Buddhism eRashiya. Abantu baseRussia benza isiBuddha

Indawo yenkolo yeRussia Federation ihluke kakhulu. Ukusebenza kwintsimi enkulu kakhulu kunye nokudibanisa inani elikhulu labantu kunye namacandelo phantsi kolawulo lwayo lwezopolitiko, ilizwe lethu liyiqonga apho izithethe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolelo zidibana nentshona nangasempuma, ngasentla nakumazantsi. UbuKristu kunye namaSulumane ziinkonzo ezimbini zehlabathi eziqhelekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Bonke kunye neyesithathu, apho abantu abaninzi baseRashiya bathi, - UBuddhism imelwe. Malunga naluphi na unqulo olubanzi kwilizwe lethu, siya kuthetha ngakumbi.

Buddhism eRashiya

UbuBuddha yinkolo ekhethekileyo, ngokungafani nenye na. Ngokwalo, iindawo ezihlukeneyo zeBuddhist kunye nezikolo ziyahluka kakhulu. Umvelaphi weentlawulo zakhe kwiinkolelo zenkolo yaseNdiya, kwilizwe lakubo ubuBuddhism buye buthathaka. Namhlanje, amazwe aqhelekileyo, afundisa iimfundiso zobuBuddha, yi Korea, eJapan, eChina, naseNepal nakwabanye, apho iTibet ibaluleke ngakumbi. Kuza kube namhlanje, ubuBuddha eRussia bumele malunga nantoni zonke iinkolo ezinkulu zobuBuddha. Phakathi kwazo kukho izikolo ezahlukeneyo zaseMahayana, Vajrayana, Theravada, Zen, Chan kunye nezinye iindibano zendabuko kwaye zingabumbeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwabantu abathi bangamaBuddha eRussia bangabalandeli bezithethe zaseTibetan.

UbuBuddhist ethnography yaseRashiya

Sincoma ukuphendula umbuzo: zeziphi izizwe zaseRashiya zenza ubuBuddhism namhlanje?

Ngombulelo kwiziganeko zezopolitiko kunye noonxibelelwano lwezentlalo, uBuddha wokuqala waqala ukugxila phakathi kwamaKalmyks namaTuvini. Oku kwenzeka kwinkulungwane ye-16, xa iindawo zala maRiphablikhi, kunye namaqela ahlala kuwo, ziyinxalenye yombuso waseMongolia wase-Altan Khan. Kwiminyaka emininzi uBuddha yangena kwi-Buryats, apho yaphumelela ngempumelelo nenkolo yendabuko yonk 'imimandla yaseSiberia yaseSiberia, okanye enye i-Tengrism.

UbuBuddha eBuryatia

I-Buryatia yiRiphabliki yaseRashiya, imida yayo iqala ukusuka kummandla wasempuma weLake Baikal. Ukuqhotyoshelana neRashiya yaseRashiya, yabonakala enganyangeki kwiRussia kwaye yaphunyezwa kwiChristanization. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvala imicimbi yenkcubeko, ukuhweba kunye nezopolitiko kunye neMongolia, kwaye ngeTibet, yenza imfundiso yobuBuddha eyaziwayo phakathi kweBuryats. I-datsan yokuqala yamatye apha yafakwa kwiXVIII inkulungwane.

Nangona phakathi kwezizwe zaseBuddha i-Buryats yiyo yokugqibela eyamkele le nkolo, namhlanje imela ininzi yamaBuddha kwaye ibhekisela eBuddhism eRashiya. E-Buryatia yiziko lokulawula lamaBuddha aseRashiya - i-Buddhist Sangha yaseRashiya, kunye nezakhiwo eziphezulu kunye nezakhiwo zonqulo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo yi-Ivolginsky datsan - indawo yokuhlala yaseBotido Hambo-lama - inkokheli yokomoya inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamaBuddha aseRashiya.

NgokwebuBuddha, phakathi kweBuryats, i-shamanism yendabuko, okanye oko kuthiwa kukholwa ngokumnyama, kuyafana.

