History of Chechnya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo

Lokuqala Chechen State wabonakala kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ngenkulungwane XIX, emva kokuba abaseAfrika kweMfazwe elide ilizwe yaba yinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Kodwa kwimbali elizayo Chechnya lalizele amaphepha eziphikisanayo kabuhlungu.

ethnogenesis

Abantu Chechen iye yasekwa ixesha elide. I Caucasus ebesoloko yayahluke kuhlale ezahlukeneyo, ngoko nkqu kuluntu lwezenzululwazi nangoku iphuhlise ingcamango ohlangeneyo imvelaphi yalo hlanga. ulwimi Chechen fanele kwisebe Nakh of the Nakh-Dagestan iilwimi. Libizwa ngokuba vostochnokavkazskoy, ngokutsho kunikwe lezizwe bamandulo, abo abathwali zokuqala ezi neziyelelane.

Imbali Chechnya zaqalisa kunye imbonakalo Vainakh (namhlanje eli gama ukuthini iminyanya Chechens kunye Ingush). Xa ethnogenesis alo ezahlukeneyo kwezizwe amadlelo: .. amaSkitiya. Indo-Iran, amaSarmatia, njl Abembi bezinto zakudala, Ndimnike ukuba lusungulo Chechens media Colchis kunye Koban iinkcubeko. nentwana zawo saa kulo lonke eCaucasus.

imbali yakudala

Ngenxa yokuba kwimbali Chechnya yamandulo kwenzeka kungekho imo oluyintloko, iziganeko Kunzima kakhulu ukuba ndigwebe de bamaXesha Aphakathi. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba kwinkulungwane IX i Vainakh zaye subordinated kubamelwane babo, owadala ubukumkani Alania kunye Avars intaba. Latest kwi VI-XI iinkulungwane wayehlala zikarhulumente nekomkhulu yayo Sarir Tanus. Kuyabonakala ke ukuba kwamkhuthaza yandile zombini Islam kunye ubuKristu. Noko ke, imbali Chechnya kwaba kukhulu ukuba Chechens baba amaSilamsi (njengoko kuchasiwe, umzekelo, abamelwane yayo Georgians).

Kwinkulungwane XIII waqala Mongol lokuhlasela. Ekubeni Chechens eshiya ashushu ukumoyika aweza ezininzi. Ngokutsho hypothesis omnye (liphinde iqela), ngelo xesha idale urhulumente lokuqala ekuqaleni wobukhosi Vainakh. Le ukubunjwa zange kube kudala kwaye ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha ngokuhlaselwa Tamerlane ngenkulungwane XIV emva kwexesha.

iiteyiphu

Kangangethuba elide mathafa emazantsi eCaucasus Iintaba zazilawulwa ngokwezizwe zamaTurkic abathetha. Ngoko ke imbali Chechen ibisoloko ezinxulumene ezintabeni. Le yokuphila labahlali zaso kwasekwa ngokungqinelana nemiqathango landscape. Xa esemagqagaleni, nto leyo maxa wambi kwakhokelela ukugwebileyo kuphela, naziphi iiteyiphu. Ezi amaqumrhu ezifunda wadala phantsi azoba yesizwe.

Kwavela kumaXesha Aphakathi, iiteyiphu zikhona nangoku buyinto ebalulekileyo ukuba Chechen kuluntu lonke. Ezi imibutho babedalelwe ukukhusela ngabamelwane ndlongondlongo. Imbali igcwele iimfazwe Chechen kunye ungquzulwano. Le Iziduko owasungula siko wempindezelo yegazi. Eli siko izise awohluke salo kobudlelane phakathi teips. Ukuba ingxabano nolu- phakathi kwabantu eziliqela, ngokuyimfuneko kwakhula imfazwe wesizwe de ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo yotshaba. Kwaba ibali Chechnya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ayilwa waphila ixesha elide kakhulu ekubeni inkqubo teip iye endaweni urhulumente ngengqiqo eliqhelekileyo ilizwi lukhulu.

inkolo

Ulwazi malunga yintoni imbali yamandulo Chechnya, ukuya kutsho ngoku phantse akazange asinde. Ezinye ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala zibonisa ukuba Vainakh ukuya kwinkulungwane XI baba nabahedeni. Babakhonza yonk 'oothixo zasekuhlaleni. I Chechens waba ihlelo wendalo nazo zonke iimpawu zayo luphawu: .. Ashera Ngcwele, iintaba, imithi, njalo njalo Kuyinto ukukhafula eqhelekileyo, umlingo kunye nezinye izenzo esoteric.

