Le into kwezoqoqosho awusebenzi ... Iintlobo ngezenzeko zoqoqosho

Igama elithi "Uqoqosho" enemvelaphi yayo Greece yamandulo kwaye ludibaniso iingcambu ezimbini "oikos" kunye "Nomos". Okokuqala in Greek itolikwa njengendlu okanye ifama, kwaye eyesibini - umthetho. Ngenxa yoko, uqoqosho - iseti imithetho, imithetho, imilinganiselo basebe-. Ukutolikwa kolu luvo eminyaka ngaphezu ezimbini ngokwaneleyo watshintsha waceba.

ukutolikwa Namhlanje le mbono

Okokuqala, uqoqosho - uqoqosho ngokwayo (ingqokelela yezinto, izixhobo, izinto, izinto ze yokomoya nehlabathi eziphathekayo, indoda isetyenziselwa ukubonelela le imiqathango efanelekileyo yobomi babo esanelisa iimfuno).

Le ukutyhilwa kwale kota uphononongwayo - umbono wayo nje iinkqubo ubomi inkxaso lusekiwe kwaye isicelo, ngokunjalo nokugcinwa kunye nokuphucula iimeko ubukho uhlanga lwabantu.

Okwesibini, uqoqosho - lesayensi (a umzimba ulwazi malunga noqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi yabantu ezinxulumene) ekusetyenzisweni ubengo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo umda, izibonelelo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ebalulekileyo yomntu ngamnye kunye noluntu ngokubanzi; kobudlelwane babantu evela kwinkqubo yolawulo.

Economics njenge inzululwazi kwaye njengoko uqoqosho ngokwalo terminologically umahluko ngokuthi unike amagama anxulumene etymologically ezimbini - "economics" yaye "uqoqosho". Lokuqala - Uqoqosho ngqo (uqoqosho ukubonakaliswa ngokwasemzimbeni), kwaye eyesibini - inzululwazi kwezoqoqosho - theory kwezoqoqosho. Le asike igalelo ekuziqondeni ngcono ngeli gama.

Kukholelwa ukuba uqoqosho njengoko inzululwazi eyatolikwa kuqala sobulumko ebalaseleyo lidala - kaSocrates (470-390 BCE ...). Ngelishwa, yena ukushumayela izikwere eziphambili kunye nezitalato, ngoko akazange abe ubungqina ebhaliweyo yalo. Emva kokufa bulumko umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi abafundi basondeleyo - Plato noXenophon. Bathi waxelela uluntu ukuba usebenza uSocrates apho.

Kufuneka sicacise ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngqo elithi "ezoqoqosho 'ngolwimi Russian ithathwa ayilunganga, ngoko ke indawo elithi" ingcamango kwezoqoqosho. "

Ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa yoluvo iinjongo zephulo (njengoko inkqubo yoqoqosho, kwaye ulwazi malunga nayo), kunye nabanye ababhali ukuchonga ixabiso lesithathu loqoqosho: ubudlelwane babantu evela kwinkqubo yemveliso kuqala, kulandele ukwabiwa, ngoko exchange, yaye ekugqibeleni, iimpahla kunye neenkonzo yabathengi.

Ngenxa yoko, uqoqosho - ezolimo, inzululwazi kwayo, kwakunye nolawulo kunye nobudlelwane nabantu kwinkqubo yayo.

