History of the uPetros Paul Fortress eSt Petersburg

iindwendwe Rare kuwo umzi kwi Neva ukuba ukhe uye Museum of the History of St. Petersburg kwi uPetros Paul Fortress. zilikhusi Kukho igranite emkhenkceni ibali yokuzalwa eyinkunzi kumantla eRashiya, iziko apho, kwisicwangciso Petra Velikogo, yaba kwinqaba iShushan, ufuzisela amandla kunye impregnability kwamandla adalwe ngayo.

Akamsalisela - ngumqondo of Peter I

History of the uPetros Paul Fortress kuhlangene eMntla iMfazwe, leyo eRashiya Sweden baba nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba 1700-1721. Ngenxa yoko, inani imisebenzi ngempumelelo emkhosini 1703 ikwazile ukuba baphinde babe ilizwe Neva, kunye nokhuseleko efunekayo inqaba yabo ethembekileyo ezakhiwa yonke imithetho zokuzifaka apha nenzululwazi ngaloo minyaka. zokwakha yaso yonke ngakumbi kuyimfuneko ukuba inqaba endala Nienschanz, ibekwe kwi ekudibaneni Okhta kunye Neva umlambo, kuqwalaselwe ngokwaneleyo oluthembekileyo.

Ukusuka esekhona siyazi ukuba siza kuba Fort entsha uqobo wakhetha uPetros I. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, May 8, 1703, wabancina kunxweme Neva kunye Aleksandrom Danilovichem Menshikovym kunye injineli French uYosefu Gaspar Lambert de Guérin. Ukhetho iNkosi wawa phezu uMvundla siqithi, imi ebanzi kakhulu ye umlomo Neva, nokuba nemilinganiselo efanelekileyo - 750 ubude nama malunga 360 m ububanzi.

Imbali yale nqaba iqala 16 (27) Meyi 1703, umhla xa wenze inqaku lencwadi. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba nqaba yakhiwa nje kuphela kwi nyathelo uPetros Mna, kodwa kwiiprojekthi yayo abulawe ngokudibeneyo kunye Lambert de Guérin, umlawuli ngokwakhe kwesi siganeko sembali wayengekho. Ngokutsho umlando ngaloo minyaka, waye Olonets zalapho, ibekwe esikunxweme lwempuma of Lake Ladoga, kunye nomsebenzi eqala ngomhla Hare Island wakhokela A. D. Menshikov.

Namhlanje lusuku xa uPetros Paul Fortress, zithathwa ukuba usuku lokuzalwa St. Petersburg yasekwa, kodwa bambalwa siyazi ukuba yokuqala yokwakhiwa kwayo bamsukela iinjongo kuphela emkhosini, yaye umhlaba ngeenxa likomkhulu omtsha urhulumente ayifanelanga ukuba. Kuphela kamva wenza ezi ziganeko zibini ezinxulumene omnye komnye, ukuze Pushkin kaThixo "apho kuya kubakho isixeko wabeka 'eze entlokweni kaKesare kancinci emva kwe kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo zilikhusi ezinamandla, inqatyisiwe.

Ulwakhiwo inqaba yodongwe

Njengoko kubonakala kwimbali kwakusakhiwa inqaba, ekuqaleni elenziwe ngamaplanga-mhlaba, kodwa, nangona oku, kusasele ngexesha inqaba, equka zilikhusi 6, nganye kuzo yindlela enamandla zokuzifaka-kabini ezintlanu sakhiwe kwi iimbombo kodonga inqaba.

Phambi abakwenzayo ngeendonga (iindonga umkhusane) kwakhiwa 2 Ravelin - zokwakha isambuku. injongo yabo ukugubungela-up iindonga ukusuka zokudubula umlilo utshaba kunzima nokubetha. Kuye kwakhiwa njengoko Kronverk - inkxaso engaphandle ekomelezeni eyenzelwe njengoko ukukhusela ngakumbi inqaba, kunye nokudala bridgehead kwimeko ekhawuntareni.

UPetros Paul Fortress okwamiswa izandla wamajoni Russian kunye namabanjwa balwa. Ukongeza, ukuba umthetho ukumkani kwiphondo ngalinye uthumela serf inani elithile. iimeko zokusebenza landise sezulu esibandayo kwaye lifumile, kwiBaltic waba isizathu sokuba amakhulu abakhi engaziwa ngonaphakade wamshiya elele emangcwabeni abo, azigubungela kunxweme afumileyo i Neva. Baye indawo ngeebhetshi abatsha bafika abantu abasebenzayo, ngomhla amathambo owakhulayo iindonga inqaba, waza wavuka emahlathini ezimnyama likomkhulu lobukhosi enkulu.

iisuphavayiza zokwakha Senior

amaxwebhu zooVimba enxulumene kwimbali uPetros Paul Fortress e St. Petersburg, icebisa ukuba ulwakhiwo zilikhusi yayo ngokobuqu zisongamela umlawuli, kwaye abahlanu noogxa bakhe, abamagama kamva babebizwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba yasinda nobhalo Troubetzkoy nenqaba enguMongami, Menshikov, Naryshkin, Zotov kunye Golovkin.

