Howard Carter: engobomi, iifoto, iminikelo ukufunda imbali. Howard Carter kunye Engcwabeni of Tutankhamun

Nangona kukuba ukususela kwimini xa Howard Carter wafumana kwingcwaba Tutankhamun, liye phantse ikhulu leminyaka, hayi unyamalele umdla yokuvulwa zakudala yaseBritani. Oku kungqinwa umgcelele ezingapheliyo kwi avuleke emangcwabeni eziziingangamsha, hlale yaqhutywa kwiimyuziyam ezinkulu ehlabathini lonke. Oku akumangalisi, kuba sithetha ukufunyanwa kakhulu yonke, owakha wenza eYiputa.

Howard Carter, biography of Scientist elizayo

Ngowe-1874, kwintsapho enkulu eyaziwa ngexesha le IsiNgesi silwanyana ngumzobi uSamuweli Carter, owayehlala e Norfolk, unyana, othe wanikwa igama Howard. Xa Wakhula umntwana, utata wam wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze amnike imfundo ekhaya, into leyo eyenza ukuba indawo ofaneleyo eluntwini. Ukufumana nyana wam isipho ngenxa umzobo, uSamuweli wazama ukubethelela izakhono kule art.

Ngenxa zonxibelelwano kayise ehlabathini lwezenzululwazi, elinesixhenxe Howard Carter kuqala wathabatha inxaxheba uhambo zakudala eYiputa phantsi kwephiko phambili isazi Flinders Petrie elo xesha. Kwaye baphathiswa noxanduva ngumzobi, okwenza ukuba umfana iza wawumdibanisa izinto wamaxesha adlulileyo, ukuze izinto ingqiqo echulumancisayo amazwe. Olu hambo isikolo ogqithisileyo ngobuhle, nangenxa zakudala kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqala umsebenzi yenzululwazi

Ukususela ngoko, ubomi Carter kaThixo ezinikele ngokupheleleyo ekufundweni zakudala, efihliweyo kwentlabathi Valley umNayile. Kwiminyaka emibini emva bt yakhe kwiphulo yenzululwazi Petri uba nxaxheba kwenye iprojekthi enkulu yenziwe yi seSiseko of zakudala zaseYiputa. Olu phando lwaqhutywa kwi masimu lenkumbulo itempile Queen Hatshepsut, entshona uAmoni. Yaba abo bazisa sisazinzulu uzuko entsha yokuqala.

Udumo, bathenga ngawo ekuhlaleni lwezenzululwazi, makhe Carter ngo-1899 ukuya ukuthatha indawo kakhulu ehlonelwayo eluntwini, ukuba umhloli jikelele umYiputa yeSebe of Antiquities. Eli xesha uthotho ezifunyaniswe ngaye, phakathi apho elaziwa kakhulu zingabizwa kwingcwaba Saint-NEF in Qurna.

Loo post eziphakamileyo kubanjwa de 1905, xa kwanyanzeleka ukuba ehle - njengako kuguqulelo elinye ngenxa ukungavisisani elinye lamalungu inelona futhe likhulu eendaba, kwelinye icala, emva adumileyo wayival 'umlomo le nkampani ka waseFrance onxilileyo abaye lahlela uqhushululu kummandla elinye kwimbali izakhiwo. Kokuphazamiseka imisebenzi yabo yolawulo, zakudala Howard Carter zange ayeke uphando lobunzululwazi kwaye inxaxheba ukupeyinta.

Ukuqala ngentsebenziswano neNkosi Carnarvon

Lo, 1906, isiganeko omtsha kwenzeka ukuba kuya becala kugqiba bayahlelwa Carter kunye kwangaphambili ukufunyanwa ezibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe. Kwintlanganiso yoluntu yenzululwazi British Howard thaca engahlawulwayo zakudala kunye zakudala nombuthi Nkosi Carnarvon, owaba iminyaka emininzi umhlobo wakhe nokuxhaswa.

imvume esemthethweni kumbiwa abahlobo abatsha bafumana kuphela ngo-1919, xa ixesha nesibonelelo umvelisi owayesakuba zophando lwezenzululwazi kummandla T. Davis. Ngeli xesha kwiNtlambo ezinyulu kwafuneka ukuba bembe izizukulwana ezininzi zakudala, yaye bakholelwa ukuba oovimba bayo ukhathele. Noko ke, abagxeki iingxoxo zange ukukholisa Carter. Ufundo lubonise intlambo ukuba kusafuneka iindawo ezaneleyo engayi zizazinzulu. Ezi ikakhulu kwiindawo legqunyiwe ngomaleko yimiwewe eshiyeke kwimingxuma zangaphambili.

