Eyona umsebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi, isakhiwo, indima kuqoqosho lwehlabathi

Phakathi kakhulu adumileyo kunye omkhulu Amaziko zemali yamazwe ngamazwe - iWorld Bank. Imisebenzi yeli ziko iqatshelwa ziingcali njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa uphuhliso elungeleleneyo uqoqosho lwehlabathi. Phakathi imisebenzi engundoqo yeBhanki yeHlabathi - ukunceda amazwe asakhulayo ekuphuculeni imodeli loqoqosho lwesizwe. Ngeenjongo zokukhawulelana ngempumelelo oku kunye nezinye iingxaki kwisakhiwo i-World Bank wadala amaziko eziliqela. Yintoni Okukodwa wabo? kuphunyezwa njani umsebenzi WI?

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga Bank World

Yiyiphi na uhlobo lweziko - World Bank? Igama elipheleleyo ngesakhiwo umsebenzi - kunokuba ziyamangalisa? I-Bank yeHlabathi (i-World Bank, iBhanki yeHlabathi) - i liziko ngamazwe zemali, okuhlanganisa eziliqela kumaziko ahlukeneyo.

Ngokutsho data zoluntu, ebonisa imisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi, umsebenzi engundoqo yebhanki - ukunyusa umgangatho kophuhliso loqoqosho ithi ngokubanika uncedo lwemali evela kumazwe afumileyo. Lo mbutho wasekwa ngo-1945. ikomkhulu Le nkampani ibekwe eWashington.

WI isakhiwo

Cinga nkcukacha zamaziko ukuba zenze isakhiwo World Bank. Xa ukuhlola iziko zemali ubandakanya:

• IBRD (Bank International okanye Reconstruction and Development);
• Ida (Association, intloko imiba yophuhliso);
• IFC (International Finance Corporation, okanye);
• MIGA (Agency, leyo elawulwa - iziqinisekiso mali);
• ICSID (centre ajongene zokusonjululwa kweembambano ngaphakathi sikhokelo iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali).

Le mibutho ziyilelwe ukuba zinike States e mboleko imfuneko ngamazinga afikelelekayo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - ukuthwala non-inzala. Kufuneka kwakhona inkxaso amazwe ngoncedo kwezibonelelo. ngokubonelela iimeko ezifanelekileyo care i WB - yinkululeko kwezoqoqosho, uthengiso, Ushintsho kuyimfuneko kwinkalo yemfundo, ezempilo, uphuculo lweziseko.

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele imisebenzi engundoqo yeBhanki yeHlabathi.

WI umsebenzi

Abaphandi ukuchonga Uluhlu lwabo elandelayo:

• umsebenzi utyalo-mali (ubukhulu becala kumazwe asakhasayo, kwiindawo zempilo kunye nemfundo);
• kokubonisana inkxaso koorhulumente zesizwe kwimiba yezoqoqosho, umsebenzi inethiwekhi;
• nokuphucula ubonelelo ngeenkonzo zemali;
• umsebenzi nomlomo (kwi kulwabiwo lwezibonelelo phakathi kuphuhliswa kunye namazwe umva ngokwezoqoqosho).

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ubuyekeza isakhiwo zemali ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Uphawu zibalulekile ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho elungeleleneyo ilizwe imisebenzi World Bank. Ngoku khawucinge, ngoko iindlela i WB lifezekisa kubo practice. Unga cinga lo mba kwimeko kwimisebenzi amaziko akhankanywe apha ngentla, equka i-World Bank. Masiqalise kunye IBRD.

Ingakumbi IBRD

I-World Bank okanye Bank International for Reconstruction and Development - iziko leyo, ngaphandle neBhanki yeHlabathi, phantsi kolawulo UN. imisebenzi emininzi World Bank ziyaphunyezwa ngokusekelwe mbutho. Enyanisweni, i-Bank yeHlabathi - yintloko ngesakhiwo World Bank. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba iziko yamiselwa ngaphambi kokuba, enyanisweni, i-World Bank, ngowe-1944. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development yamiselwa emva eBretton Woods Conference. Injongo ezabelwe yalo ukuvuselela uqoqosho kumazwe elalichaphazeleka ngexesha lemfazwe.

Kule 50 iBhanki yeHlabathi waqalisa ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yeBhanki yeHlabathi, kwaqatshelwa kuthi ngasentla - ingakumbi, ukuba Ukubonelela kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Kwiminyaka engama-90 ubudala uhlobo olufanelekileyo lombutho waqalisa ngokubonelela mboleko ukuba namazwe akutshintsho, inkqubo yoqoqosho. Okukodwa-mboleko IBRD - kwixesha elide. Loans iziko elinikezela isithuba esimalunga neminyaka eli-15-20. asethi zemali yeBhanki akhiwa iintlawulo zobulungu, imali leyo ixhomekeke quotas ukuba ithi ilungu elithile.

