GR Derzhavin, "Felitsa": Isishwankathelo

imisebenzi yobugcisa nokubhala rhoqo bahlukaniswa modernity iminyaka emininzi, nkqu iinkulungwane, kunzima ukuba imbono, ukuqonda kunye ekufundeni nje kuphela abafundi besi sikolo, kodwa abadala. Kungenxa yoko le nto namhlanje siya kugxininisa le mbongi isiqingatha ye2 18 - kwisiqingatha 1 kwenkulungwane ye-19, njengoko Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. "Felitsa", isishwankathelo eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku liza kusinceda siqonde ngcono umbhali kunye nembali yakhe yokudala.

lwezimvo Historical: indalo

Qala wayethetha umsebenzi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle nokucacisa oko Derzhavin owayephila ngexesha indalo yayo. "Felitsa" (isishwankathelo kunye nohlalutyo nkqu - umxholo wale material) yabhalwa ngu Gavriilom Romanovichem eSt Petersburg ngowe-1782. Uhlobo ode yemveli esindilisekileyo kulo mzekelo yatshatyalaliswa imbongi: wagqiba ukwenza ulwaphulo umthetho ngeendlela ezintathu indalo yakhe babeka incwadi isigama kunye isisu semoto, buncokola. Ukongezelela, kwisithuba enye imveliso ephikisanayo kunye uvuthondaba yendumiso, ngokubachasa ukuya izinqumo lusekiwe.

abangenabani

Zihlobo Derzhavin, ngowokuqala ukuva i ode ingaphambuki kuyo sonwabe, kodwa ngokukhawuleza ukupholisa lokuphathana imbongi: ukupapashwa imisebenzi singenanto kunye nethemba, kuba kunjalo ukufunda ngokucacileyo yokuhlaselwa UCatherine nxamnye neenkosi amanene. Noko ke, isiphelo ngokwayo ngathi ubudlelane obabuyilwe ngenkohliso izinto ukuze umsebenzi akusoloko kulale ngendlela kokha itafile Derzhavin yakhe. Emva konyaka bafika ode le mbongi Osip Kozodavlevu kuye - umthandi uncwadi II Shuvalov, abafunda ezi ndinyana kwi sangokuhlwa phambi kokuba iinkosi inkampani, ekwakukho phakathi Prince Potemkin, omnye lo ode akagqubuthele egculelwa ngabantu. Prince wagqiba ekubeni ngathi ukuba ayithi ningayichukumisi lo msebenzi, kwaye akukho ngokunxulumene kuyo, kangangokuba Gavriil Romanovich wakwazi ukuphefumla gidi.

UCatherine II Impendulo

On yintoni lindela ngakumbi isencinane-eyaziwa imbongi Derzhavin? "Felitsa", isishwankathelo apho ziza kuchazwa kungekudala, wayethanda uMongameli we-Russian Academy Dashkova, kwaye ngo-1783 indalo lwapapashwa ngokuyimfihlo kwenye wokukhutshwa intwasahlobo na le magazini "Le udliwanondlebe abathandi amazwi Russian." umbongo Young-Aron ukuba ukumkanikazi ngokwayo; UCatherine Ndachukumiseka gqitha kwaye banomdla kakhulu umbhali umsebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, Derzhavin efunyenwe imvulophu uKumkanikazi kunye engange 500 ngegolide negolide wafefa kunye diamond snuffbox. Kungekudala Gavriil Romanovich ithiwe thaca kwi-zenkundla undivelele ukumkanikazi. Ngoko ke, nje emva kokudalwa bacule kunye wazuza waduma Derzhavin. "Felitsa", isishwankathelo leyo uya kuphendula imibuzo - eli imveliso ezintsha. Oku kwahlukile ngokomgangatho ngeengcinga zawo nokumila nantoni na eyayikho ngaphambili.