In XI-XII cc. kummandla zaseCaucasus waqalisa ubuKrestu ababevela eGeorgia kunye Byzantium. Noko ke, eConstantinople bukhosi inciphisiwe. UbuKristu kubekwa Cartoon Islam. Chechens baye balamkela evela kubamelwane Kumyks kunye Golden anayo. Ingush baba ngabazalwane ngenkulungwane XVI, nabemi kwiilali ntaba ezikude - kwinkulungwane XVII. Kodwa kangangexesha elide, Islam ayikwazanga kuchaphazela amasiko ukuba kakhulu ngakumbi zisekelwe izithethe zesizwe. Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII Sunnism e Chechnya wathabatha malunga kwindawo efanayo kumazwe Arabhu. Kwakunxibelelene kukuba unqulo iye sisixhobo ebalulekileyo ekulweni kongenelelo Orthodox Russian. Intiyo basemzini ephakamayo kungekuphela likazwelonke kodwa ngezizathu zonqulo.

ngekhulu XVI

Ngenkulungwane XVI, i Chechens baqalisa ukuhlala eArabha engenanto entlanjeni emlanjeni Terek. Ngelo xesha, inkoliso yabantu wahlala entabeni, bebeziqhelanisa zawo ngokwemvelo. Ingena ngasentla ukhangela ubomi obungcono khona. Inani labemi wakhula ngokwendalo, kwaye elo gcuntswana akwanelanga. Ubuhlungu indlala ngenkani amakhasethi ezininzi ndizihlalise phezu kumazwe amatsha. Le kufika abantu bakha ilali encinane, nto leyo ebizwa ngalo igama uhlobo. Inxalenye amagama ndawo zigcinwe unanamhla.

History of Chechnya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo iye yanxulunyaniswa umngcipheko kwi inxalenye mbuya. Kodwa ngenkulungwane XVI, baye babe ngaphantsi enamandla kakhulu. Zolotaya Orda yaphela. ulus ezininzi kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe phakathi kwezinye, kutheni akwazi ukumisela ulawulo phezu abamelwane yayo. Ngaphezu koko, kwakunjalo ngoko aqala ukwanda Russian Empire. Ngowe-1560. Baye oyiswa Kazan kunye Astrakhan Khanate. Ivan Grozny kwadingeka ukulawula zonke iVolga, ngaloo ndlela yokufumana ufikelelo kuLwandle lweCaspian neCaucasus. In Russia ezintabeni ziye namahlakani abanyanisekileyo ubuso abathetheli Kabardian (Ivan Grozny nokuba otshatileyo Mary Temryukovna - intombi umlawuli Temryuk Kabardian).

Abafownelwa zokuqala ne-Russia

Ngowe-1567, bona waseka Terek Russian entolongweni. Lo Ivana Groznogo wabuza Temryuk, lowo wayenethemba ukunceda ukumkani ungquzulwano kunye iCrimea khan - ingumbuso ze umbusi Ottoman. Isiza Ukwakhiwa nqaba umlomo umlambo Sunzha - Terek uviko. Yaba yokuqala ekwahlala Russian kufutshane belizwe Chechen. Ukuze ixesha elide kwaba sokufezekisa Terek kwintolongo eMoscow ukwandiswa eCaucasus.

Kufika kwakukho Greben Cossacks, ngubani abasoyika eziphilayo kwilizwe elikude amazwe, kunye nenkonzo yabo bakhusele imfuno nokumkani. Baye wasungula qhagamshelana ngqo bendawo bengingqi. Imbali yabantu Chechen abanomdla Grozny, yaye wathabatha nonozakuzaku yokuqala Chechen, awamthumayo onamandla Prince Shih-Murza Okotsky. Wacela ukuba ukhuselo oluvela eMoscow. Kwanika imvume ukuba unyana ka-Ivan Groznogo Fedor Ioannovich. Noko ke, le manyano ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Ngowe-1610, Shih-Murza wabulawa, indlalifa yakhe makasuswe wasithimba ubulawuli elingummelwane esizweni Kumyks.