UbuBuddha eTuva

I-Tuva, eli liRiphabhlikhi eyamkelwa eRashiya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, oko kukuthi ngo-1911. AmaTuv namhlanje axela uhlobo olufanayo lokufundisa njenge-Buryats, isiko saseMahayana seBibetan Buddhism. Nangona kunjalo, akuzange kube njalo le nto: amaziko okuqala eemfundiso zeBuddhist, ikakhulukazi ngendlela yeHinayana, yabonakala kwintsimi yaseTuva kwinkulungwane yesibini AD, ngexesha leTürkic Kaganate. Emva koko, iintlanga zaseTuvan zaziphantsi koo-Uighurs, owawunqoba amazwe aseTuva esuka eTurkey. Ii-Uyghur zibiza inkolo yamaMichaean, kodwa nayo yayinefuthe lobuBuddha. Emva kokuphuhlisa ulwimi olubhaliweyo, izazinzulu zase-Uighur zaqala ukuguqulela imibhalo yobuBuddha ukusuka kwiilwimi zesiShayina kunye neSogdian. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abaguquleli bagxininisa kwizivumelwano zeTibetan, ezenza ukuba i-Tibetan iqhubekele phambili. Lo mgaqo womelezwa kwiXIII inkulungwane ngempembelelo yootitshala baseMongolia abaye bamkela isithethe samaBuddha kwiLama yeTibet.

Iimonasteri zokuqala zakhiwa eTuva ngo-1772 no-1773. Nangona uluntu lwaseBuddhist lwaseTuva lubambelela kumgca weGelug, obonisa ukuba abefundisi bezontlanga, izithethe zengingqi zecandelo litshatileyo ye-lamas, eyinto ekhethekileyo. Njengoko ku-Buryatia, ngesiseko seenkonzo zesiThuvans zihlulwe zibe ziinkampu ezimbini - ama-shamanist namaBuddha.

UbuBuddha eKalmykia

I-Kalmykia, eli liphela lommandla waseYurophu elinabantu abaninzi abangamaBuddha. Ukumelela isizwe esizalwe yiWest-Mongolian, i-Kalmyks yokuzalwa ngokobuhlanga ibuyele kwii-Oirats ezijoyina iisramramenti zenkolo yobuBuddha kwikhulu le-13 ngenxa yokungena ebukumkanini bukaGenghis Khan. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, iBuddhism yayiyinkokheli yecandelo lezopolitiko kuphela lama-Oirats. Ukugqithiswa kwemfundiso efanayo phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo kwenzeka kuphela kwii-XVI-XVII zeenkulungwane. Kwaye, njengoko kwimeko yeBuryatia kunye neTuva, iBudmism yaseKalmyk nayo iyahambisana nezithethe zonqulo zaseTibet. Ngokukodwa olu xhulumaniso phakathi kweTibet neKalmykia lwaqiniswa emva kokuqatshelwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 ye-Oirat yinkwenkwe yokuzalwa ngokutsha kweDalai Lama.

Ukusasazeka kweBuddha phakathi kwama-Oirats kwanegalelo ekubunzeni i-Kalmyk ethnos. Ezi zilandelayo ziquka iintlanga ze-Oirat ezamkela uBuddha kwaye zahlala ngasentshonalanga kwimeko yaseRashiya. Ngelo xesha, ukuthobela umbusi waseRashiya, iiKalmyks zakha ulawulo lwazo - iKalmyk Khanate. Ukugqibela kwada kwada kwaba ngo-1771, xa ummiselo weCompress u-Catherine II wawususwe. Kamva i-Kalmyk Buddhism yaveliswa, yafumana iimpawu zesizwe kwaye, njengeBuryat neTuvan sangham, yahola umzabalazo wenkolo ngokulwa no-shamanism.

