Corporation: ingqiqo, uhlobo lwezoqoqosho kunye esisiseko. Corporation e Russia

Isiseko lamazwe anoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini abakha corporation. Ngoko ke, eli binzana ahambelane kubasebenzi kwezoqoqosho kunye ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo - ngokokushiyana kwezinto ngokubaluleka ubungakanani, isakhiwo, uphuhliso. Zeziphi iindlela ezikhoyo ukuya ingqiqo elithi "corporation"? Njani ezi zakhiwo zihambise kumazwe ahlukeneyo?

Yintoni corporation?

Xa igama elithi "corporation" ziyalandeleka:

- ukuvumelana iinkampani ezininzi ukusombulula ngokudibeneyo iingxaki zoshishino ezinzima;

- inkampani enkulu, okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ephethe loo kuquka iinkampani ezininzi;

- ngumbutho wezopolitiko inkqubo emanyeneyo yolawulo kunye nokuthathwa kwezigqibo - kwinqanaba lesixeko, okanye urhulumente.

Kodwa ke amaxesha amaninzi kubhekiswa corporation ephethe indibaniselwano ushishino, ngamanye amaxesha - yedwa (umzekelo, ngokohlobo zorhwebo). ubudlelwane Corporate phakathi wabaseki kwiqumrhu kwezoqoqosho, kunye namaqabane abo, ngokuqhelekileyo ibekwe kwinqanaba izivumelwano yoluntu kunye nabasebenzi. I esebenzayo ngakumbi iya kuba ilungiselelo yomthetho umsebenzi ombutho, kokukhona uya kuphumelela kuya kuba kwezoshishino, ngokubambisana okhuphisana.

Ibhalansi kwezimvo corporation

Cinga le nkalo nemibutho ekuthethwa ngayo, njengoko umlinganiselo umdla. Ezi isenokuba wabaseki ombutho, abaphathi kunye nabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo. izinto Corporate-nxaxheba zisenokwahluka, kodwa babelane yokuba ngayo amagunya umntu othile kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

Ngoko ke, i trust eziqhelekileyo umqeshwa ukuba izithakazelo yawo kwintloko yesebe. Nto leyo, bathumele babo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo evela ophantsi, boss, masithi, yeSebe. Emva umdla zidluliselwa kwinqanaba kubaphathi abaphezulu kwenkampani ingqalelo ngabo ngokuhambelana nezinto eziphambili zabo. Ukuba umntu yanelisekile eli cebo yegqiza umdla, yena ngokuqhelekileyo kuhlanganiswe kakuhle kwimisebenzi zeli qumrhu.

Olu phawu intsebenziswano-nxaxheba Unxulumano ezifanelekileyo ishishini yenza kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa imithetho elawula unxibelelwano lwabo omnye nomnye.

imigangatho Corporate

Le meko ibalulekileyo ukuze uphuhliso olululo corporation - ubukho imithetho, leyo ziyakhuthazwa ukuba zilandele ngqo abasebenzi balo ekuphumezeni iimfuno zabo. Bona ebonakala iqondo eliphezulu jikelele yinye. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba iimpawu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo iinkampani yezimali kuye, umgaqo, isakhiwo esifanayo. Bona balawulwa izakhiwo inkampani engumzali, izigqibo ezingundoqo zithathwa ngabaphathi abaphezulu kwakubo ukwabiwa yakhe.

Imimiselo ombutho, njengoko umthetho, lubekwe kwinqanaba nemimiselo yendawo. Kodwa oku akusoloko kunjalo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba baza kuba sesikweni, udlule nxaxheba omnye komnye corporation ngomlomo, kodwa zilandelwe ngqo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kwezinye izakhiwo yequmrhu imithetho ezibaluleke ngakumbi ngokusesikweni, kwabanye - kuwudla zihlelwe kakuhle nje ngokungacwangciswanga. Kuxhomekeke izithethe zesizwe kwiNtetho apho inkampani ebhaliswe, abanini-nkqubo, abaphathi beli ngokuqinileyo kaThixo, phezu nkcukacha yabantu abangakwaziyo apho umbutho kuphuhliswa.