Ingakumbi imisebenzi shandi

Enye isakhiwo ebalulekileyo unoxanduva imisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi - Ida kunye International Association Development. Lasekwa ngo-1960. Injongo ezabelwe yalo Ukubonelela ezithambileyo kunye neentlawulo ixesha elide - iminyaka 40-50 - States ebonakala ngamazinga aphantsi lophuhliso loqoqosho. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1961, intlangano igqibe ukukhupha imali ahambelanayo eIndiya, Chile, Honduras kunye Sudan. Ida ayiboneleli kuphela mboleko ukuze ukunceda oorhulumente lamazwe ne inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, kodwa ikhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kumazwe eziphuhliswe abantu asakhasayo. Kubalulekile kwakhona Luxanduva ida - ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo. Thembela ngetyala evela Ida na States leyo abakwazi sokungasebenzi mboleko kwi ngokwemiqathango IBRD. Ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, umbutho liye lanika mboleko abangaphezu kwama-90 ezigidi US zeerandi.

Yintoni i IFC?

IFC okanye International Finance Corporation - nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo, equka i-World Bank Group. umsebenzi wayo kulinganiselwe nomnikelo mboleko ukukhuthaza ushishino kumazwe kunye kwinqanaba elisezantsi lophuhliso loqoqosho. Eyona njongo yalo mbutho - ukukhuthaza utyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi kumazwe asakhasayo, ukuphucula ubomi babantu abahlala kuzo. Ezibolekwe IFC ekhutshwe ngamashishini abucala, nto leyo ebonisa amanani okulungileyo ngokwemiqathango inzuzo. ixesha Credit - kwisithuba seminyaka eli-15. Kuba lonke ixesha umsebenzi wayo lombutho liye lanika mboleko ukuba ngaphezu kwe-20 zeerandi US.

imisebenzi Iimpawu MIGA

Yintoni anda ngokuphawulekayo ukuba neBhanki yeHlabathi - isakhiwo umsebenzi wombutho yahlula ngokulinganayo elungeleleneyo phakathi kwamaqumrhu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Phakathi amaziko onoxanduva isigqibo umthamo omkhulu imisebenzi entsimini lotyalo-mali - MIGA. Ntoni ngayo? MIGA, okanye International Guarantee Arhente Investment, ojongene ne-inshorensi umsebenzi wotyalo-mali ezichaphazelekayo kwiingozi non-ezorhwebo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye nomsebenzi lokucebisa konxibelelwano kunye noorhulumente. MIGA ikhuthaza umtsalane eyinkunzi kumazwe asakhasayo ukuba ukuphucula intsebenzo yabo yezoqoqosho.

Umngcipheko ukuba iingcali umbutho hlalutya, ukuze zibonise nkcukacha imali translation, kokuthathwa kwipropati yabucala, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko. MIGA ikhuthaza nozinzo enabela kumazwe asakhasayo, ngokunjalo ulwazi abatyali zimali 'malunga namathemba investment wolawulo-mali kuqoqosho ezichaphazelekayo. Phakathi izixhobo eziphambili MIGA - siqinisekiso. Umbutho ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ubanike ezixabisa ngaphezu kwe-17 ezigidi US zeerandi. Ngoncedo lwamaziko kumazwe asakhasayo wathathwa mali ezixabisa ngaphezu kwe-50 ezigidi US zeerandi.

Ezi nkcukacha ye ICSID

Ukufunda le ezicacileyo okuluphawu isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi, qiniseka ukuba ukuphanda iimpawu kwimisebenzi ICSID, okanye iZiko yaMazwe ukulungisa iingxabano Investment. Lo mbutho ukhuthaza ukukhuselwa, abathatha inxaxheba iimfuno ezahlukeneyo amaqabane lweeprojekthi zotyalo ngaphakathi iinkqubo zomthetho ekhoyo. ICSID libandakanywe uphawu olunga-noqoqosho kubulawe nemiqobo kunokwenzeka ukuba bahambe intsebenziswano phakathi kukarhulumente namashishini kwinkqubo zokuzisa. iziko ebheka liphumeza imisebenzi yayo ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili - uxolelwaniso kunye nolamlo inkqubo. Iinkonzo ICSID - zihlawulwe, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuzo - ngokuzithandela.