Chechen and Terek Cossacks

Emva ngo-1577, oko kwasekwa Terek Cossacks, isiseko leyo eyayifikelela yatshintsha kwinkqubo Don, Chopra kunye iVolga Cossacks kwaye Circassians Orthodox, kwiiOssetian, Georgians kunye Armenia. wabaleka lwakutshanje ukusuka ukwanda wasePersi kunye nesiTurkish. Abaninzi baye Russified. Ubude Cossack ubunzima akubalulekanga. Oku nakanjani ukuba uqaphele Chechnya. Ngemvelaphi ye-ungquzulwano yokuqala phakathi hlobo kwaye Cossacks azifani, kodwa ekugqibeleni ukungqubana baba nokuxhaphaka nezolo.

Chechens kunye nabanye abantu bomthonyama zaseCaucasus ubambe behlasela ukumbamba iinkomo kunye nezinye production luncedo. Amaninzi amajoni kuthatyathwa bethinjiwe, yaye kamva babuyela intlawulelo okanye abenze babe ngamakhoboka. Ukuphendula, i-Cossacks kwakubakho ahlasela ezintabeni, baphanga inemizana. Noko ke, iimeko ezinjalo ngaphandle kunokuba umthetho. Kudla kukho ixesha elide yoxolo, xa abamelwane ziye wasebenza kunye nabanye kwaye ngokwazo kunye amaqhina entsapho. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo Chechens, nokuba abolekwe i Cossacks ezinye iimpawu zokulima, kunye Cossacks, yena, baqalisa ukunxiba iimpahla, efana kakhulu Mountain.

ngekhulu XVIII

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII kwi North Caucasus yabalasela kulwakhiwo imigca amatsha enqatyisiweyo Russian. Kwakugcwele iinqaba eziliqela, apho kwafika bahlali ezintsha. Ngowe-1763 yayisekelwe Mozdok, ngoko Ekaterinodarskaya, Pavlovskaya, Maryinskaya, eSt George.

Ezi iinqaba kwafakwa Terek entolongweni ukuba Chechens Akwazi ukuba esakeni ngenye imini. Ngelo xesha, kule minyaka ingama-80 ngo-Chechnya waqalisa ukusasaza elifuna intshukumo. Kwaya slogans ezithandwayo jihad - zomkhosi ukholo Islamic.

impi abaseAfrika

isimo lobuthixo Islamic ku Chechnya - Ngo-1829 i-abaseAfrika Imamate yasekwa. Ngelo xesha linye ilizwe kuye got hero yayo kazwelonke Shamil. Ngowe-1834 waba mfundisi. Wabathobela Dagestan kunye Chechnya. Imbali ukuvela wayitwabulula amandla akhe edibene ekulweni nokwandiswa Russian kwi North eCaucasus.

Ukulwa Chechens waqhubeka amashumi eminyaka. Ngelo kwisigaba esithile War abaseAfrika edibene imfazwe nxamnye iPersi, kwakunye War iCrimea, xa amazwe Western aseYurophu bamchasa Russia. Kabani uncedo Chechnya akwazi ukubala? Imbali Nokhchi karhulumente kwinkulungwane XIX bekungayi kuba kudala, ukuba kungabi ngenxa inkxaso Ottoman. Kanti ke, nangona into yokuba Sultan wanceda mountaineers, Chechnya ekugqibeleni yoyiswa ngo-1859. Shamil yathinjwa kuqala waza wahlala ekuthinjweni yekhethelo in ukulungela ukusebenza.

Ukusekwa kwamandla Soviet

Emva kokuba February Revolution of Chechen imigulukudu baqalisa ukuhlasela elumelwaneni lwaloo Grozny kunye Vladikavkaz kaloliwe. Ekwindla ka 1917 ukuya phambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, wabuyela kwilizwe lawo-ebizwa ngokuba "division lweenkobe." Kwakugcwele Chechens. Icandelo wenza imfazwe nabo Terek Cossacks.

