Conciliator kunye nendima yayo kuphuculo umlimi ka-1861

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, uBukhosi Russian yaba uthotho iinguqu, ehleli nje ngenjongo yokuguqula inkqubo yentlalo-yezopolitiko ngokungqinelana neemfuno xesha, omnye wabo ukupheliswa serfdom kunye ngokukodwa zaziswa le post - le conciliator.

Umbuzo yamahlwempu phantsi Alexander I

Ngu phakathi kwenkulungwane, eRashiya weza kuqoqosho buthathaka kakhulu kunye nezolimo, ngokoyiswa emfazweni iCrimea iye mandundu ngakumbi zonke iinkqubo engakhiyo nyaniso Russian. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, ukupheliswa serfdom esoloko liphuma ekuhlaleni. Alexander I kuqala kumisa i-melo kakhulu kwaye ithambekele kakhulu ukuba isigqibo. Ngakumbi emva kokuba uloyiso lizwe lethu kwiMfazwe ka-1812 kwaye eli phulo lwamazwe angaphandle abavakalelwa loHlaziyo nangakumbi, kungekuphela phakathi nezazi; kodwa phakathi abalimi, kunye nabanini okuqhubekayo-nye. Alexander Pavlovich zonke bazi kakuhle, kodwa musa ukukhawuleza ukuqhuba iinguqu, kwaye emva kokuba uthotho lwamanyathelo olululo kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu bamlahla naluphi na utshintsho kwisikhundla yamafama. UMthetho "ku balimi ezamahala" kunye nokukhululwa evela nabalimi ukuxhomekeka aseBalti, leyo ambalwa kakhulu - onke amanyathelo athathiweyo ukunciphisa imeko abalimi.

Ingongoma yokucingela uNicholas I Pavlovich

Yindlalifa mzalwana mlawuli engomncinane Nicholas, le ntsapho wayesaziwa endala Qiniseka, uphakamo i Decembrists ' ngowe-1825, iye yomelezwa nangakumbi ngale ndlela. Emva ingcinezelo yakhe * uKhesare ngokwakhe wathabatha inxaxheba ngemibuzo nxaxheba okutyekisayo, yaye phambi kwakhe vu zonke limfiliba koqobo Russian ecacileyo. Nicholas ndivumelana mazwi, ukuba serfdom eRashiya - okubi, kodwa ukutshintsha into kule meko, wavakalelwa ububi nangakumbi.

Kunjalo, wobukumkani bakhe Count ayithandayo komlawuli Arakcheev izobe enkululekweni ngamakhoboka, iimfuno kuyo bekufunwa nyaka ngamnye malunga engange nezigidi ezintlanu, kwaye inkqubo bandiselwa ixesha lokwenza kwixesha elingenammiselo. Nakuba le projekthi abambalwa kakhulu ngokuba nokumelana ukusuka ngezangqa kurhulumente. UMphathiswa wezeMali Bala Kankrin wathi uhlobo imali wokulondoloza imali na, ngoko ke kufuneka ufumane enye indlela yokuphuma, onke amanye polupopytki Kweza nto. Nicholas I ngokuba umbuso wakhe elide ngokwaneleyo ukuze nto owenziweyo ukwenza lula imeko amafama. Ngelo xesha, uqoqosho yaya ikhula ngesantya kade, nto leyo ikhokelele ezinye izenzakalo.

Utshintsho ukusuka 'amabala abafileyo "

Ngowe ngo1856 weza etroneni unyana omdala Nicholas, Alexander II. Yena wayesele kwasekwa umntu nobuntu, ibaluleke kakhulu kukuba utitshala waba yindlalifa Vasiliy Andreevich Zhukovsky, imbongi, melo-ezifanayo uzama ukubethelela kuzo umfundi wakhe. Ukususela kwimihla wokuqala wobukumkani Alexander uye wavakalisa injongo yokuphelisa senzeko yingozi namahlazo - serfdom. Yonke le nto yaqala kwengxoxo eselubala phezu komhlaba, nto leyo ulunika ngendlela engafihliyo ntuthuko. Ikomkhulu kwakukho inani kwiiprojekthi zohlengahlengiso. Ngowe-1859 kwathiwa kumisa ikomiti uyilo, leyo kufuneka ukuhlalutya ukudibanisa zonke iiprojekthi, efuna isiphumo esifanelekileyo abanini kunye nabalimi. Lo msebenzi owayekwimeko ephikisanayo kakhulu, nangona ukumkani akazange anikezele kwi nobunzima nenkani. Ngu ekuqaleni kuka-1861 sele igqityiwe onke amalungiselelo, yaye ngoFebruwari 19 kwathiwa Manifesto phezu ukupheliswa serfdom, wawa imeko wobukhoboka ye abalimi, kodwa utshintsho afunwayo ukwenza ezininzi kwamaziko amatsha kunye namagosa, eya kulandelwa intsebenzo yakhe. Ngoko ke kukho actuator olusezantsi - conciliator.

"Inkululeko"

"Izibonelelo Manifesto 1861" ichazwa ingxaki engundoqo wolu abantu ngendlela ubudlelwane yoyilo phakathi mhlaba kunye umfama ngenxa yesivumelwano phakathi kwabo, eyaziwa ngokuba "somqulu yomthetho." Njengoko ngabalamli uxolo - abantu abanobuchule ukuba kweliso iiyunithi zasemaphandleni urhulumente wengingqi ifakiwe, ukuvunywa ofisi imbalo (umlimi omkhulu, Parish induna). Ukuba kuyimfuneko, umntu conciliator ndisuse kwabo ofisi. Ngokubhekiselele abalimi, yena inkululeko kunye nabasemagunyeni yenkundla kunye namapolisa, ukuze uqonde iingxabano ezahlukeneyo ezingephi, babevalelwa okanye ukumisela isohlwayo sokubetha. Isabelo ukhonza kwifayili enye umlamli counties emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu. Kuyo ubukhosi yasebenza malunga 1714 ala magosa. Bamiselwa phakathi ngabafo ndawo ngesiphakamiso iRhuluneli kunye yinkokeli yezikhulu. Ngaphezu thaca uluhlu lwemisebenzi ukuba isonjululwe conciliator, 1861 yaba yeyona onemveliso, abaninzi baye baqeshwa phakathi komqeshisi ngcembe, phakathi kwabo kwakukho Leo Tolstoy, NI Ophaya. Njengoko siza kuqhubeka eshukumisa imixholo iziganeko eyenziwe kwi umlamli lihle nge kunyaka ngamnye.

Iziphumo kuphuculo

Noko ke, ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu kuphuculo. Kuyinto ngenxa ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano kwenxaxheba zamafama, nangona kokuba laphulwe, kodwa akazange afumane uhlobo egregious. Kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo ukuze babe nomdla ezichanekileyo ngokusemthethweni lwawo omabini amacala xwebhu, oko baba amaxhwebhu. ngabalamli Uxolo wazama yonke umlimi kwaye umnini ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ndikhuphe nentengiselwano kwetu, kwakunye ukuba okwexeshana ubume abalimi nga ri elide kakhulu. Imisebenzi yala magosa kwayekwa 1874, yaye zadalwa amaziko endaweni ezimbini ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, baye babe nomdla kangako iimfuno zamafama yaye kungekudala yaba yinxalenye sama enkulu yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo yenziwa: abalimi bakhululwa, nabalamli yoxolo - uphawu inkululeko abalimi.