Iimpawu ze mboleko WI

Thina sifunda mboleko ezithile zibonelelwa ngenjongo zokusombulula iingxaki ezinkulu phakathi kobuchule ngamaziko afana neBhanki yeHlabathi - ukuphuhlisa amazwe kunye kan- kwezoqoqosho. Lo mbutho unika loans iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko. Okokuqala, oko credits zotyalo-mali. Bona zinikwe ngenjongo ngezimali amacandelo woshishino uqoqosho kumazwe asakhasayo, ngokunjalo kwezinye iinxalenye zeenkqubo yezoqoqosho ezibalulekileyo ukususela kwinqanaba Ngenxa zokusombulula iingxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho. Okwesibini, le mboleko njongo, nokunokujoliswa kwabo ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezopolitiko. ngamalungiselelo abo ifuna States ukuqhuba iinguqulelo eziyimfuneko.

kokubonisana inkxaso

Kwezinye iimeko, i-Bank yeHlabathi unako ukwenza imisebenzi ngempela ukuba kuncitshiswa ukulamla phakathi namanye amaziko ezemali okanye abatyali kunye noorhulumente bamazwe abadinga inkxaso-mali. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze afumane imali karhulumente kuyimfuneko kwezinye iimeko kunokuba ngenxa imfuneko ukuthobela zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo zopolitiko zokugweba ezithile ukuba ababolekisi bafuna ukubona. I-Bank World kunokunxulunyaniswa, ngoko Ncediswa Oorhulumente ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo ejoliswe ekuphumeleleni ukuthobela iinkqubo zoqoqosho nezopolitiko wesizwe indlela eziyimfuneko.

Isicwangciso of the World Bank Group

Eyona ndlela iphambili kwimisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi, kokubini entsimini-nkqubo lwamatyala, kwakunye endle iinkonzo lokucebisa, nâzo kuxwebhu eyahlukileyo - Strategy for WBG. Lo mthombo ezisebenza njenge isitshixo kwi intsebenziswano World Bank kunye ooRhulumente States, uvakalelwa imfuneko uncedo lwemali. Strategy ngexesha elifanayo a sikhokelo. imisebenzi ethile yeBhanki yeHlabathi kummandla kwenkxaso States mntu wayesebenza phandle, olusekelwe kuhlobo oluthile uqoqosho lwayo kwaye inkqubo yezopolitiko.

Imithombo ngezimali

Ngoko ke, siye safunda ezinye iinkalo eziphambili leziko ezifana Bank yeHlabathi. Ukucazulula kunye nemisebenzi yentlangano, siya eyaziwa. Ngoku siza kufunda le nkalo kwimisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi njengoko ukukhulisa imali imisebenzi mali. Yeyiphi imithombo isebenza lo mbutho wamazwe ngamazwe?

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukutsala imali WB ukulungiselela uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi ephambili. Umzekelo, ukuba mboleko IBRD kumazwe asakhasayo, izibonelelo zemali ezifanelekileyo efunyenwe kwiintengiso neentambo kunye zaphuma phambili. Omnye umthombo, i inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yeBhanki yeHlabathi - capital, leyo wangena amazwe ilungu lombutho. Olu bonelelo nayo iyasebenza ukuze ufezekisa izibophelelo enxulumene nenkonzo isikweliti Bank yeHlabathi. Xa nokutshitshiswa kwee-World Bank kwakhona abe reserve eyinkunzi kwimali abangaphezu kwama-193 ezigidi US zeerandi. On oku resource, lo mbutho okwangoku isetyenziswe, kodwa unelungelo enjalo.

I-World Bank kunye neminye imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe

Ngoko safunda iimpawu eziphambili okuluphawu iWorld Bank. Igama elipheleleyo kunye umsebenzi weziko, siya eyaziwa. Ngaba kunokuthiwa neBhanki yeHlabathi - iziko eyodwa elolu hlobo? Oku kuyinyaniso. Kodwa kusekho inani leenkampani ngamazwe, imisebenzi sikabani na iimpawu ezithile afana nemisebenzi neBhanki yeHlabathi kaThixo. Cinga eminye imizekelo.

Ngokukodwa, i kufutshane ethile yeBhanki yeHlabathi abe umsebenzi kunye OPEC. Into yokuba ipesenti ebonakalayo angamalungu of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ehlumayo. Imisebenzi OPEC lungabonakaliswa, ingakumbi, ukukhuthaza uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho lwabo emileyo kumazwe-ukuba uhlobo olufanelekileyo of raw materials kwiimarike zehlabathi.

Bank World ne IMF

Umsebenzi kunye nendima kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, iBhanki yeHlabathi ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo nezo zeIMF (Monetary Fund International). Le mibutho nabo bamanyene yi kukuba bobabini - zimiselwa ukuze ukubuyisela uqoqosho lwehlabathi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Vala imigaqo ezaneleyo wokumiswa lwesakhiwo sesebe le-World Bank kunye IMF. Umzekelo, ixabiso lomrhumo kaRhulumente kwikomkhulu zizonke yeziko kugqiba ubungakanani nempembelelo yawo ngemisebenzi zeziko. Ukufana imisebenzi yale mibutho inokubonwa kwinto ukuba kugxile zokusombulula iingxaki ukukhuthaza uphuhliso loqoqosho lwamazwe abadinga inkxaso-mali lwangaphandle - umzekelo, ngenxa yohlenga-hlengiso lwentlawulo intsilelo.