Ukutyhilwa ingqiqo ka "nesenzeko zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo"

Ezi iziphumo zempembelelo ngaxeshanye inani elikhulu kwiimbangi zokuqhelaniswa kwezoqoqosho. iinkqubo Economic ngezimanga zikhutshwa rhoqo azivelele bazitshabalalisa (ukuba sihamba eqhubekayo). Oku kubizwa ngokuba ngengqiqo yabo. Imizekelo iziganeko ezinjalo kunye neenkqubo ingaba: ukutshintshiselana kwempahla, . Wokuphelelwa, ezezimali, ezentengiso, njll Kodwa kurhwebo kwezopolitiko isimo yezoqoqosho alisebenzi.

inkqubo Economic - iqonga zazivelela yemveliso eziphathekayo, kwakunye imikhosi yayo nemveliso (. abavelisi ngqo, izakhono zabo, ulwazi, izakhono, ubugcisa, njalo njalo) kunye kwakheka kwi isiseko kubudlelwane babo obunemveliso, kuquka ngokuphathelele kubudlelwane ubunini kwi iindlela ezikhoyo kwimveliso (private, lwentsebenziswano, zikarhulumente, njalo njalo. d.), imisebenzi exchange ngokusekelwe kwisahlulo zabasebenzi kunye nonxulumano kulwabiwo ubutyebi ezikhoyo.

Ngaphakathi iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezimbini intsebenziswano layer oluthile lwabantu ahluka: eyokuqala omnye - umphezulu (ebonakalayo abangaboniyo), kwaye eyesibini - embilwini (uyazibonela ifihliwe). Uphando abangaboniyo ubudlelwane okubonakala kwezoqoqosho iyafumaneka kuwo wonke umntu, ngoko ukususela ebuntwaneni, umntu akha iingcinga kwezoqoqosho esiveza ngokusekelwe mechanism ulawulo lokwenene ulwazi. Olu hlobo yokucinga sizalwa kakhulu ezikhathazayo. Oku mda sengqondo elithile komntu omnye kwaye lusoloko lusekwe phezu inkcazelo engaphelelanga kwaye elinye macala.

theory Economic ikwafuna ukuqaphela isiqulatho lwangaphakathi kunye nendlela abanye nesenzeko zoqoqosho zihlobene nabanye (ulwalamano lwabo imbangela).

Ulwahlulo kwezi nkqubo

izenzakalo Socio-economic zahlulwe iintlobo ezifanelekileyo, kwakunye neentlobo, ngokusekelwe khrayitheriya ezifana yezentlalo kunye nomdla woluntu, uhlobo ukuphunyezwa kwazo kuluntu ethile. Eli candelo lunemiqathango, nangona kunjalo, oku kuyanceda ukubeka imixholo yazo lwangaphakathi kunye nenani kwiimpawu ezininzi ukusebenza kwawo.

Iintlobo ngezenzeko koqoqosho zingahlulwa ngokwala ngokusekelwe kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:

1. Ubume zifundo zentlalo kuvumela ukwahlula iindidi ezintathu iinkqubo zoqoqosho ngezimanga:

• iklasi ubhalo (abadlali abaphambili kunye namandla okuqhuba - iiklasi echaphazelekayo);
• uphawu kazwelonke (ukuqhuba amandla engundoqo - uhlanga);
• umlinganiswa lonke (abadlali - amaqela asekuhlaleni kunye kwezakhi yabantu elizweni).

2. Iimpawu ngokuqulethwe ziquka nesenzeko zilandelayo lwentlalo-qoqosho kunye neenkqubo:

• Ngokubhekiselele ukusombulula iingxaki eziqhelekileyo revolution yenzululwazi kunye zobugcisa;
• ngokunxulumene ekusombululeni iingxaki ezithile malunga nokusebenza iibhanki kunye capital zoshishino;
• ekusombululeni iingxaki yobudlelwane phakathi uhlanga;
• Ngokubhekiselele ekusombululeni iingxaki amalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko.

3. Ububanzi nobunzulu izenzo zabo ichonge iinkqubo zoqoqosho ngezimanga zilandelayo:

• ngamazwe kunye basekhaya;
• ngokwemilinganiselo yalapha elikhulu kunye nabanye.

izenzakalo Socio-economic nazo zahlulwe: abulalayo neyakhayo, exeshana uzinzile.

