U-Elizabeth u-First English: isithombe, i-biography, iminyaka karhulumente, unina

U-Elizabeth I walawula iNgilani ngo-1558-1603. Ndiyabulela umgaqo-nkqubo osisidenge nakwamanye amazwe, wenza ilizwe lakhe libe namandla amakhulu aseYurophu. Ixesha likaElizabethe namhlanje libizwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokuthi igolide laseAngland.

Intombi yomfazi ongathandekiyo

Elizayo u-Elizabeth Elizabeth First wazalwa ngoSeptemba 7, 1533 eGreenwich. Wayeyintombi kaHenry VIII nomkakhe u-Anne Boleyn. U kumkani wayexhalabile kakhulu ukuba athole unyana kunye nendlalifa etroneni. Kungenxa yoko-ke waqhawula umfazi wakhe wokuqala, uCatherine waseAragon, owayengazange abele umntwana. Inyaniso yokuba enye intombazana yazalwa, yavutha kakhulu uHenry, nangona akazange azive engathandwa ngumntwana.

Xa uElizabhete wayeneminyaka emibili ubudala, unina wabulawa. U-Anna Boleyn wamangalelwa ngokugwenxa. Inkundla yafunyanwa yabonisa ubungqina bokuba udaba lukaMbhinqa lomyeni wakhe. U-Henry owayenomsindo ngokukhawuleza, ngoko, wagqiba ekubeni alahle umfazi wakhe, owaba ngumthwalo wakhe kwaye wayengenakuzala umntwana. Kamva wathatha amanye amaxesha amaninzi. Ekubeni imitshato emibini yokuqala ibhengezwa ingavumelekile, uElizabhete nodadewabo omdala uMaria (intombi kaCatherine waseAragon) babengekho mthethweni.

Imfundo yentombazana

Ekubeni ebuntwaneni bakhe u-Elizabeth u-First waqala ukubonakalisa ubuchule bakhe bendalo obungavamile. Wayeqonda kakuhle isiLatini, isiGrike, isiTaliyane nesiFrentshi. Nangona le ntombazana yayingekho mthethweni, yaqeqeshwa ngabaprofeti-ntle baCambridge. Babengabantu bezihlandlo zanamhlanje - abaxhasayo beNguquko kunye nabachasene nobuKatolika. Ngaloo xesha, uHenry VIII, ngenxa yokungavumelani kwakhe noPapa, waqala ukuseka ibandla. U-Elizabeth, owayenelungelo lokucinga ngokukhululekileyo, kamva waqhubeka lo mgaqo-nkqubo.

Wayefundiswa kunye no-Edward - umntakwabo omncinci kumtshato olandelayo u-Henry. Abantwana baba ngabahlobo. Ngo-1547 ukumkani wafa. Ngokwentando yakhe, u-Edward wathabatha itrone (waziwa ngokuba ngu-Edward VI). Kwimeko yokufa kwakhe, ekungabikho kwabantwana bakhe, amagunya kufuneka atshintshele kuMariya nakwintombi yakhe. Elandelayo kwinqanaba elinguElizabethe. Kodwa ukuthanda kwaba ngumqulu obalulekileyo kunye nesizathu sokuba uyise okokuqala ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wazi ukuba iintombi zakhe zivumelekile.

Emva kokufa kukayise

UCatherine Catherine Parr emva kokungcwaba kukaHenry wathumela uElizabhete ukuba ahlale eHertfordshire, kude neLondon kunye nendlu yobukhosi. Nangona kunjalo, yena ngokwakhe akazange aphile ixesha elide, wafa ngowe-1548. Kungekudala u-Edward VI wenyuka wambuyisela udadewabo kwinqununu. U-Elizabeth wayemanyene nomntakwabo. Kodwa ngo-1553 wafa ngokukhawuleza.

Kwaye kwafika iingxaki, ngenxa yoko udade omdala ka-Elizabeth Maria waba ngukumkani. Yena, ngokubonga unina, wayengumKatolika, awayeyithandayo abahlonishwayo baseNgilani. Ngokuchasene namaProtestanti, ukuxhatshazwa kwaqala. Amabhononi kunye neentloko ezininzi zaqala ukujonga uElizabethe njengendlovukazi esemthethweni, phantsi kwayo ingxaki yenkolo iza kuxazululwa.

