Yeyiphi ithetha utshintsho amandla yangaphakathi

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, zezinto ucingela ukuba ubushushu emiselwe ubukho zegesi ezingabonakaliyo nempahla caloric ikhaphukhaphu. Kuye kwaba iithiyori ezininzi echaza intshukumo yayo ngaphakathi umbandela, naphakathi nezifundo ezahlukeneyo. MV kuphela Lomonosov wakwazi ukuchaza uhlobo yokwenene mba, ukudala ingcamango molekyuli-entshukumo weegesi. Xa izizathu zabo kunye izibalo wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba caloric kwindalo. Ubushushu ixhomekeke izinga isindululo random le iimolekyuli. Esi ingqiqo amandla ngaphakathi, ndaza ndachaza nokuba iyitshintsha njani kule ngokwayo.

Yintoni eyabangela yabangela MV Lomonosov kuba ubungqina ingcamango lwalusanda-kinetic weegesi

Elwenzile kwinkolelo yokuqala, ukuba akukho caloric ayikho kwindalo, wadibana nokumelana eliqele phambi ephi ihloniphekile kwexesha. Bonke waqaphela ubukho ngumphandi caloric kwaye abo basandula kuqalisa - hayi. Emva koko, kwintlanganiso kunye zesayensi isiJamani kunye British Kwaxelwa zilandelayo: "abafundisi othandekayo. Apho lo caloric kwi inkomo? Edla utyani kuyabanda, uze umzimba wakhe wotha ngenxa yokuba ngaphakathi kwayo kukho utshintsho amandla lwangaphakathi. yabakho phi ngayo? Kwaye imvelaphi ubushushu emzimbeni ngenxa yokuba ingca uye amandla yemichiza ukuba umzimba isilwanyana aguqulwa ukufudumeza. Ngoko ke, sibona into of transfer ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye amandla. " Ithe ke yakuba ilondele waphulaphula, bambuza ngayo imibuzo. Emva kwengxoxo siye saqulunqwa kwaye umthetho ukutshintsha lwamandla (eyaziwa ngokuba umthetho zolondolozo of energy), nto leyo ingqalelo ngabo bonke abakhoyo. Kamva, yanyatheliswa ingqokelela encinane yeengcinga, leyo uhlelo lokuqala, apho imfundiso molekyuli-kwikinetiki yeegesi awubona.

Yintoni eyenziwa ngabaphandi theory MV Lomonosov

Ngoku kubonakala ukuba yonke into kusengqiqweni in obizwa. Kodwa simele sikhumbule ukuba sele kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwama-250 ukusuka kwingcinga unanamhla lokuqala. nomhloli French uJacques Charles wafumanisa umthetho ukulingana lokonyuka kontanga ukunyuka kweqondo lobushushu esisi. Emva koko wachaza utshintsho eneji lwangaphakathi irhasi xa itshiswe. Wayizisa ifomula yakhe. ukufunda kwakhe emva kweminyaka 20 waqhubeka Gay-Lussac, ngubani kuphandwe ukuba ubushushu le igesi njalo. Oku baphawula indlela piston litshintsha indawo yayo, ibekwe ngaphakathi itankana yeglasi ukufudumeza nokupholisa. Apha ke, akusondela ukuba ukuvula ingqiqo njalo igesi. Akazange asebenzise uphando, awayenzayo kwiminyaka 140 phambi uRobert Boyle. ukusebenza kuphela Mariotte wenza kamva yaye zakhiwe kwindawo Boyle wanceda Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron yaqulunqa imfundiso yokuqala lenxaki likarhulumente ye yegesi efanelekileyo.

Emva kweminyaka 40 di Mendeleev equation karhulumente zincediswa iziphumo zophando lwabo. Ngoku ke umthetho Clapeyron-Mendeleev sisiseko ukuba obizwa zehlabathi. Yena ngokwezibalo igqiba utshintsho amandla lwangaphakathi lobushushu esisi. imithetho esisiseko kuqinisekisa kwafunyanwa kunye practice. Luqulunqwe yi injini ubushushu, ebalekayo kwimijikelo thermodynamic ka Otto, Diesel, Trinklera kunye nezinye izazinzulu.

Kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX kokuba wachaza amava ababengaphambi waza wabhala incwadi kwi ezinto eziphilayo physics nobunjineli nokushisa, ezithi ngokucocekileyo nangengqiqo ebekwe isethi yonke obafunyanwa.

A amagama ambalwa malunga umthetho igesi efanelekileyo

PV = mRT

Namhlanje, kunye ukurhoxiswa zonke izixhomekeki ngokusebenzisa i equation likarhulumente okanye igesi efanelekileyo. Akukho mntu ephambanisa parameters alo, okuye ingcamango echazwe kakuhle. Isigqibo ngenxa yokuba umthetho engundoqo igesi Enye indlela ebalulekileyo oluphawula utshintsho amandla yangaphakathi:

Du = cvDT,

Apha du ke utshintsho mahluko amandla lwangaphakathi, kwaye iCV - na umthamo bubushushu igesi umthamo rhoqo. Ngenxa ingxoxo yohlobo irhasi rhoqo R ngayo wafumanisa ukuba ubonakalise umsebenzi igesi kwi njalo.