Xa ezoqoqosho, uninzi iinkqubo zihlobene. Into ebalulekileyo asinto nje ubunyani efumanise ubudlelwane phakathi kweenkqubo ezoqoqosho ngendalo, kodwa ukuqikelela lwabo kunye nokulawulwa kakuhle ngokuthi kunikwe quantitation zezibalo. Oku ojongene manani. Ngaloo ndlela elinye iqela iziphawuli izenzo njengemiba (ebangela), ebangela onamandla enye iseti ezizakubonisa zibizwa nje bengenamveliso.

Uhlola ubudlelwane zihlelwa esekelwe uhlobo, ngokuxhomekeke indlela kunye nofundo lokuba unxibelelwano. Le nesenzeko zoqoqosho musa ziquka: umbane imizimba kuwohloka inucleus, ukukhanya kwelanga, ikhephu, njalo-njalo ...

indlela economy

It is a inzululwazi ngokuphathelele iindlela yolwazi kunye nokufunda imiba yezoqoqosho iziganeko kwezoqoqosho. It isigqibo sokwabela iindlela jikelele kunye ngqo ulwazi ngezenzeko kwezoqoqosho.

Ngenxa yoko, owokuqala nezi ndlela zilandelayo:

1. ngengqiqo eziphathekayo (zonke iinkqubo kunye iziganeko kuhlalutywa nokutshintsha okuqhubekayo, uphuhliso rhoqo kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo).
2. Isakhiwo Scientific (ulwabiwo ezifunekayo iimpawu ezibalulekileyo Eyona nto bafunda kunye neenkqubo, ngelixa ekuphepheni eziziisekondari).
3. Umanyano lolwazi zembali ubhalo (iimviwo yoluntu ngokwemiqathango ngokulandelelana yezembali ukongeza indlela ubhalo yokufunda ebonisa ukulandelelana ukuvela ngendaleko kwemithetho kwezoqoqosho kunye neendidi).

iindlela Private ukufunda Iziphumo zoqoqosho zibandakanya:

1. Economics and Mathematics (definition iimpawu ubunjani kunye ubungakanani la ibe ezininzi iinguqulelo yezisombululo ifanelekileyo le ngxaki kwezoqoqosho).
2. analysis kunye nendlela amagama (nesenzeko ezintsonkothileyo zoqoqosho zahlulo limalunga, kamva phantsi uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha, nto leyo kubudlelwane isethi yonke le nkqubo isekelwe phezu udibaniso ungamalungu ngamnye).
3. indlela igrafikhi (lumelo olubonakalayo unxulumano iziphawuli ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho phantsi kwempembelelo imeko olutshintshayo yezoqoqosho).
4. Indlela yokwenza zentlalo (inkqubo apho nesenzeko zoqoqosho zihlolisiswe ngenyameko kuqala, uze emva koko bafumana kule khosi yesi sifundo ukuqinisekisile substantiation lwenzululwazi okanye Wakhanyela inkqubo zentlalo).
5. Indlela Induction kunye Isixa (utshintsho ukusuka buso izikhonkwane zizonke, and vice versa).

Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho

It is a iseti eyondeleleneyo iindlela, iindlela kunye neendlela ukuba isicelo ukuze afumane izigqibo kwezoqoqosho malunga kwiqumrhu elithile.

Uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho - ubuchule inkqubo kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:

1. Uhlalutyo izenzakalo zoqoqosho kunye neenkqubo ubuhlobo babo kobude omnye komnye, ezo iphenjelelwa yimiba zoqoqosho luluvo kunye nemithetho njongo.
2. substantiation Scientific lwezicwangciso zoshishino.
3. Ukukhomba izinto ezintle nezimbi, kwakunye somlinganiselo oluninzi izenzo zabo.
4. Ukuxelwa uphuhliso loqoqosho isigqibo iqondo loovimba non-farm.
5. Ukwamkelwa izigqibo ezifanelekileyo nezaneleyo zolawulo.