yeengcinga Scientific Carter

Ukuthelekisa iziphumo mummies zangaphambili wafumanisa entilini weentombi ezinyulu, ulwazi kwiindawo kunokwenzeka zokungcwaba apha, nto leyo iqhele izazinzulu, Howard Carter weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umhlaba nangoku Mama enye, eyay kunye, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukuba nomdla omkhulu zesayensi. Njengomntu ngeenkwenkwezi, phambi kweteleskopu ukuze ufumane inkwenkwezi entsha, kwakubekwe kwiphepha ibonisa ubukho bayo, yaye Carter, ngokusekelwe kulwazi efunde ngaphambili ufikile bakholelwa ekubeni ukhona wengcwaba uxhalabile apha. Ngamafutshane, phambi kokuba ekufumaneni kwingcwaba Tutankhamun, Carter Ndiyaqonda.

Noko ke, loo ngxabano, nokuba esemqoka, yajika yaba iziphumo zokwenyani etheni, ukuba wenze umsebenzi omkhulu, kunye nayo ubukhulu becala bakhonza Carter. Iqabane yakhe mda kweliso jikelele kwimingxuma oluqhubekayo kunye nokuxhaswa ngemali kubo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ahlawule irhafu kuye - ngaphandle imali yakhe, njengoko kungekho amandla Carter, ihlabathi ixesha elide ukuba kukade ubuncwane Tutankhamun.

qala umkhuba

Wongezelela ubuxhakaxhaka zezenzululwazi, yaye kungekudala waqalisa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukwembiwa kweli xesha, nangona wenziwe, kodwa maxa wambi kwaye kumathuba elide. Njengoko umntu noxanduva emkhosini, Carter ayikwazanga akanikeli lonke ixesha lakhe walichitha umsebenzi yakhe ayithandayo. Uninzi uphazamiseko kwi edalwe bazimisela abaphangi engcwabeni kule minyaka imfazwe. Ukusebenzisa into yokuba ngenxa yezenzo zomkhosi buthathaka ulawulo karhulumente phezu ukulondolozwa ezikhumbuzo amandulo, unceremoniously yasingatha kubo, engozini ubomi kunye nokhuseleko abaphandi.

Kuphela ngo-1917 kuba wakwazi ukuqalisa ukucoca ezantsi entilini umthinjana esicwangciswe inkunkuma leyo ababeyiqwebile apho kangangeenkulungwane ixesha. Kuba yokwemba ekhethiweyo, limited a amangcwaba ezintathu: kaRamses II, Ramesses VI kunye Mernept. Kule minyaka mine izayo yomsebenzi, salwenza kunye eninzi uxinezeleko yaye wathabatha amawaka amaninzi iiponti, hayi kuyibonakalisile kusini na iziphumo ezibambekayo.

Umzamo wokugqibela

Ukwehluleka ukuba bazibambe abembi kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ikhokelwa ngu-Nkosi Carnarvon lithemba. Ukumema iqabane ehlotyeni ka-1922 kwilifa intsapho yakhe, yena wabhengeza injongo yakhe ndiwufeze umsebenzi wakhe, hayi sulivshie, njengoko sibonile, nto kodwa iindleko. ngokuqiniseka eshushu kuphela Carter unako ukusindisa ukusuka Carnarvon isenzo bubugwala ibohlwaye ukuba ukwandisa umnyinyiva enye ngexesha.

Ekupheleni kuka-Oktobha 1922 Govard Karter (ifoto kwexesha thaca kwi ekuqaleni kweli nqaku) waqhubeka nomsebenzi. Ukuze ngokupheleleyo ekucoceni emazantsi Valley weentombi ezinyulu, kwafuneka ukuba asuse iintsalela kooronta zabasebenzi abasebenza apha kumaxesha amandulo ukwakhiwa engcwabeni kaRamses VI. neziseko zazo zaba eyenziwe ngesanti phezu kwintsimi enkulu. Lo msebenzi lwathabatha iintsuku eziliqela, kodwa kwakuba kugqityiwe amanyathelo ilitye, isiza enye izakhiwo baye bafumanisa ukuba uye nzulu emhlabeni, yaye, kuyabonakala ukuba, wayengazange wavusa ukumba.

izinyuko angaqondakali

Yonke into ikhomba ukuba yokuba nazo umnyango kwezinye ukungcwatywa ngaphambili ayaziwa. Kwakulindelwe baqhubeka ithamsanqa ukusebenza unamandla ahlaziyiweyo. Kungekudala, msulwa inxalenye ephezulu yonke ezinyukweni kanye, abembi wajamelana yokungena etywiniweyo ukuya engcwabeni. Carter wabona ukuba isango ngokucacileyo ukutyabeka ebonakalayo naluphi na ushicilelo elikroliweyo, ebonisa oothixo yabaqholiweyo ngohlobo yeempungutye, nabathinjwa wababopha, nto leyo uphawu kumangcwaba ookumkani.