Qaphela ukuba ukuba kwakhiwe ubudlelwane ngempumelelo kwezoshishino ibalulekile, njengoko umthetho, hayi kuphela neefomathi ezithile imilinganiselo corporate, njengoko iindlela ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa.

ke cinga, ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili iinkampani, abaphandi ekwanti.

Ukuhlelwa iinkampani kwi uhlobo loqoqosho

Iingcali Modern niwafake ingqalelo yokudibanisa ngeentlobo 3 eziphambili iinkampani ezisekelwe kwingongoma nganye uhlobo lwezoqoqosho:

- classical;

- statist;

- creative.

Siza kufunda iinkcukacha zabo ezithile.

Classic Corporation - inkampani asekwe ngombono wokuphumeza ukusebenza ishishini ubuninzi njenge imveliso iindleko-impahla okanye iinkonzo, ngokunjalo njengokucinga ukukhula ngcembe ingeniso kunye nokwanda kwimpatho abelane zenkampani kwi emarikeni. Corporation Classical lubonakala umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaziko ubunini kunye nolawulo. Kukho nabanini mveliso imali kuyo, yaye kukho abaphathi abajongene lwalo lokukhawulelana nophuhliso. Okokuqala, njengokuba umthetho, musa kuyiphazamisa na imisebenzi yokugqibela. Noko ke, salaried abaphathi kwi corporation lwamandulo ngokuqhelekileyo kuphendula abanini zenkampani.

Izayamaniso ngawo, ngokuqhelekileyo wamisela inkcubeko ezinzileyo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabasebenzi ngokwabo. Kuxhomekeka iqondo nempembelelo ngayo utshisa kwezinye iinkampani kunye evunyiweyo apho. Phantsi yempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo amacandelo isakhiwo corporate, kanye 'ukusekwa, unako kutshintshwa. Kunokwenzeka, umzekelo, ngenxa yempembelelo kwicandelo lophuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, ubugcisa zentlalo, uphuhliso lwezopolitiko.

Evolution of iinkampani odidi

Ngoko ke, abaphengululi idla Nakule mihla izigaba-3 apho ukuze azivelele kwaye utshintshe i corporation. Iintlobo imibutho echaphazelekayo, ngoko kwakukho entsha, ubukhulu becala ayaba ukuya engaphambili.

Ngoko ke, kule nkulungwane yama-20, iinkampani ndiqalile ukugxininisa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe ezintsha njenge unoncedo lokhuphiswano ezingundoqo kushishino. izixa ezikhulu kwimveliso yesinyithi amagunya kumazwe apho ukutyalwa kwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo baba efanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo nemiqathango inzuzo. Kumazwe apho corporation ubhaliswe, ezo ofisi intloko kunye namaziko technology.

Kwiminyaka 70-80 ishishini kwehlabathi kuphuhliswa ekuye kwagxininiswa sekwandiseni indawo, ukubandakanya nesabelo enkulu kangangoko kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Oku nempembelelo ekuqaleni neenkqubo jikelele kwi kudityaniso imigangatho, ukutshintshana amava olumanyeneyo inxaxheba noosomashishini abasuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Kwiminyaka 90 kulwakhiwo iinkampani zehlabathi waqalisa ukuba kwenzeka kutshintshe kananjalo ubume ekuhlaleni, ebonisa kuhlaziywe ii abasebenzi indima yayo yeenkampani kwishishini. Umzekelo, abasebenzi iinkampani ezininzi maningabi bazijonge nezeengcali salaried, baqalisa ukuba amaqabane abo kumqeshi. Kakade ke, lo iintsingiselo bubonakala States ezahlukeneyo ngamandla ayaba kwaphawula. iintlobo ezithile beenkampani ngamazwe kunye neempawu zazo lokwahlula kunokuquka iimpawu ezizodwa ngokupheleleyo zeshishini ezingangeniyo kuyo nayiphi ingqiqo jikelele.

Ukongeza kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela imizekelo kwiinkcubeko corporate yesizwe, ebonisa ukuba iintsingiselo ukuba akhiwa nkqu uqoqosho inkulu akusoloko kuchaphazela kakhulu iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwamanye amazwe.

statist Corporation

Ucalulo kunye neentlobo bemibutho, lisekwa Abaphandi mihla bathi ukhetho ehlelo union eyahlukileyo statist. Yintoni Okukodwa wabo?

iinkampani Statist ziye zavela ngenxa yesidingo lweentsingiselo nkulu, ngamandla ukuphuhlisa alaqhenqetha nempembelelo yayo ehlabathini. Umsunguli yabo ideologue oyintloko karhulumente. Kuthathwa ukuba uchaza data esisiseko ngesithethe kwemithetho association, yakha eziphambili zoqoqosho nezentlalo kuphuhliso izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo.