Uhlalutyo ibandakanya nesenzeko kwezoqoqosho iingongoma ezibalulekileyo: ekusekeni ulwalamano, kwaye kokuxhomekeka le interdependencies kunye nezizathu.

Ngqesho umzekelo ngezenzeko kwezoqoqosho njengoko

sizathu oyinhloko - utshintsho ibango ngokubhekisele kwishishini ezingqingqwa rhoqo phantsi kwempembelelo yexabiso eyinkunzi ezingasetyenziswanga abasebenzi.

Ngqesho - buyinto noqoqosho iintlobo makethi imisebenzi enxulumene imveliso, nto leyo ebonakaliswa yokuba abantu esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho akukho umsebenzi kunye ingeniso ezinzileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphaya kwamandla akhe.

Izizathu ingqalelo buyinto kwezoqoqosho

Zingakotshwa zihlelwe ngokusekelwe ngokwembono seemfundiso ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho:

• Malthusianism (imbangela-ngqesho - kwakuwo abantu);
• theory zeteknoloji (nayiphi ezintsha zobugcisa "utsalo" abasebenzi ukusuka inkqubo yokuvelisa);
• Keynesianism (ukungabikho aggregate olusebenzayo) xa kuthelekiswa (ukuba bafune iimveliso kunye imiba yemveliso);
• monetarism (njengoko ummeli wakhe, Friedrich Hayek, unobangela wale meko kwezoqoqosho izenzo ukutenxa ingeniso kunye nexabiso lizama ka inqanaba labo ezizinzileyo kunye nobume umyalelo lemarike, nto leyo ukuvela kukho nokubekwa ngokungenabulungisa ngokwezoqoqosho lwabasebenzi, nto leyo, kukhokelela kwimeko ukungalingani kwemfuno nangoncedo labour);
• theory ngokweMarxist ( "surplus isihlobo", unobangela leyo, nayo, kukuba kwisikali capital kuqamba zomgquba ngexesha yokugcina yayo, ngokunxulumene ngayo (kuphela ngaphakathi kwemveliso nkulu) kukho ukuhla xa kuthelekiswa kwi imfuno yabasebenzi).

Kuzo zonke iingcamango ngasentla, Kakade, ephawulwe kakuhle causation of iziganeko kwezoqoqosho ezifana ngqesho. Ngamafuphi kubo, ungafumana ngokwaneleyo wenkcazo iphela yezizathu injongo yokwakhiwa kwayo: ukungabikho yokubanga aggregate ukuba iimpahla kunye nezinto zemveliso phantsi imeko ukwanda ubume kweziphilayo eyinkunzi.

Ipropati njenge buyinto kwezoqoqosho

Ekuqaleni, yena wenza njengoko ubudlelwane phakathi uluntu ngokuphathelele ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokomoya eziphathekayo, kwakunye nemiqathango kwendalo yazo okanye indlela esekwe ngokwembali yoluntu ubuntu.

Ipropati njengoko ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kubonakala ngexesha nokusekwa abantu.

Kwi inkqubo lokubanga lwepropati, ngoko ukuthetha, ndazigcina zonke iintlobo kokokunyanzelwa kwezoqoqosho kunye non-kwezoqoqosho ukusebenza. Ngenxa yoko, indlela yamandulo imveliso iye kwakugcwele yesinyanzelo extra-kwezoqoqosho, iyangqinwa ilungelo lobunini khoboka, Asian - ubunini ekunene ilizwe, phantsi feudalism - ubunini zozibini ngamnye emhlabeni.

Le ngokunyanzelwa zezoqoqosho umsebenzi bakucaphukele kwipropati ngqo imiqathango imveliso okanye ubunini eyinkunzi.