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba kwiminyaka edlulileyo, Carter wayesondele kabini emnyango eliyimfihlakalo, kodwa zombini amaxesha ephosiweyo ithuba lakhe. Kuba okokuqala Kwathi, xa waqamba hambo T. Davis olwenziwe kumbiwa apha, yaye akazange afune sukuphazamisana iintsalela kwizindlwana ilitye, wayalela ukuba ukutshintshela umsebenzi kwenye indawo. Ixesha elizayo Kwathi, xa kwiminyaka emihlanu edlulileyo kanye Carter akazange afune nakubathwala, njengoko yayiya amathuba kubakhenkethi zifotwe kwezi kumanxuwa sithi ndijonge.

Uvuyo lokuqala lokufumanisa

Ezibanjiswa emnyango ongaqondakaliyo kunye amatywina bubuhle, Carter waqhekeza umngxuma omncinane waza wabeka isibane yakhe ngaphakathi, ndiqinisekile ukuba sicatshulwa yazala eminyaka ubudala inwebu livithi nobutyobo. Oku kwaba ukuba akukho baye bakwazi ukutyelela abaphangi, mhlawumbi ingcwaba kuvela phambi kwabo kwimo yabo yokuqala.

Nangona zonke iimvakalelo enzonzobila - uvuyo ukufunyanwa, awunamonde ukufumana ngaphakathi, kwaye nemvo kwafunyaniswa zobuhlobo - Carter wenza njengoko kufunwa kuyo kwimfundo lokwenene wayelinene IsiNgesi. Njengoko neqabane lakhe, Nkosi Carnarvon ngelo xesha eNgilani, Howard Carter akabanga nabuganga ukungena kungena engcwabeni ngaphandle lowo ngemali yonke le minyaka umsebenzi. Wayalela kwakhona balizalise emnyango wengcwaba, kunye iNgilani wathuma ucingo ongxamisekileyo, eyayisazisa umhlobo wakhe malunga ukufunyanwa elide ilindelwe.

Ilinde iNkosi Carnarvon

Le rumor malunga kuvulwe yokungcwaba ezazingaziwa ngokukhawuleza, wakubetha ngeenxa wanika kubekho ingxaki phambi kokufika uYehova ekhohlo ukujamelana ngokwakhe Govard Karter. Ingcwaba - indawo apho kukho kuphela Mama, kodwa uyazixabisa egqitshiwe naye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi amaxabiso abe oko ithiyelwe ngako ngenxa abaphangi, ekwaziyo lilifa enze naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoko ke, inkoliso babazi kwavela umbuzo ukukhusela ngayo izinto ezixabisekileyo yaye ngokwabo ukusuka undwendwe okungafunekiyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le ngezinyuko ekhokelela emnyango, hayi kuphela zizaliswe, kodwa wazaliseka inkunkuma phezulu enzima, yaye ecaleni izakubeka ukhuselo kwewotshi.

Ekugqibeleni ngoNovemba 23 afika, Nkosi Carnarvon, yaye phambi kwakhe, lo ngezinyuko kwakhona wakhululwa evela moto. kweentsuku ezimbini kamva, xa ziye zagqitywa onke amalungiselelo, namaphephandaba, lowo abesemnyango wendlu, eboniswe futhi izithombe, baqalisa sichitha ukungena etywiniweyo engcwabeni. Kweli nqanaba, kwaye kwacaca ukuba kukho into eyenzekileyo, oko iminyaka waphupha Howard Carter - kwingcwaba Tutankhamun waba phambi kwakhe. Oku kungqinwa umbhalo omnye izitampu.

Umnyango wesibini Howard Carter wafumanisa

Tutankhamun amaphupha kwaba ngokoqobo. Phambi kuye, Kwakukho izinyuko nje ezimbalwa. Xa yimiqobo endleleni yabo iye isusiwe, ekukhanyeni enezikhanyiso, abaphandi wabona kophahla, inyoba emxinwa, nayo onezinto livithi zikhokelela ngqo kwigumbi yokungcwaba. Arabhu baqesha ukwenza zamaqula, yamkhulula, bezise lomhlaba iibhaskithi eziethe. Ekugqibeleni kwafika ingongoma eyintloko. Ngentsasa ka November 26, abembi ayemi phambi komnyango yesibini, nayo ukonga ngokwabo yoshicilelo wamandulo Tutankhamun.