Ngoko nangoko ndiya litsole ukuba uPetros ndathatha inxaxheba kuphela nenqaba iNkosi kaThixo tab, yaye wonke umsebenzi ezilandelayo wayefundiswa apho unyana wakhe - Tsarevich Aleksey kunye A. D. Menshikov. Kakhulu ephawulekayo kukuba nezinye iisuphavayiza, nangona izithethe Russian kuphela akazange nabuganga imali ishishini isezandleni zabo, kodwa ke kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokwabo wazigquma inkcitho zokusebenza.

Chronicle of ezinye izenzakalo

Imbali i inqaba kungqinwa kwinani iimpazamo ezenziwa ngexesha kuyilo yayo. Omnye wabo lifikile ukuba zikhanyise ngaphambi Oktobha 1st, 1703 umsebenzi ukwakhiwa iinqaba yodongwe ezithe zagqitywa. Ngenxa izikhukula ezinzima kwenzeka ngo-Agasti 30, amanzi, ukunyuka ukuya kwiimitha ezili-2.5, zizaliswa Island uMvundla, wabahlamba izakhiwo ezininzi esele zenziwe. Esi siganeko kwakhona yaba yimfuneko ukulungiselela ukwakhiwa enqaba ngamatye.

Ngehlobo lowe-1703 kwakukho omnye isiganeko esibalulekileyo, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukwazi bonke batyelela Museum of the History of St. Petersburg kwi uPetros Paul Fortress ngoJuni 29 (Julayi 12) endaweni yayo kwakukho ngokubekwa kwesithethe le uPetros noPawulos Cathedral - ngoko nangoku icawa encinane ngamaplanga. Ukumkanikazi wamnika igama iShushan esakhiwe, yaye kamva umzi ogama kwi indlela Dutch - "St Peter-Burj". Ngaloo ndlela, umhla ka-Juni 29 kungathathwa isixeko-namhla igama kwi Neva.

Kulo nyaka apho naye Bridge uYohane, edibanisa Island uMvundla kunye kwicala Petrograd, nangona ngaloo mihla ukuba uyilo lwe njengezihlenga ezininzi akumanyileyo. Yi ukuwa nomphini yokomba phantse ngokupheleleyo efakwe izixhobo. Ngabo abo ngentsimbi nobhedu nompu njengoko ifakwe kwikhompyutha ukususela castings Swedish kunye zasekhaya wenza armourers Novgorod. Ngelo xesha linye umlawuli ndazimisa kwingqwayi yokuqala inqaba. Le udumo uyiphathisiweyo omnye wabahlobo bakhe - ke igosa lakomkhulu Estonian, Colonel Karl-Ewald von Rennes.

Qala akhande inqaba lenyengane

Ngo-1705 waqalisa kwinqanaba elitsha kwimbali inqaba. Xa wakha zonke ezayame, yaye ngaloo ndlela ithuba lokubonisa uhlaselo balwa kunokwenzeka, uPetros ndagqiba kukucwangcisa kuyo ngamatye. Ukuyila enqaba elunge olutsha kweliso imisebenzi ephathiswe imvelaphi Italian Swiss - wezakhiwo obalaseleyo kunye injineli ixesha lakhe Domenico Andrea Trezzini.

Ukuphumeza isicwangciso ayiqondwa kwindawo sokuphena ezongezelelweyo Hare Island kuthwalelwa phandle, nto leyo ububanzi balo landa nge-30 m. Imisebenzi yaqala ekuqaleni kuka Meyi 1706, waza waqala nabo ngokutsha Menshikov nenqaba, njengoko kunjalo edlwengulwa, angaphambukisa kuba kakhulu babuthathaka. Xa inkqubo yokwakhiwa imithi yakudala ziye yadilizwa, kwaye baya podsypku emhlabeni siqithi.

Ngothuli, ngokutsho iprojekthi entsha, crownwork kuphela wahlala - indlela iinqaba, ngokwemiqathango lokumela isithsaba ( "izithsaba" - isithsaba, "waziwe" - inqaba) ibekwe kwinxalenye esemantla siqithi kwaye wenzelwe ukukhusela ngokuchasene ukuhlasela kunokwenzeka emhlabeni. Ukususela oko kwathi igama Kronverskogo flow eyahlula uMvundla Island ukusuka Petrograd Side.