Ngo-1554 kwakukho uvuko lukaThomas Wyatt. Wayekrokrelwa ukuba ufuna ukudlulisela isithsaba ku-Elizabethe. Xa i-mutiny ixinekile, intombazana yayifakwe entolongweni kwiNqaba. Kamva wathunyelwa ekuthinjweni kwisixeko saseToodstock. UMaria wayengathandabuzeki kakhulu phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yesimo sakhe sengqondo ngobuninzi bamaProtestanti. Ngo-1558, wafa ngenxa yokugula, engashiyi nindlalifa. U-Elizabhete owokuqala wenyuka etroneni.

Yezopolitiko

Emva kokufika kwamandla, uKumkanikazi uElizabeth Elizabeth wokuqala wafumana isisombululo seengxaki zenkolo ezweni lakhe. Ngelo xesha, lonke elaseYurophu lahlukana ngamaProthestani kunye namaKatolika awamthiya. INgilani, eyayisesiqhingini, isenokungabikho kule mpi yegazi. Yonke into ayidinga yayingumlawuli okhaliphile esihlalweni sobukhosi onokwenza isigqibo sokwenza isigqibo kunye nokuvumela ukuba iinxalenye zombini ziphile ngoxolo olunxulumene. U-Elizabethe ohlakaniphile nowasekuqaleni wayeyindlovukazi enjalo.

Ngomnyaka we-1559, wamkela "uMthetho woBumbano". Olu xwebhu luqinisekisile isifiso sikaMarch ukulandela inkqubo yamaProtestanti kayise. Ngelo xesha, amaKatolika awazange avunyelwe ukunqula. Ezi zikhohlisi ezifanelekileyo zivumelekile ukuba zikhokele ilizwe ukusuka kwinqanaba lemfazwe yombango. Yintoni eyenzekayo xa abaxhasi beeNguquko kunye namaKatolika bajamelene neengxowankulu, ziyakwazi ukuqonda ngemibhikano eqhubekayo yokuchitha igazi eJamani kweso sihlandlo.

Ukwandiswa kolwandle

Namhlanje i-biography ye-Elizabeth yokuqala iyabandakanywa ne-Golden Age yaseNgilani-ixesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza koqoqosho lwayo kunye nempembelelo yezopolitiko. Ingxenye ebalulekileyo yale mpu melelo yayikuhlanganiswa kwemeko yaseLondon njengenkunzi yamandla amakhulu kunamandla aseYurophu. Kwakukho ngexesha lolawulo luka-Elizabethe owokuQala e-Atlantic Ocean kwaye ngokukodwa kwiLwandle lwaseCaribbean kwavela ezininzi izibhamu zesiNgesi. Laba baphothi benza inqanawa kunye nokuthumba iinqanawa zorhwebo. I-pirate eyaziwayo kunazo zonke yayingu-Francis Drake. U-Elizabethe wasebenzisa "iinkonzo" zoluntu ukukhupha abakhuphiswano elwandle.

Ukongezelela, abathunywa basolwandle nabafuduki, ngokuvunyelwa nguRhulumente, baqala ukuseka amakholeji abo entshona. Ngowe-1587 uJamestown wabonakala - ukuhlala kuqala kweNgesi eMntla Melika. U-Elizabhete wokuqala, olawulo lwakhe lwadlulayo iminyaka emininzi, lonke eli xesha linikezela ngokukhawuleza iziganeko ezinjalo.

Ukungquzulana neSpeyin

Ukwandiswa kolwandle lwaseNgilane kwangekhokelela ekubeni kukho ukulwa neSpeyin, ilizwe elinamakholeji amakhulu nakakhulu kunentshonalanga. Igolide lasePeruvia liqhutyelwa phambili liphuma kwiMali yaseMadrid, linika ubukhulu bobukumkani.

