoni ze-methylisocyanate, ityhefu eqinileyo, yangena emoyeni. Konke kwenzeka ngexesha labafileyo ebusuku. Ngezidumbu zonke izithambiso kunye nezitrato zazizaliswe izidumbu: inetyhefu yatshisa imiphunga, kwaye abantu, bexhalabile ngentlungu, bazama ukuphuma emoyeni.

Ulawulo lwe-American lusetsho ukuthi ngaloo xesha abantu abayi-2 500 bafa, kodwa ukuxinwa kwabantu kweso sixeko kwakukho ke, mhlawumbi kungaphantsi kwamawaka angama-20 abafa. Abanye abantu abangamawaka angama-70 bakhubazekile. Kule ndawo kwaye nanamhla abantwana bazalwa benokukhubazeka kakhulu. Ziziphi izingozi ze-technogen ziyakwazi ukuncintisana nokuvuza kwamanzi?

Iintlekele ngokukhutshwa kwezinto ezinokutsha

Enye yezona zinto ziyingozi kakhulu kwiintlekele zemvelaphi ye-technogen. I-radiation ayiyikubulala kuphela izinto eziphilayo, kodwa ivuselela ukwanda okwenyuka kwintsholongwane kunye nokuguqulwa kwesilwanyana: izilwanyana kunye nabantu ababethelelwe yimisebe ngokuqinisekileyo bayasweleka, bahlakulela ezininzi iintsholongwane zomhlaza, kunye nabantwana babo, nokuba bazalwa, kaninzi Ichaphazelekayo ngenxa yeziphene. Iziganeko zokuqala zezobuchwephesha kunye neentlekele zolu hlobo zaqala ukuqala ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya kunye neer reactors ezivelisa i-uranium kunye ne-plutonium.

Kungekudala, wonke umntu wayelandela iziganeko kwisixeko saseJapan saseFukushima: esi sikhululo, ukugweba oko kwenzekayo ngoku, kuya kutyhafa iPacific kunye namanzi asebenze ngamanzi amaninzi kwiminyaka emininzi. Ukuphelisa iziphumo zamaJapan akunakwenzeka, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba ziya kuphumelela, ekubeni i- nyukliya yamanzi yenziwe ifikelele kumhlaba wonxweme. Ukuba sichaza iingozi "ezenziwayo" ezenziwe ngumntu eRashiya kunye neyaseYurophu yangaphambili, ngokukhawuleza ufike kwiingcinga ezimbini: IChernobyl kunye neMeak idibanisa kwingingqi yaseChelyabinsk. Kwaye ukuba phantse wonke umntu uyazi malunga nesityalo samandla enyukliya saseChernobyl, ingozi e-"Mayak" yaziwa ngabambalwa. Kwathi ngo-1957.

Kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili, ngowe-1947, ekugqibeleni kwacaca ukuba ilizwe lifuna ngokukhawuleza inani elininzi le-aranium-235. Ukujongana nalo mbandela, ibhizinisi elikhulu ekuveliseni izixhobo zezixhobo zenyukliya lwakhiwe kwisixeko esivaliweyo saseOzersk. Kwinkqubo, inkunkuma enkulu yasungulwa. Badibanisa "kwiibhanki" ezikhethekileyo ezisemagqabeni anqunywe kwidwala. Baye baqhaqha ngokusebenzisa i-coil yensimbi. Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1956, esinye sezibhabhu sasibe siphumelele, amandla okupholisa ayeka. Ngomnyaka kamva, umthamo wenkunkuma echanekileyo yafikelela kwisixininiso esibucayi kwaye konke kwaqhuma ...

Omnye umzekelo

Kodwa akusoloko iyingcamango yengozi ye-anthropogenic ithetha ukuqhuma, imililo kunye / okanye ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula. Umzekelo omhle yi-American medical (!) I-Therac-25 yeDrug, eya kwimveliso emininzi ngo-1982. Ekuqaleni, yayiyinkolelo yoogqirha baseMerika: iindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-radiotherapy zenziwa kuphela ngokubala kweekhompyutheni! Kodwa kamva kwangoko kwacaca ukuba "iyeza" lisebenza ngokusasazwayo, akukho nto ichanekileyo malunga nenani lala maxhoba. Xa sicinga ukuba wasuswa kwimveliso kuphela emva konyaka, inani labaxhoba linomdla kakhulu ...

Kwiimeko zombini zikhankanywe apha ngasentla, izizathu zengozi ezenziwe ngumntu zichithwa ngokungafaniyo - ukuchithwa okungafaniyo ekuqulunqweni kokuqala. Ngexesha lokudalwa kwe "Lighthouse", abantu babengazi ukuba izinto eziqhelekileyo zonakaliswe kwijubane elimangalisayo kwiimeko eziphezulu zemisebe ye-radiation, kwaye ama-America ayethembele kwiinkcukacha zobungcali kunye nokukrakra kweentloko zeenkampani zoshishino.

Ukukhutshwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziyingozi

Eli gama lisoloko liqondwa njengokungena kwimeko yangaphandle yezixhobo ze- biological: ukulwa nezifo zesibetho, i-kolera, i-chickpox, njl. Kuyacaca ukuba amagunya anqweneli ukusasaza iziganeko ezinjalo emhlabeni wonke. Ngaba kukho naziphi iingozi ze-technogen eRashiya? Kunzima ukuthetha. Kodwa e-USSR kwakukho kanye. Kwathi ngo-Apreli 1979 eSverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Emva koko abantu abaninzi babulala nge-anthrax, kwaye ubunzima be-pathogen beyinto engavamile kwaye abuhambisani nendalo.

Kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini zesiganeko: ukuphazamiseka ngengozi kwinqanaba lophando lenkcazo kunye nesenzo sokudibanisa. Ngokuchasene noluvo lwe "spy mania" phakathi kobukhokeli beSoviet, ingqungquthela yesibini inelungelo lobomi: iingcali ziye zaphawula ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba iziqhumane zifihla indawo yokuthi "ukuqubuka" kungenalo. Oku kubonisa ukuba kukho imithombo emininzi yokuvuza. Ngaphezu koko, kwi "epicenter" ngokwayo, kufuphi neziko lophando olubi, inani lamatyala lincinci. Inxalenye ephambili yamaxhoba yayihlala ngakumbi. Naphezulu. Isikhululo somsakazo se-Voice of America sichaze ngesiganeko kusasa ngo-Ephreli 5. Ngeli xesha, kuphela amacala amabini aqoshiwe, kwaye aphantsi koxilongo "lwe-pneumonia".

Ukuwa ngokukhawuleza kwezakhiwo

Njengomthetho, izizathu zengozi ezenziwe ngumntu kunye neentlekele zolu hlobo ziphulaphulwa ngokubanzi kwindlela yokuyila kunye nokulungiswa. Isiqalo sokuqala ngumsebenzi wezixhobo ezinzima, izimo zeemeteorological ezingalunganga, njl njl. Ukungcoliseka kwemvelo kuyinto encinci, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ingozi ihamba kunye nokufa kwenani elikhulu labantu.

Umzekelo omhle nguTransvaal Park. Le ngxaki yokuzonwabisa eziseMoscow, ophahla lwayo uphahla ngoFebruwari 14, 2004. Kwisakhiwo kuloo mzuzu kwakukho ubuncinane abantu abangama-400, kwaye ubuncinane i-1/3 kubo babengabantwana abaza nabazali babo kwisibini sabantwana. Abantu abangama-28 bafa, abantwana abasibhozo. Inani labantu abalimele - 51 abantu, ubuncinane abantwana abangama-20. Ekuqaleni, inguqu yesenzo sogorhulumente yayicingelwa, kodwa yonke into yaba yimbi kakhulu: umyili wezakhiwo wayilondolozwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ekwakhiweni, ngenxa yoko izakhiwo ezixhasayo zazinokukhenketha kunokwesekwa kwephahla lwangempela. Ngaphantsi kwemithwalo encinane yekhephu, yawa phezu kweentloko zabantu eholide.

Ukuwa kweenkqubo zamandla

Ezi ziganeko zinokulwa ngokwahlulo ezimbini:

• Izingozi kwizityalo zamandla, ezihamba kunye nokuphazamiseka kwexesha elide kumbane.
• Izingozi kwizixhobo zokubonelela ngamandla, ngenxa yokokuba abathengi baphinde banqatshelwe umbane okanye ezinye izibonelelo zamandla.

Ngokomzekelo, ngoMeyi 25, 2005 eMoscow kwawa ukubola okunjalo, ngenxa yoko ngaphandle kombane kwakungekho kuphela iindawo ezininzi zemimandla enkulu, kodwa kunye neendawo ezininzi ezikufutshane neMoscow, kunye nezinye iindawo ezikufutshane naseKaluga naseRyazan. Abantu abaliqela bavaliwe ixesha elithile kwiitrosi zedolophu, oogqirha abaninzi babeqhuba imisebenzi ejongene nokuziphatha ngokukhanya kwezibane.

Yintoni enokuyenza xa uhlala kwintlekele yentlekele ye-anthropogenic

Kwaye ngoku siya kuqwalasela ukhuseleko lomntu kwiingozi ze-anthropogenic. Ngokuchanekileyo, amanyathelo okulondoloza. Kuthekani ukuba uhlala kwindawo engafanelekanga ngexesha elingafanelekanga? Okokuqala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-banal ityandile, zama ukusaxhala, kuba abantu baseburhulumenteni bafa kuqala kuqala. Ukuba ufunde iimvakalelo, kufuneka uzame okanye uphume kwindawo ekhuselekileyo okanye ngaphantsi, okanye wenze indlela yakho ekuphumeni kokuphuthuma (xa kwenzeka ngomlilo, umzekelo). Gwema ukuphuza umoya ogcwele uthuli lwamaqhekeza, i-gesi okanye umsi. Ngenxa yale nto kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ii-cotton-gauze zokugqoka okanye ukukhawuleza iingubo ezingenasidingo, uzincwina ngamanzi uphefumle ngezi ziqwenga zenyama. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukugqoka okungenakwenziwa kwe-impromptu kwenziwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo!

Ungazami ukuzibonakalisa njengeqhawe, ushiya i-epicenter yenhlekelele: kufuneka usebenzisane namanye amaxhoba kwaye ulinde indlela yamaqela okuhlangula. Xa kwenzeka ukuba izingozi zenzeke ngexesha lokubanda, kufuneka uzame ukugcina amandla ngokuqokelela konke ukutya kunye nezixhobo ezifudumeleyo. Ukuba uhlala kwindawo evulekile, bhala ingqalelo kubahlanguli, ukukhanyisa isibonakaliso se-bonfires okanye ukusebenzisa i-rocket launchers (ukuba kukho).