UbuBuddha kwi-USSR

Emva koKhuphelo lwe-Oktobha, ubuBuddha eRussia bephantsi kohlobo oluthile lwezinto zokomoya-ukulungiswa kwakhona. I-synthesis of dharma kunye neMarxism yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa uluntu lwaseBuddhist. Kwisakhelo sale ntshukumo eMoscow kuma-20. Kwaye kubanjwe inkulu yesikhishophu yaseRussia eBuddhist. Nangona kunjalo, kamva ipolisi yomgaqo-nkqubo yatshintshile, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa kobunzima kwaqala kwimibutho yonqulo . Iimonasteri zavalwa, iitempile zabhujiswa, kwaye abafundisi bashutshiswa. Ngaphambi kokuba "intlanzi" emva kwempi, abantu baseRashiya, abathi bangamaBuddha, balahlekelwa ngamatye angaphezu kwe-150. E-Buryatia, kuma-15 lama-lama lama-lamas ngo-1948, abantu abangaphantsi kwama-600 bahlala. Ngokubhekiselele eTuva naseKalmykia, bekukho abambalwa abambalwa abafundisi abali-8,000 kwimimandla yomibini.

Izizwe zaseRashiya ezibiza ubuBuddha namhlanje

Ngaphambi kwePerestroika, umzimba wamaBuddha odibanisa imisebenzi yemibutho yobuBuddha yi-Central Central Dispensation Bureau ye-USSR (iBhodi yoMoya oyiNtloko yamaBuddhist of the USSR). Ekuqaleni kwe-90-yaqanjwa ngokuthi yi-Central Central Dispatch Office yaseRashiya. Ngoku lo mzimba ubizwa ngokuba ngumdabu waseBuddhist sangha waseRashiya kwaye uquka abantu baseBuddhist eBuryatia. Imibutho yonqulo yeTuva neKalmykia iyahlala iyimimandla. Nangona kunjalo, akuyena wonke umntu obona igunya leBTSR eBuryatia nangaphaya kwemida yalo. Ngenxa yokungafani kwezopolitiko kunye neengcinga, i-Buddhist yoluntu iye yafumana ukuhlukana kwamanani kwaye, ngaphezu kweyona mibutho ebalulekileyo, inemibutho emininzi emelekileyo kunye noluntu oluzimeleyo.

Kwimeko nayiphi na imeko, iBuddhism eRashiya imele, njengaphambili, ngeendawo ezintathu eziphambili - iBuryatia, iTuva neKalmykia.

Ezinye iiBuddhist Communities eRashiya

Abantu baseRashiya, ababiza ubuBuddhism, namhlanje abayena kuphela abaphethe isiko kunye nesiko lobuBuddha. Kungekudala, le nkolo ibonakaliswe ngokubanzi phakathi kwabantu abatsha kunye neentelligentsia. Kwiidolophu ezahlukeneyo, amaziko ahlukeneyo enkolo aqhubeka evula. Phakathi kwabo, ukongeza kwizikolo zemveli zeBuddhism yaseTibetan, kukho izibonakaliso zesiKorea, isiShayina kunye nesiJapane seZen Buddhism, iTheravada kunye nezithethe zeDzogchen. Ootitshala abaninzi bokomoya bavakashela eRashiya kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo. Kwaye, phakathi kwamanye amazwe kwakukho nabameli be-Buddhist monasticism kunye nabafundisi.

Isiphelo

Imfashini yobuBuddha eRussia ayiyiyo yodwa, kwaye ngale ndlela izwe lethu likwabelana nge-pan-European charm yaseMpuma. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukufumana ngobuninzi, i-buddophilia yasekhaya ilahlekelwa ngumgangatho, ochaphazelekayo ngokusasazeka, ingqungquthela yeBuddhism eRussia.

Ngexesha elifanayo, uBuddha - inkolo eRashiya yinto nje yendabuko njengamaKristu kunye namaSulumane. Ngako oko, isimo sawo kunye nethemba elizayo libaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni okuphumelelayo kwenkcubeko yaseRashiya.