Mu kuya kwa nshita imibutho classical longxowankulu umbutho statist wokuba uqwalasele ikakhulu iingxaki engxamisekileyo kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Umzekelo, ngokubonelela abemi engqesho. Apho nkulu zakudala ntoni nabuganga ukwandisa imveliso ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso, iziko likarhulumente, ekusekeni iqumrhu statist ungaqalisa kakuhle nokwakhiwa-mveliso omtsha ukuze nokuqesha kubemi abahlala kwintsimi.

Izayamaniso ngawo, imithetho ebalulekileyo ngokusesikweni elawula ukuziphatha kwabasebenzi corporate. Ezi iinkampani nokuphuhlisa becala kwi USSR kunye namanye amazwe yobusoshiyali. Ngelo xesha kwi States elichaphazelekayo kakuhle eli elithi "corporation", ingqiqo, uhlobo lwezoqoqosho kunye neentlobo eziphambili emibutho zoshishino basoloko asiyi kuqwalaselwa kwimeko-nkqubo yokwenene yentlalo, njengoko kuthathwa ukuba lilungu inkqubo yobungxowankulu.

Ngenxa yoko, umbutho lowo ezingazange sikhokelo yamaziko kwezoqoqosho kodwa kwezentlalo nezopolitiko kuphela. Ngale ndlela, ukubaluleka kwabo anokuba phezulu kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso lizwe ngaphezu kwimeko izakhiwo yamandulo.

Creative Corporation

Enye udidi ezinkulu iinkampani - association yoyilo. Zezona izakhiwo omncinane. Kwakukho Corporation ubuchule kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha. ukuvela bayokushumayela ngenxa ubukhulu becala kuphuhliso lwezibonelelo yonxibelelwano - ikakhulu kwi Internet. Abantu, kwabakho imfuneko ukuncokola, kulwazi exchange, iimveliso digital, nako ukwenza iimvakalelo.

Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho imfuneko yokuba ukulungele yoshishino iimveliso - imidlalo, iiwebhusayithi, isoftware, isiqulatho yemultimedia ukuze ndibahlangule. Ukusekwa izigqibo ezinjalo kufuna indlela ebubuchule - xa kuyimfuneko ekuphuhliseni imveliso, awuyithandi zikhona, okuye sikhuphisana, okanye izinto enkulu phezu sele Yaphathana izixazululo emarikeni.

Kukho iindidi corporation yoyilo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezakhiweyo ahambelanayo ziboniswe kwi "off-line", iinguqulelo "online". Kukho elikhulu, kwaye kukho mveliso encinane zokudala. Ngenxa umthamo omkhulu kukhuphiswano lorhwebo online phakathi kwabo kunokuba kakhulu ezithambileyo. Leyo aziqhelekanga kakhulu close yamandulo.

Echazwe ngasentla nemibutho kwishishini - iziphumo nasekusungulweni kuqoqosho, uluntu, ubuchwepheshe. Kodwa akukho namnye kubo kuqwalaselwa lixesha kumazwe amaninzi phambili, inokufumaneka zonke zimelwe kwezi ndidi iinkampani. Iintlobo Unxulumano ingaba zihlelwe, kunye nezinye iikhrayitheriya ezininzi. Okukodwa yabo ixhomekeke ekusondeleni umphandi okanye kwasekwa i-National School of Economics.

Nature, iintlobo corporations kufundwa kwi inxaxheba loluhlu olubanzi iindlela. Phakathi kwabo - olusemthethweni imiqondiso Corporation. Oko kukuthi, ezo zisekelwe imiqathango yomyalelo naliphi na ilizwe. Iza kuba luncedo, ke ngoko, ukuba siqwalasele le ezilandeleka ngomkhondo lwaseburhulumenteni kwinqanaba yemithetho karhulumente, indlela eya yokuhlela lwemibutho eluviweni.