Kungekudala e Petrograd iiBolsheviks weza ngamandla. Zabo Red Guard weza Grozny ngoJanuwari 1918. Ingxenye Chechens waxhasa amandla eSoviet, omnye waya ezintabeni, kwaye abanye baye banceda emhlophe. Ukususela ngoFebruwari 1919 Grozny waba phantsi kolawulo amajoni Petra Vrangelya kunye namahlakani akhe yaseBritani. Ku kuphela ngoMatshi 1920, ekugqibeleni Red Army esekwe kwikomkhulu Chechnya.

kwabathile

Ngowe-1936, i Chechen-Ingush Ukuzilawula Soviet Socialist Republic entsha yasekwa. Ngelo xesha, iintaba ke luqalile ababemelene ye'Bolsheviks. Le nemigewu yokugqibela ezo zatshatyalaliswa ngo-1938. Eyahlukanisiweyo kodwa ukuzingca kwicala labemi kwiriphabliki ziye zahlala.

Kungekudala Omkhulu Patriotic War, leyo ezichaphazelekayo Chechnya, naseRashiya. Imbali yomzabalazo kunye lohlaselo waseJamani eCaucasus, kwakunye nazo zonke ezinye amanqanaba zintsonkothe ukuba amajoni Soviet. ilahleko enkulu kakhulu kwaba yi ukuvela amaqela Chechen ukuba wenza ngokuchasene oluBomvu Army okanye baba zoqoqo kunye amaNazi.

Oku ezabangela ukuba iinkokheli eSoviet ukuqala ingcinezelo nxamnye bonke abantu. February 23, 1944 zonke i Chechens kunye nabamelwane Ingush, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimo sabo eSoviet Union, asiwa Central Asia.

Ichkeria

Chechens bakwazi ukubuyela kwilizwe lawo kuphela ngo-1957. Emva kokuwa eSoviet Union, i ezintsha yavusa Le meko eyahlukileyo kweli lizwe. Ngowe-1991, e-Grozny, i Chechen Republic of Ichkeria lazisiwe. Kuba ngoxa elingqubanayo norhulumente lombuso ukwimeko zibambene. Ngowe-1994, Russian uMongameli Boris Yeltsin esigqibeni sokuba liqalise amajoni zibe Chechnya ukubuyisela amandla apho eMoscow. Ngokusesikweni, umsebenzi ngokuba "iinzame ukugcina umyalelo-siseko."

Le mfazwe Chechen yokuqala iphelile Agasti 31, 1996, xa izivumelwano Khasavyurt zatyikitywa. Enyanisweni, lo sivumelwano kwakuthetha ukurhoxiswa amajoni federal ukusuka Ichkeria. Amaqela avumelene ukumisela ubume Chechnya de December 31, 2001. Xa kuqala of World Ichkeria lazimela, nangona ngokusemthethweni azikhange zikhunjulwe eMoscow.

modernity

Kwanasemva kokuba kutyikitywe izivumelwano Khasavyurt, imeko nomda Chechnya kuhlala wakhathazeka kakhulu. Republic waba ligwiba lukhuni, Islamists kunye mercenaries bobubi kuphela. Agasti 7 Brigade ngemipu Shamilya Basaeva kunye Khattab ahlasela Dagestan eselumelwaneni. Le lukhuni ufuna ukwenza endaweni yayo i-state Islamic geqe.

Imbali kweChechnya Dagestan iyafana kakhulu, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yokhuphiswano kufutshane eendawo, kodwa ngenxa afanayo ubume zobuhlanga nonqulo oluntu. amabutho Federal waqala ukusebenza counter-ubunqolobi. Okokuqala, namabutho kwaphoswa ukusuka kummandla Dagestan. Koko kwakhona wangena umkhosi Russian in Chechnya. Isigaba Active yamajoni phulo yaphela ehlotyeni ka-2000, xa kususwa Grozny. Emva koko ngokusesikweni nangoku kule 9 iminyaka wahlala ukusebenza counterterrorist. Namhlanje Chechnya - enye epheleleyo Russian Federation.