GR Derzhavin, "Felitsa": Isishwankathelo izitanza. ekuqaleni

Ode ali enezigaba 25. Ekuqaleni ngokwemveli yakudala yayo; kwisitanza sokuqala busondele amisiweyo, umfanekiso sublime. UCatherine wabiza Zulu Kaisatsk inkosazana kuba ngelo xesha imbongi ike ngoko yintoni kwilali kwiPhondo Orenburg, eqala kufutshane kummandla ingxokolo Kirghiz, bawuthobele lo ukumkanikazi. Ukongeza, ukuba ukhankanya tale ethile malunga Tsarevich yeKhlorini - lo msebenzi oriental inemibalabala, leyo yabhalwa yaza yapapashwa ngo-1781 yi uCatherine umzukulwana konyaka-5 ubudala, ikamva uMlawuli Alexander Pavlovich (eyaziwa ngokuba Alexander I). Chloro, afike Khan, wayengunyana ka-Grand Prince of Kiev. Isela, befuna ukuhlola ikhono yenkwenkwe, wamthuma naye ekufeni kwakhe, waza wayalela ukuba ufumane rose ngaphandle nameva. Chlorine wanceda Felitsa - ntombi ezithandekayo, ububele kunye nokuzila Khan, ngubani okunike umncedisi lakhe lokukhapha, unyana wakhe, owayebizwa ngokuba Isizathu. Inkwenkwe walingwa: indlela wafuna ukuba ubukelwe phantsi Lentyag Murza, kodwa chlorine ngawo onke amaxesha bancedisa Isizathu. Ekugqibeleni amaqabane zifika ezintabeni elulwalwa, apho kwakukho kanye besuka ngaphandle enameva - njengoko kanti, yaba isidima. Ngenxa yoko, yeKhlorini ngokukhuselekileyo wavuka waza wabuyela kuyise, ukumkani Kiev. Ukuba amandla isihloko kolona ode yonke ngentambo ebomvu. Felicia abizwa imbeko uKumkanikazi of uthixokazi amaRoma ulonwabo, nempumelelo nolonwabo.

Ingxenye esemqoka ye ode. image savela

Yintoni enye uthetha kwindalo yakhe Derzhavin? Felitsa (isishwankathelo kuya kunceda nabani na ofuna ukuqonda intsingiselo umsebenzi) umahluko ngakumbi, ngokungafaniyo kungekuphela enkundleni yakhe ilingane, kodwa umbhali ngokwakhe, lowo uzayo ukuya ingqalelo wenkqu yakhe kubalulekile kakhulu. Ngoko ke, uCatherine poeticizes ukuze Mfanekiso kwakhe zoncwadi akanalo ngokupheleleyo iimpazamo. yokuziphatha-zengqondo ihlabathi ozalisekileyo engaphakathi bubonakaliswa mkhwa, inkcazelo ngezenzo, namasiko, izenzo zikarhulumente. UKumkanikazi uthanda ukuhamba cwaka, ilula yaye akukho frills ukuba adle, elininzi ukufunda nokubhala. Esibalisayo kunye nomfanekiso imbonakalo zincitshiswe mood jikelele, uluvo iimpawu iboniswe ye lokumkani bakhanyiselwa: yena lingenabukhazikhazi, lwentando yesininzi, nabalulamileyo, ezilula, nobubele, ekrelekrele, yaye aneziphiwo kummandla komsebenzi karhulumente.

Uchasaniso "uKumkanikazi - izidwangube"