Le nqaba, esekhona wayengazi Russian

Ngo-1708 kule Nyengane banxiba Menshikov kunye Golovkin zintaba, kwakunye komkhusane osecaleni (wall) kunye neemagazini powder. Ngelo xesha linye ulwakhiwo enqabeni yamajoni kunye nesango sikaPetros, yakhiwa, ngokutsho ngokomyalelo kakumkani, xa imodeli Narva.

Malunga koko, indlela enamandla kwinqaba iShushan, owakhiwa Hare Island, ngokutsho amaxwebhu thaca kwi-Museum yembali inqaba. Ngokufutshane acacisa umxholo, thina nje uqaphele ukuba iRashiya olu hlobo zokuzifaka apha yaba entsha ngokupheleleyo.

Kwanele ukuba ndithi ububanzi beendonga nqaba yafikelela 20 eemitha kunye ukuphakama m-12. Ukuze ukomeleza neziseko zawo umhlaba amanqaku 40 lamawaka. Bawafumba. nenqaba nganye balihlutha firepower, elibonelela malunga 60 imipu. I Curtin - iindonga phakathi zintaba, wabeka enqabeni ekampini kunye casemates ukugcina noninzi lwezinto kwazo.

Awalityelwanga kwaye imigca efihlakeleyo nonxibelelwano nehlabathi elingaphandle. Ngokukodwa, phantsi izakhiwo ezingaphandle bemba imigudu emhlabeni ngaphandle inqaba, kunye neendonga zaso sakhiwe, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Paterna - indawo eyenzelwe imbonakalo ngequbuliso amajoni emva imigca yotshaba. Kweli kokuba iziphumo ebekwe phantsi enye inwebu izitena, eyaziwa kuphela amagosa omthembileyo.

Le nqaba, nto leyo eyaba undoqo yesixeko

Uloyiso phezu balwa kule minyaka 1709-1710, bazisa kwinqanaba eyahlukileyo imbali inqaba. Ukususela ngelo xesha kwenzeka ilahlekile intsingiselo yalo emkhosini, yaye umpu elifakiweyo ziwile iingqoqo zayo, owawubhudla kuphela ngemihla yemibhiyozo ezisemthethweni. Ehlabathini inqaba kunye wathandwa obungaqhelekanga baqalisa ukukhulisa isixeko wafumana iwonga kwikomkhulu elitsha yoBukhosi baseRashiya, yaye ogama St Petersburg imbeko saint wakhona St. uPetros uMpostile.

Nokuba phambi kokugqitywa lokugqibela eMntla War on Hare Island waqalisa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, kwaye entolongweni zopolitiko ezingundoqo of Russia yamiselwa kungekudala. Le iyafana kwimbali Tower kunye inqaba. Kwinqaba iShushan, wakha phezu kweendonga iThames, kananjalo bakwazi ukukhonza, kunye iinqaba, kwaye iziko kwezolawulo entolongweni, yaye ekugqibeleni imyuziyam.

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba ibanjwa yokuqala 'Russian Bastille "- igama elinikiweyo kuyo kungekudala, wayengunyana ka umseki wayo - Tsarevich Aleksey, abangasekhoyo (babulawa okanye ngokufihlakeleyo) ekuqukunjelweni-25 Juni 1718. Lomhleli Trezzini wakha phezu kummandla yeentolongo ezintsha kunye nendlu okhethekileyo, nto leyo kwaku Secret Chancellery. Kwakhona phakathi Naryshkin kunye Trubetskoy nenqaba yakhiwa kunye Mint yokuqala, babe indawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali imali Russian. UPetros Paul Fortress, koko, uye waba yindawo apho imali eSwitzerland nje kuphela, kodwa kwakhona amabhaso karhulumente.

Ngowe-1731 Naryshkin nenqaba isicoco Iflegi Tower, apho imihla yaphakamisa iflegi Russian, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva kugqitywa ukwakhiwa ilitye uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, elisuke laba phezu kwexesha kwindawo yokungcwaba ngookumkani Russian. Njengezinye izakhiwo inqaba, yayakhiwe phantsi projekthi phantsi kweliso elibukhali Domenico Trezzini. Ngeminyaka 30 iminyaka lusisiganeko ukuvelisa uphawu kwi ladubula sasemini Naryshkin ngokuqinileyo oko kwenzeka ngexesha lethu.

ixabiso museum kwakhe kunye Paul Fortress abazifumene 1766, xa nommandla wayo yayakhelwe isakhiwo ngendlu kuyo esikhepheni uPetros mna, owaba umlawuli emva kokufa omnye izinto zembali Russian. Ekugqibeleni, njengokuba inqaba esinyanisekileyo eyamkelwe ekupheleni 80s, xa ngokufulelwa igranite wakha marina kunye kwingqwayi Narva Gate yagqitywa.