Xa ibhaskiti yokugqibela yimiwewe yakhutshwa, Carter sele yenziwe kwinxalenye engentla lokuvula ucango, elathi kuye akathi kwi probe. Uphicotho wabonisa ukuba isithuba emva kocango ukhululekile ngokupheleleyo. Ukusebenzisa itotshi, Carter wakhangela ngaphakathi. Oko uElisha wakubonayo oko zangaphaya kobesikulindele. Phambi kokuba wavula igumbi, ngathi kwiholo imyuziyam. Yena wazaliswa izinto ezininzi ezimangalisayo, uninzi lwazo izazinzulu babona ukuba okwesihlandlo sokuqala.

ebuncwaneni of Tutankhamun

Kuqala kwinto zonke, kwi izibuko iliso zakudala indulumbane ibhedi ezintathu zegolide enkulu, elibomvu dully ekukhanyeni ukukhanyisa. Emva kwabo zazibonakala abamnyama, wenza umzobo ngokupheleleyo-ubude kaFaro, ihonjiswe ngombala ngegolide. Zonke ezinye isithuba igumbi yazala zonke iintlobo nangemichako emabalabala zobuhlalu, umsebenzi ubalaseleyo zitsha lealabhasta kunye izivatho ezahlukeneyo ngegolide, namatye anqabileyo. Kule ofisi kanondyebo naswela nto enye kuphela - oko kubonakala kungeyonto sarcophagus okanye Mama, kulowo belilelakhe zonke ezi ubutyebi.

Ngosuku olulandelayo ingcwaba umbane, kwaye wazivulela ucango yesibini kunye ekukhanyeni kwakhe. Ngoku izazinzulu benze umsebenzi kakhulu kwaye onzima - zonke izinto ezisemva, zaba ukuba isithombe, eboniswe kunye nesikhundla ngokuchanekileyo eliboniswe kwisicwangciso okwelo gumbi. Kungekudala kwacaca ukuba phantsi enye iibhokisi ezimbini efihliweyo yokungena ngokufihlakeleyo kwelinye igumbi elincinane icala, kananjalo izinto ezixabisekileyo.

Ukusebenza izinto ezifumaneka engcwabeni

Yonke into Howard Carter uyaziwa, efuna processing yenzululwazi kunye systematization. Ngoko ke, emva kokuba November 29, 1922 phambi amagosa indawo esinyanisekileyo engcwabeni, ukusebenza kufunyaniswe imiboniso baye bamenywa iingcali phambili ukusuka kumaziko ezininzi ngenzululwazi zehlabathi. Xa Valley iintombi bahlanganisana kakuhle eyaziwayo zakudala, epigraphists, ekhemisi, abalondolozo, amagcisa kunye nabo bathabatha imifanekiso.

iinyanga nje ezintathu kamva, xa zonke izinto ezifunyenweyo izilumkiso ezifanelekileyo athathwa aphume engcwabeni, saqalisa uvula i wesithathu yafunyanwa kwinkqubo emnyango. Xa yenyuselwa emva kwakhe yaba kukuba kwaxelwayo Howard Carter - kwingcwaba Tutankhamun, ingakumbi, ekuphumleni kwakhe yokungcwaba.

Mama, iminyaka apho amawaka amathathu

Phantse yonke umthamo indawo ahlala ubude ityeya ihonjiswe leemitha 5,08, ububanzi 3.3 yeemitha kunye ukuphakama kuyimitha 2,75. Ngaphakathi kuyo ngathi oonodoli, omnye ngaphakathi ezinye ezinye ityeya ezincinane ezintathu. Xa abaphandi hlahlela kubo, nako kuthwalelwa phandle umntu, amehlo babo sarcophagus quartzite. Emva kokuba isiciko kususwe ngaphakathi wabona anthropoid (omile umntu figure) ebhokisini alekwe ngegolide. Isihloko sawo wabonisa kanye a Tutankhamen elele ngezandla bawela.

Ngaphakathi kuyo kwakukho ezimbini ngakumbi le bhokisi enye, ngokuchanekileyo zithelekiswe omnye komnye, ukuze ezisahlula kubo zintsonkothe kakhulu. Xa yonke imigqalisela ukuba zitsalwe, xa abokugqibela babo, ngubani wafa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwamawaka amathathu eyadlulayo, wathola lusongelweyo iingubo zelinen Ma kaFaro. ubuso bakhe wazigquma imaski ngegolide, wenza kunye nemfezeko engaqhelekanga kwaye vesivshaya neekhilogram ezisithoba.

Yintoni Howard Carter uvuma ukufunyaniswa kwimbali zakudala. Umlawuli waseYiputa, abafa eselula kunye yokuphumla kwingcwaba umphengululi bayivulele kwaoko waba into ingqalelo izigidi zabantu. Ebedume wonke kunye Howard Carter ngokwakhe. Igalelo ekufundweni kwimbali yamandulo baseYiputa, yaziswa ngabo kangangokuba kakhulu ukuba ukuba indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo yokwenza umfanekiso izithethe zomngcwabo kwexesha kuMbindi yoBukumkani.