Le meko kwezoqoqosho - lo ukuyilwa ngendlela entsonkothileyo kakhulu kwaye multi-mbini ngokwaneleyo. Ngokwembali, kwakusazeka ukuba propati iintlobo ezimbini: i jikelele kunye nawabucala. umahluko wabo indalo, iintlobo kunye neendlela sehlo, izinga elihle kwezentlalo. Phakathi kwazo kukho intsebenziswano kunokuba ezintsonkothileyo.

Okokuqala, banalo isiqalo efanayo kubalulekile, kwaye ngokubanzi ezinxulumene njengoko umahluko esisiseko (umahluko phakathi kwazo ngeke bakhuliswe kakhulu okwahlukileyo). Ngokuphathelele kule propati yabucala nga kuguqulwa ube eqhelekileyo, kunye vice versa. Okwesibini, ingqalelo buyinto kwezoqoqosho, ebonisa iinkqubo sinzulu imiba yezoqoqosho ubomi yoluntu, alunako ukutshintshwa.

Umahluko iifom ezisisiseko zobumnini

Impahla yabucala wohlulwe ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• single (umntu);
• ezidityanelweyo (ngaku yaye ayahlukahlukenanga);
• jikelele;
• kusiwa ngobungakanani umbutho okanye likarhulumente, okanye abekwa bodwa.

Umxholo impahla eqhelekileyo isekelwe phezu ubungakanani loluntu kunye nobume bayo. Kunokuba zombini kwinqanaba losapho (kumakhaya), yaye kwinqanaba loluntu okanye lombutho, okanye likarhulumente okanye uluntu (abantu).

Iziphumo zoqoqosho, imizekelo zazo ngaphambili (kwemisebenzi kunye nempahla) zanikwa, kungekhona sisodwa. Oku kuquka kwamaxabiso, deflation, ukukhula koqoqosho, jikelele, nazo zonke izinto, njalo njalo. N. nesenzeko yezoqoqosho awusebenzi, umzekelo, nkqubo njengoko unyulo. Naliphi na isenzeko ngokwasemzimbeni okanye kwemichiza okanye inkqubo (ice yokunyibilika, komphunga, electrolysis, njl) Ingaba kwezoqoqosho.

Xa ezoqoqosho, kukho zizinto yezoqoqosho zithathwa lingenakumbi, evela phambi kokuba omnye kwaye lwenze isiseko ukuvela ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Loo mzekelo unako ukukhonza utshintshiselwano impahla.

indlela Central Economics

Kuzo kukhombisa ngezenzeko kwezoqoqosho - inkcazo yazo ngokolwimi ngokusesikweni usebenzisa ubuchule zemathematika kunye nabalinganiswa esihambelanayo ukuchonga ubudlelwane ezisebenzayo phakathi la okanye iinkqubo. Oku inikwe idealization le into.

Osemqoka - isifundo mbumbulu ulwabiwo into efana into ogqibeleleyo akakho eneneni, kodwa sikhonza kwi ukwakhiwa isiseko e-worldwork theory. Kwinkqubo lokwakha izinto ezinjalo umphandi lula kakhulu inyaniso, yena ngabom kutsalwa ukusuka iipropati zabo semvelo okanye eneneni linika iimpawu zazo yenyani. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ubone unxibelelwano zihlalutywe ngokucacileyo ngakumbi uzisondeze ikakhulu kwi aspect zemathematika.

Ukungqinelana indlela ngoku, ukuba oko kuyimfuneko ukuze achaze isenzeko, ngoko zakhiwa imodeli yemathematika ebonisa iimpawu zalo ezisisiseko. Oku kulandelwa iziphumo zitolikwa ebhaliweyo echaza isizathu izibakala wathi, nokuba iingxelo ukuba musa eziphikisana imeko yezoqoqosho.

Inqanaba elilandelayo - nokuqokelelwa kweenkcukacha ngamava ukuba uvavanyo elandelayo imodeli. Phantsi ukuya ekufumaneni imifuniselo lwamanani zilandelayo iziphumo ezamkelekileyo lwemodeli enjalo kucingelwa ukuba iziphumo theoretical component zafumana inkxaso enokwehla.