Enyanisweni, ukususela ngowe-1570 i-England kunye neSpeyin zazingekho "kwimfazwe engaqhelekanga". Ngokusemthethweni, kwakungavakalwanga, kodwa ukugqitywa kwee-pirates kunye nemigodi, elayishwe ngegolide, kwenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo. Inyaniso yokuba iSpain yayisona sikhuseli esikhulu seCawa yamaKatolika, ngoxa uElizabethe waqhubeka nomgaqo wamaProtestanti kayise, wongezelela ioli kwioli.

Ukutshabalaliswa kweArmed Invadable Armada

Ukuqhutyelwa kwamakhosini kunokukhawuleza ukuphelisa imfazwe, kodwa ayiyikuyichitha. Imfazwe evulekileyo evulekileyo yaqala ngo-1585. Kwaqhekeka eNetherlands, apho abavukeli basekhaya bazama ukulahla amandla eSpeyin. U-Elizabethe wabaxhasa ngokufihlakeleyo, enikezela ngemali kunye nezinye izinto. Emva kweembalo zee-ultimatums ezivela kuma-ambassad wamazwe omabini, imfazwe phakathi kwe-England ne-Spain yavakaliswa ngokusemthethweni.

UKumkani uFilipu II wathumela i-armada engaphelelwanga kwiindawo zaseBrithani. Le yigama le-navy yaseSpain, elinamaqela angama-140. Ingxabano kwakufuneka kuthathe isigqibo sokuba imikhosi yamagxobhozo ayomelele kwaye yiphi na yamagunya amabini ukuba abe ngumbuso wekoloniyali wekamva. Iinqwelo zesiNgesi (kunye nenkxaso yamaDutch) zineenqanawa ezingama-227, kodwa zincinci kuneSpeyin. Enyanisweni, nabo babe nethuba eliphezulu lokuhamba.

Nguye owayesetyenziswe ngabalawuli be-squadron yesiNgesi-esele ikhankanywe nguFrancis Drake noCharles Howard. I-Flotillas yadibanisa ngo-Agasti 8, 1588 kwi-Battle of Gravelina kufuphi nomda weFransi kwisiNgesi seNgesi. I-Spanish Invincible Armada yahlulwa. Nangona iziphumo zokutshatyalaliswa akuzange zibonise ngokukhawuleza, ixesha libonise ukuba le yintshaba eyenza iNgilani amandla amakhulu olwandle amaninzi anamhlanje.

Emva kwemfazwe yeGreyveline, imfazwe yahlala iminyaka eminye eyi-16. Kwabakho iimfazwe eMelika. Isiphumo semfazwe emininzi kwakusayinwe kuLondon Peace ngo-1604 (emva kokufa kukaElizabeth). Ngokutsho kwakhe, eSpeyin ekugqibeleni akafuni ukuphazamisa kwimicimbi yecawa yaseNgilani, ngelixa iBrithani ithembisa ukuyeka ukuhlaselwa kwikholomu yaseHabsburg entshonalanga. Ukongezelela, iLondon kwafuneka iyeke ukuxhasa abahlaseli baseDutch abalwela ukuzimela ngaphandle kwenkundla yaseMadrid. Imiphumo engavaliyo yemfazwe yomeleza ipalamente ngobomi beNgesi.

Ubudlelwane neRashiya

Ekude ngo-1551, abathengisi baseLondon bamisa inkampani yaseMoscow. Waqala ukulawula yonke intengiso yeNgesi kunye neRashiya. U-Elizabethe owokuQala, owathi ibhodi yakhe yahlala e-Kremlin ka-Ivan the Terrible, yaxhasa le ngcaciso kunye neTsar kwaye yakwazi ukufumana amalungelo akhethekileyo kubathengisi balo.

Abantu baseBritani babenomdla kakhulu kwezobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye neRashiya. Iinqwelo zokuthengisa ezikhulayo zenze ukuba kube lula ukulungiselela ukuthengiswa nokuthengwa kweempahla ezininzi. Abantu baseYurophu bathenga iintsimbi eRussia, izitye, njl njl. Ngowe-1587, inkampani yaseMoscow yafumana ilungelo elifanelekileyo lomsebenzi. Ukongezelela, wasungula iiyadi zakhe kungekudala kuphela, kodwa nakwiVologda, iYaroslavl neKholmogory. Igalelo elikhulu kule mpu melelo kunye nezoshishino zenziwa ngu-Elizabeth wokuqala. Indlovukazi yaseNgesi yamkela kwi-Tsar yaseRashiya ubuninzi beetekisi ezili-11 ezinkulu, namhlanje ezimele izikhumbuzo zembali ezizodwa.