Ukuhlelwa iinkampani kumthetho Russian

Ngoko ke, iintlobo eziphambili iinkampani kwi Russian Federation phantsi komthetho - kodwa ke uluntu kwezoqoqosho, ii-NGO, imibutho, ookopolotyeni, ubuhlakani. Ukuba sithetha ume, kubume ahambelana eRashiya kakhulu elikholisa ukubizwa ngokuba liqela leenkampani. Kukho kwi Russian Federation kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente, ngandlel 'ithile, leyo zenyathi statist, kodwa kwinqanaba yembono, iingqiqo nkulu kunokuba ezahlukeneyo phambili kophuhliso loqoqosho.

Uqoqosho Russian ubukhulu becala kuhlanganiswe ndawonye nehlabathi. Ngoko ke, i-Russian Federation yamkelwa kwinkcazelo "corporation", ingqiqo, uhlobo lwezoqoqosho kunye neentlobo eziphambili imibutho efanelekileyo, xa kusenziwa, ezinokucaciswa ekukhanyeni iinkcazelo yangoku ngamazwe.

Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya naphesheya Wayaneka elithi "iqela". Kuxobekeka kwezo meko, oko iqondwe phakathi abaphathi Russian ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Oko isenokuba inkxalabo kwi Russian Federation njenge uhlobo corporation? Ezi nkcukacha yemisebenzi yemali iinkampani Western yaseYurophu - ingakumbi German, imisela ukusetyenziswa lixhaphakile eli gama uphononongwayo, ukuze ujonge imibutho inkulu multi-national eYurophu. Ngenxa yoko, le mveliso American, nakuba sikho ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, obizwa ngokuba corporations okanye amaqela zemali.

Ngoko, igama elithi "iqumrhu", ingqiqo kunye neendidi oko kungatolikwa ngeendlela ezahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke izithethe, ezibanjiswe lolawulo bume yenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo. Iza kuba luncedo ukufunda ngamava yokwakha ishishini corporate aphesheya. Makhe sifunde kuyo umzekelo ezinye kuqoqosho ezinkulu njengoko.

iintlobo National iinkampani mihla

Iintlobo bemibutho kufuneka zihlelwe ngokusekelwe izithethe zesizwe zokwakha ubudlelwane phakathi nxaxheba yombutho efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ngamava Japan. Inyaniso kukuba kule meko nemimiselo corporate zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha linye olunzima kakhulu zidla baphathwa kanye abo efanayo ukuba sesikweni.

Enye iimpawu eziphambili ombutho Japanese - iphambili yaso phezu umdla ngamnye. Umntu uza ukusebenza kwinkampani ethile, ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokujonga kwixesha elizayo yenguqu kufutshane kwenye. Oku kukuvumela ukuba gqolo ukuphumeza umgangatho wabo kwaye ukukhulisa umsebenzi. Esinye isizathu sokuba nethemba yenguqu kwenye inkampani ukuze kubonakale ibenomtsalane kakhulu ukuba umqeshwa Japanese - isibakala sokuba ubume iintlobo iinkampani ukuba akhuphisane umqeshi ngoku, mhlawumbi, akayi kuba ngokwesiseko ezahlukileyo kwezo okuluphawu siqinise apho abasebenzi. Kungenzeka, loo mqeshwa uya kwenza imisebenzi efanayo ukufumana umvuzo efanayo.

Enye into - kwizithethe loshishino American. Lubonakala, nayo, yinto ephambili yomntu phezu nemibutho yabasebenzi. Le ndoda, Kakade, ukudlulisela isabelo umdla yayo ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo, kodwa umthamo wabo ngokuqhelekileyo ungaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba xa esebenza eJapan. Oku kungenxa yokuba inkcubeko loshishino US ziyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwinkampani kwinkampani. Kwaye unokukhuthaza ukufuduka esebenzayo iingcaphephe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukusuka kwenye ngokuqinileyo ukuya kwenye.