Ukuqwalaselwa ukulinganiselwa indlela

Oku kuchazwe into yokuba imodeli engundoqo zemathematika lixhotyiswe umda zintsonkothe. Enyanisweni, oko exwila kwaye ichaza ngomnye weyona miba ibalulekileyo kuphela. I ingxaki ikhokelela iingxaki isicelo wafumana imvume soLwazi ngeMathematika.

Enye Ububi ebalulekileyo kukuba yonke imibono kubeka phambili kwimathematika, ngaphandle kokukhetha, naye avavanywe ngendlela esesikweni. Oku kubonisa ukuba amathuba yokwakha zombini engenamsebenzi nokungaphumeleli kwawo, okanye umfuziselo zobuxoki.

ukucinga Mathematical - oko ukucinga yohlalutyo. It dissects isenzeko ibe ngamalungu ayo candelo, okungabangela singenele ngokunxulumene ibinzana ezikhona, ingakumbi ngokuphathelene iziganeko zentlalo. Izibalo ekuthiwa-esesikweni kuphazamisana ukuchazwa nkcukacha lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho eluntwini.

uqoqosho kweli lizwe ngo-2015

Ngokutsho usekela sihlalo Central Bank Ksenii Yudaevoy, namhlanje kwilizwe lethu imeko yezoqoqosho kunzima kakhulu: kwincopho emali (mzobo yangoku - 8.9%) iya kuba kwi kwikota yokuqala kulo nyaka (uyakwazi ukufikelela-10%), lo gama kuya kuthatha ngokunxulumene iimveliso zokutya ixabiso eliphezulu (12%). Ngokutsho kwakhe, nangona ukuba buthathaka engange ithelekiswa nedola ibe malunga nama-40%, kwaye Euro - 20-30%, izinga lokukhula kwamaxabiso akayi kwamkela amaxabiso ezilingana nezo namhlanje kukho utshintsho kwemfuno kwemveliso kumazwe angaphandle ngenxa zasekhaya, okhulisa ixabiso elicothayo kakhulu.

Isigqibo OPEC kunye malunga nokulondolozwa quotas ukuvelisa oyile ngokoqobo lanyanzela Central Bank ukuqwalasela imeko elitsha apho uqoqosho lweli lizwe liza kuphuhlisa kwixesha elizayo (kwimeko ngokucuthwa medium-term kulo ixabiso yeoli kuyo ixabiso $ 60 umphanda). Ngokutsho zonke K Yudaeva efanayo kule meko iya sikala ngokutsha loqoqosho Russian, ndawonye endaweni elizweni kunye nokwahlukana.

UDaria Zhelannova (uSekela Mlawuli yeSebe "Alpari" zohlahlelo) ikholelwa ukuba ixabiso eliphezulu kwamaxabiso kunye buthathaka ebalulekileyo engange baza kuvandlakanywa ekuyeni ekupheleni yasebusika 2015. Yena ucebisa ukuba umthwalo ngokwazo kunye mboleko kwaye hayi ukuba bathenge imali ubuncinane omnye ezintandathu iinyanga. D. Zhelannova bubonisa ukuba kuhle ukulinda nje ngaphandle xesha.

Ngoko ke, ekugqibeleni kubalulekile ukuba bakhumbuze ukuba iziganeko yezoqoqosho (imizekelo :. ngqesho, ipropati, urhwaphilizo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, njalo njalo) uphenjelelwa inani elikhulu yezizathu ezithile zokuqhelaniswa kwezoqoqosho. Ngokuphathelele iinkqubo zoqoqosho, ngoko oku kuthetha nayiphi na inkqubo ochaphazela imveliso, exchange kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphathekayo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba inkqubo yonyulo isimo yezoqoqosho awusebenzi, kwakunye nayiphi na impendulo zeekhemikali okanye inkqubo ngokwasemzimbeni.