Elizabeth kunye nobugcisa

I-Golden Age, apho i-Elizabethan ihlanganiswe nayo, yafumana ingcamango yayo kwisiqhelo sesiko lesiNgesi. Kwakulo xesha uShakespeare wabhala i-playwright yezona ncwadi zepapasho. U-Queen, onomdla kwezobugcisa, waxhasa abalobi bakhe ngazo zonke iindlela. UShakespeare kunye nabanye asebenza naye kwisebe lokudala babandakanyeka ekudalweni kwenethiwekhi yaseLondon. Eyona edume kakhulu kubo yayiyi "Globe", eyakhiwe ngo-1599.

Umlawuli wazama ukwenza iindawo zokuzonwabisa kunye nokuzonwabisa ezifikeleleka kuluntu olubanzi. Inkundla yakhe yakha inkundla yasebukhosini. Ngamanye amaxesha uElizabethe I yena ngokwakhe wadlala kwimidlalo. Iifoto zeempawu zakhe zobomi zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba wayeyindoda enhle, ngaphandle kokuhlala etroneni eneminyaka eyi-25. Idatha yangaphandle yadibanisa ubuchule bendalo bobukumkanikazi. Wayengeyena nje i-polyglot, kodwa kunye nomdlali omhle.

Iminyaka ezayo

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, uElizabethe owayengumNgesi wokuqala waqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi kawonkewonke. Ngethuba lokugqibela lokulawula kwakhe, kukho ukuqhubana okukhulu phakathi kwamandla obukhosi kunye nepalamente. Eyona nto ibuhlungu kakhulu yimiba yezoqoqosho kunye neengxaki zerhafu. U-Elizabethe wafuna ukuzalisa umnini-mali xa kwenzeka imikhankaso yempi. IPalamente iyachasa oku.

Ngo-Matshi 24, 1603, ilizwe lafunda ukuba uElizabethe owokuqala, owayethandwa ngabantu bonke, wayefile. Indlovukazi yaseNgesi yayinandipha kakhulu indawo yabemi bayo-wayebizwa ngokuba ngu-Queen Queen Bess. U-Elizabeth wangcwatywa eWestminster Abbey kunye nesihlwele esikhulu.

Ingxaki yokulandela itrone

Urhulumente wonke u-Elizabethe wayekhathazeke kakhulu ngombuzo wokulandelana kwetrone. U-Queenkazi akazange atshate. Wayeneemvanoveli ezininzi, kodwa zazingekho mthethweni. Umlawuli akazange afune ukuboshwa ngumtshato ngenxa yobuntwabomi bakhe bokuphila kwintsapho kayise, owathi phakathi kwezinye izinto, wayala umama ka-Elizabethe ukuba abulawe.

U-Queen akazange adlale lomtshato, nangona kukho ukunyaniseka kwePalamente. Amalungu ayo kwifom esemthethweni adlulisa isicelo ku-Elizabeth kunye nezicelo zokutshata esinye sezikhulu zaseYurophu. Kwabo kwakuyimbandela yobubaluleka besizwe. Ukuba ilizwe lishiywe lingenalo ilandelelwano elingenalucalulo, imfazwe yombutho okanye iindlovu zokuhlala ezingapheliyo zingaqala . Kwimigumbi, uKumkanikazi wesiNgesi ogama lakhe linguFilipu II weSpanish, isiArmduke saseHabsburg , isizwe saseSweden sinkosana uEric kunye neRussian Tsar Ivan the Worry.

Kodwa akazange atshate. Ngenxa yoko, uElizabethe engenabantwana ngaphambi kokufa wakhetha njengendlalifa yakhe uYakov Stewart - unyana kaMariya waseMscow waseScotland. Ngokomama wakhe, wayengumzukulu kaHenry VII, umsunguli wedolophu yaseTudor, eyayiyi-Elizabeth ye-First English.