Amabanjwa 'Russian Bastille "

Kwimbali Russian uPetros Paul Fortress e St. Petersburg, weza ikakhulu entolongweni yezopolitiko. Kuye ikhankanywe apha ngentla ukuba mbanjwa wokuqala Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Kamva, Isiphelo sakhe abantu abaninzi ngabo bathi bangquzulane yolawulo okhoyo.

Khumbula kwenqaba adumileyo inqaba Princess Tarakanov, wazenza ozothatha etroneni, umbhali Radishchev kunye Decembrists equlathwe Alexeyev Ravelin. Kwiindonga zabo Petrashevzy batyelela, the People and Nechayev, okhokelwa nenkokeli yalo zodumo. Ezipasejini secebo ezinqabeni beva amanyathelo N. G. Chernyshevskogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, M. A. Bakunina, kunye namanye amanani amaninzi abadumileyo kwexesha.

Ngo-Oktobha Revolution ka-1917, ibutho inkxaso kwiBolsheviks, oko ngexesha eSoviet akazange ukulibala ukukhankanya nkqu kwimbali elifutshane inqaba. Oku uthi ngexesha aphume lakwaWinter Palace, neendonga zaso zenziwa izithonga ezingabhalwanga, yaye emva kokugqitywa amabanjwa casemates balo baba ngabalungiseleli Provisional kaRhulumente.

sizimisele kangako ukuba mbali eSoviet wawakhumbula indima ezinqabileyo edlalwa inkqubo yentolongo Cheka, apho yena waphuma ngoko nangoko emva kokuba iiBolsheviks weza ngamandla. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngowe-1919, endaweni yayo badutyulwa 4 umthetheli omkhulu Romanov nguDmitry K., Georgy, uNikolay kunye Pavel Aleksandrovich.

Ingakumbi izahluko anzima kwimbali le nqaba ixesha oluBomvu Terror, leyo wawa phezu kwincopho 1917-1921. Ekubulaweni kwenqwaba lwenziwa ngexesha eludongeni inqaba evela Kronverksky Strait. Ngo-2009, kukho iintsalela amakhulu abantu abaye baba ngamaxhoba wolawulo misanthropic iminyaka emininzi elisekwe kweli lizwe ifumaneka khona.

Bayahlelwa enqabeni kwixesha eSoviet

Ngowe-1925, imbali inqaba kungekudala uyinqumle emva kokuba iBhunga iLeningrad ilawule Ukususwa yayo (intshabalalo), kunye nokudala kwi Hare Island Stadium. Kodwa, yona, le ubuqaba zange umiselwe ukuba kwenzeke, kwaye lwembali wadalwa kwi kummandla inqaba. Okunye okuphawulekayo kukuba kwisithuba 1925-1933 gg. kwenye izakhiwo zalo kwaku yokuqala Russian Gas Dynamics Laboratory, abasebenzi kabani ndiqalile rocket zasekhaya. Endaweni yawo ngowe-1973 wavula Museum of rocketry kunye astronautics, isekho namhlanje.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, le nqaba laliphakathi anti-moya ibhetri, akhusela bhakabhaka iLeningrad ukusuka moya utshaba, kwaye spire ka uPetros noPawulos Cathedral, wayifulela ngomnatha sifihle. Nangona kweziqhushumbisi rhoqo bombing, leyo ndazi umzi, betha nje i yecawa wayengekho, kodwa wafumana iindonga umonakalo omkhulu.

Ngowe-1975, ukuze kuphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka eli-150 mvukelo e Yeengwevu Square e St. Petersburg, e Kronwerk indawo apho abahlanu Decembrists, sifakelwe obelisk yesikhumbuzo nezemarmore pink babulawa ngoJulayi 25, 1826 ebusuku. Kuwo amagama A. isitampu Pestel Kahovsky P., K. Ryleeva, S. Muraviev-Apostol kunye M. Bestuzhev-Rumin.

Ibali alinaso isiphelo

Namhlanje kwi kummandla enqaba elunge kanye inzima wakha State Museum of History of St. Petersburg, "uPetros Paul Fortress." Njengokuba kwakunjalo ngemihla yamandulo, yonke imihla emini emaqanda nge Naryshkin uphawu nenqaba ivakele wadubula kunaso, yenza ukuba ngokufuthi ukunika iindwendwe abazukileyo mzi. Ngowe-1991, kwakukho oqingqiweyo Peter I, wenza nomkroli Russian-American M. ezinika nqaba Shemyakin, kwaye kwithuba post-perestroika kwiilwandle ezikufutshane baqalisa ukuba ziququzelele iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zokuzonwabisa. Ngenkulungwane xxi, ufumene ubomi obutsha St. Petersburg uPetros Paul Fortress. Imbali, ezishwankathelwe kweli nqaku, wamkela phambili yayo.