Ngubani ababemelene nigqibelele emisebenzini yonke ingqiqo uKumkanikazi Derzhavin? "Felitsa" (esifinyeziweyo oko ingakumbi kuqondwe ngokucacileyo) uchaza ukuba ezinye "I 'impenduka; ngasemva kwawo kukho umfanekiso adibeneyo igosa ilingane, nto leyo eyinxalenye kubandakanya zonke iinkalo bahlobo basondeleyo benkosikazi. Oku sele ikhankanyiwe, Prince UGrigory Potemkin, ogama Mfanekiso kuyabonakala ngezantsi, kunye ozithandayo Catherine kaThixo, UGrigory kunye Aleksey Orlovy, nengxolo yabo, abathandi imidyarho kunye fisticuffs, Field Marshal Peter Panin, kuqala - umzingeli, uze kuphela umkhonzi yoluntu, lo lokusayina-jikelele Alexander Vyazemsky leyo ngokukodwa ayeze iinoveli cheap ezithandwayo, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwaye yena wenziwa ngokwakhe Derzhavin? "Felitsa" (uhlalutyo ode, isishwankathelo kunye nocazululo ukunceda Ndakumisa) - umsebenzi apho umbhali isondela ubuntu bakhe ngaphandle kokukhetha, yaye ngoko iqwalasela ukuba velmozhnoy inkampani, ngenxa yokuba eli xesha Gavriil Romanovich sele nguceba karhulumente. Kodwa ke, kwangaxeshanye, wakwazi ukubona cala zabo izono zakhe, ubuthathaka, emibi, yaye, phezu yintetho lobuqu imbongi, "nobudenge." Derzhavin akazange amlahle iinkanuko oluntu ngamagosa kunye nabakhonzi namadoda amanene; uyaqonda ukuba lokuba abaninzi, badla uvuzwa ingqondo brilliant and italente, leyo ukuze kuxhamle karhulumente Russian, yaye egameni wempumelelo.

ukugxeka Satirical kwangaphambili

Noko ke, asingabo bonke bezzloben Derzhavin. "Felitsa", inkcazelo emfutshane izimvo eziphambili ayeba kweli nqaku, naye umfundi kwenye umgca - inkcazo wolawulo uAnny Ioannovny. Apha imbongi akuthethi ukufihla umsindo wakhe phezu kwimeko umtshato yobundlobongela ye ilifa prince Golitsyn xa bethanda ngukumkanikazi phezu nenomlanga endala ugly, ngenxa yoko umntu onesidima waba inkundla jester (ivesi 18). Bephoxekile, ngokutsho Derzhavin, kwakukho nezinye abameli iintsapho Russian amanene - Earl A. Apraksin nePrince UNikolai Volkonsky. ode GR Derzhavin "Felitsa", isishwankathelo apho ukuhlola ingcamango yayo namabhongo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ithi inviolability ilungelo lomntu lokuba ulondolozo nesidima kunye nembeko. Ukophulwa kwezi zintlu wacinga Gavriilom Romanovichem njengokuba isono esikhulu, ngokuba ikhuthaza kunye nomfundi, kwaye uKumkanikazi nokubahlonipha. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Catherine kuyimfuneko ukuba bagcine imithetho, ukuba abe ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ubukhulu babo, ukuze kukhuselwe "ubuthathaka" kunye "ihlwempu", ukubonisa inceba.

imigca ephetha

Ekugqibeleni, bacule nentsusa yokuluka G. R. Derzhavina "Felitsa", isishwankathelo leyo thaca ngokwenkcukacha macandelo ngasentla, nayo wabonakaliswa izitanza yokugqibela umsebenzi. Apha ke, nokuphakanyiswa na ukumkanikazi, yaye yaba emva ebukumkanini kumda esitsha - umbhali ubuza "umprofeti omkhulu 'kwaye' amandla ezulu" ukumsikelela UCatherine kwaye ugcine loo kwizifo nokubi.

Nangona ekupheleni kwakhona ubuyisela umfundi ijelo bamandulo eziphefumlelweyo lo ode, nangona kunjalo, libambisene kunye nezinye umxholo, ukuba unalo ixabiso elitsha, kwewebhu. Bemdumisa apha - hayi nje i irhafu ulwalathiso, izithethe kunye neendibano, yaye umlawuli angxamele kanye umphefumlo umbhali, ngelo xesha wayekholwa ngokunyanisekileyo wadala umfanekiso uCatherine. A umgxeki ezaziwayo-kakuhle Belinsky wabiza lo msebenzi "enye indalo iluncedo 'imibongo Russian lwe ngenkulungwane ye-18.