Nangona i-US kunye nenkcubeko yequmrhu Japanese eziliqela umahluko ocacileyo, oku kuthintela ziingcali kwiinkampani US ukusebenzisana ngempumelelo kunye noosomashishini waseJapan. Xa ukuqonda jikelele kakuhle eli elithi "corporation", inkcazelo iindidi ezifanelekileyo imibutho, wafunda American kunye School Japanese of Management, kufuneka zisekelwe kwimigaqo efanayo. Ngenxa yoko, i-US lweziko kunye imifuziselo Japanese kwiqela ngeemeko ziya kuba isiqulatho ezahlukeneyo, kodwa azifane kakhulu imilo. Kwaye oku kunokunganeli ukwakha intsebenziswano olusebenzayo.

Iintlobo ingxelo beenkampani ngamazwe kunye neempawu yawo lubonisa ukuba, xa mgaqo, kuwo nawuphi na urhulumente unako ukwenza bume ezibonakalisa uphuhliso nemibutho efanelekileyo kwishishini. - ingakumbi xa kuziwa kumazwe kunye namava kangako ekwakheni ubudlelwane zongxowankulu. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya. Iza kuba luncedo ukuba ukuhlola iimpawu ezininzi langutana ngesithethe eRashiya.

kwenkcubeko yembumba Russian

Ziziphi iintlobo zaseburhulumenteni zaseRashiya ezakhiweyo ngexesha lokwakha imali-mali kwilizwe? Ngokweengcali ezininzi, izithethe zaseSoviet zinamandla kakhulu kwiRussia Federation, ngokukodwa xa kuziwa kumashishini amakhulu asempilweni abandakanyeka nxaxheba karhulumente. Ezi zinto zifana neengcamango zaseJapane zokwakha inkcubeko yenkampani - xa umntu efuneka ukuba azijonge njengomphathiswa wezinto ezinomdla kwixa elithile emsebenzini.

Abahlali baseRussia Federation, abafumana umsebenzi kule ndawo okanye njengolu hlobo, njengamaJapan, kumaxesha amaninzi bazimisele ukusebenza kuwo ngonaphakade, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela amathuba okutshintshela kwenye inkampani. Kodwa kukho iintlobo zeenkampani zaseRashiya, eziye zondele ngakumbi kwisakhiwo sayo kwiimpawu zaseMelika zokwakha ubudlelwane kwishishini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi ziinkampani ezincinane kunye namashishini aphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo - ishishini lentsapho. Isithethe sesizwe saseRussia sisasenziwa. Indlela eya kujonga kwikamva elibonakalayo lixhomekeka kwiimeko ezininzi-ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ngaphandle kwemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle.

Isishwankathelo

Ngoko, sifunde intsingiselo yegama elithi "corporation", imbono kunye neentlobo zemibutho ehambelanayo ukusuka kwinqanaba leembono eziqhelekileyo kubaphandi banamhlanje. Uhlobo lwezakhiwo ezibhekiselweyo lubonakaliswe uluhlu olubanzi kunabo bonke. Iingcamango, iimpawu zenkampani, iintlobo zeenkampani kwiimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zembali zifunyenwe ziqwalasele iinkalo zezopolitiko, ezentlalo-qoqosho, iinkqubo kwizenzululwazi kunye nezobugcisa.

Kwizithethe zesizwe zolawulo, iindlela zokuqonda iinkcukacha ezithile zeenkampani zingahluka. Kodwa oku akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa iimeko zomhlaba jikelele kwiinkalo ezininzi zoshishino ziyabonakala kakhulu, ubuncinci ukuba sithetha ngeenhlobo zemibutho yabasebenzi. Iimpawu zokulungiswa kwezakhiwo eziphantsi kokuqwalaselwa zininzi. Enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zidlalwa njengengcamango, ngokubambisana nawaphi amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo kwi-classical, etatist nokudala. Ezi ntlobo zeenkampani ziyahlukana kwinani lamaziko kwisakhiwo, kwisakhiwo, kwimpumelelo ephambili.

Kwizoqoqosho zanamhlanje zenzeke, kunokwenzeka ukuba kufumaneke iifemu ezihambelana naliphi na iindidi ezithatyathwa ngathi. Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuphawula ukuba kwamanye amazwe ezoqoqosho i-share share of classical and corporate corporations ibalaseleyo, kwabanye - i-etatist. Iimpawu zoqoqosho lwelizwe zixhomekeke kwiziphi izigaba u-state sele sele zenzeke kulo uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, yeyiphi imicimbi yentlalo kunye nezopolitiko.