Ethylene oxide: ukwenziwa, ukusetyenziswa

Ethylene oxide - nto achromatic cloying methane ebangela isicaphucaphu livumba urethane kusikhumbuza. Gwenxa oxygen emikhulu. Lukhuni kubushushu kwe - 115 ^{° C,} yaye kubushushu-12 ^{° C} kuncitshiswe kwi mxube ngaphaya ezihambisekayo ukuba ekugqibeleni kuba ivuza. Le nto ayikho lula enyibilikayo emanzini, ethyl kotywala kunye nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko. Xa kudibaniso nge oxygenic uba Uyadubula.

ulwazi zembali

Ethylene oxide iye yafunyanwa ngo-1859 ngu Scientist French, usomachiza eziphilayo uCharles-uAdolphe Wurtz. Waba ngowokuqala kwabo uphando umchiza langoku kunye neempawu zayo qualitative, ngokulinganisa izinga lobushushu apho oxide ethylene amathumba. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba oxide ethylene, imida kunye neempawu physico-imichiza, uye ezifanayo kunye organic base. It is a engachananga eyaqhubeka de-1896, lo gama abanye abaphandi (Bredig kunye Usov) ayifumanekanga ukuba ethylene oxide asiyiyo into electrolytic.

Ukuze ixesha elide kuye kwaziwa enye kuphela indlela ekuthatheni ngqo oxide ethylene ukusuka ethylene ngokwayo. Kuye ezisetyenziswa zizazinzulu ezininzi. Kodwa ke ngo-1931, compatriot uCharles, Himik Teodor Emile Lefort, uye wadala indlela entsha igcwala ethylene ngqo, usebenzisa enzyme zesilivere. Le ndlela, wadala kwinkulungwane yama-20 emva kwexesha, kwaye esetyenziswa ngalo mzuzu.

Enkulu kane imveliso ethylene oxide

Sisazinzulu sokuqala owadala oxide ethylene yi igcwala kwento usebenzisa ioksijini kunye namafutha yesilivere yaba Emile Lefort. Kwakhona ke elilodwa lomenzi le ndlela ngo-1931. A inkqubo yokuvelisa oxide ethylene modified embodiments ngokuphindaphindiweyo ezifunyenwe kwaye ezahlukeneyo imveliso mveliso.

Le nkampani yokuqala liphumeze indlela lezoshishino igcwala ngqo ethylene, ukususela ngowe-1995, yinkampani ucc (Union khabhayithi Corporation). Kukho kusetyenziswa inkqubo, ogama "Meteor" nto leyo luphawulwa kahle eliphezulu, utyalo-mali osezantsi. Le nkampani iye yasekwa ngo-1917 yi-Richard Wells. Ethylene oksayidi kwesityalo ethers isebenza ningahlwayeli ngosuku. Le nkampani wathenga lomenzi, leyo ngamaxesha mihla ilifa layo kwaye ufumana isicelo yayo kuphela amashishini yelo kuyo kwakhona, kwaye ukuhlala ngaphezu kwama-25% lomthamo ehlabathini lonke.

Le nkampani yesibini usebenzise indlela efanayo, kodwa ezinkulu ukunwenwa ehlabathini ngenxa udidi lwesixokelelwano mvume, yi Scientific Design Company, Inc. Ukususela ngowe-1983, uye iiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwama-95, malunga ne-27% ye umthamo yehlabathi kunye-80% yazo zonke imveliso mvume ethylene oxide. Yayisekelwe le nkampani ngo-1946.

Le nkampani wesithathu ukuba usebenzisa le ndlela yeyona Shell International Chemicals BV nkampani nkampani Royal Dutch Shell, owasekwa ngo-1907. Indlela le lweshishini yahlukile kwezinye abenzi, ezifunwa kakhulu ekuveliseni ethylene oxide kunye nobomi elide desiccant (iminyaka engaphezu kwemi-3). Le nkampani lugubungela ngaphezulu kwe-45% besikhundla yehlabathi ukuvelisa.

Umvelisi wesine - inkampani Japanese Japan encedisa ukuqalisa Chemical Co. Isebenzisa indlela mvume efanayo indlela Scientific Design, umbutho owasekwa ukuya kwisakhiwo esinye, edibanisa imveliso ethylene oxide kunye ethylene glycols. corporation Japanese lasekwa ngo-1951.

Ethylene oksayidi - inkulu ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso lweemveliso zomgquba kwishishini kwemichiza jikelele. Noko ke, obuphantsi izinto ezithile, ezifana ethylene, propylene, ethanol, methanol, benzene, IVinyl chloride, styrene, toluene, t. D. Ukuveliswa ethylene oxide yonke kwaye ihlala yesibini kuphela ukubaluleka polyethylene yaye-14% kuphela. Le element isetyenziswe ukuvelisa polyethylene ethers, copolymers polyethylene oxide ne ezinepolypropylene oxide, baveze izinto esebenzayo uchwetheze demulsifiers oyile fumigants.

Transport kwezinto

Inkqubo buyo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izikhongozelo, iibhotile kunye namatanki. Ethylene oxide lugcinwe amatanki ukuya ku amawaka amathathu. ^M3 kubushushu ka 15-20 degrees Celsius, phantsi koxinzelelo ka 7-19 kgf / cm ^2. Ethylene oxide into eyityhefu leyo anazo Iyacaphukisa, intoxicants neempawu kakhulu ityhefu. Ngenxa lula yokuba igesi ungena nge yokunxiba kunye nezihlangu, ebangela elibukhali impendulo komzimba, yaye wadibana iliso isifo - nokutsha.

Iimpawu ubuthi ne ethylene

Ethylene isetyenziswa ngokubanzi imveliso izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ubuhle, ezempilo kunye nangaphezulu. Amaninzi, idityaniswa:

• ivanishi;
• echaza ngayo;
• pende;
• zinendlela;
• iisepha kunye iisepha;
• zokuthambisa namakha;
• nemithi, nokunye.

Ethylene oksayidi inzalo isoloko isetyenziswa ukuba kweentsholongwane lohlobo igesi ngumntu. Sijongene lo mgubo uyityhefu yonke imihla. Akholisa ukubakho PE enxulumene ubuthi ethylene oxide. Cinga imiqondiso ityiwe unyango iindlela.

Ukunxila ethylene oxide

Iimpawu kunxilwe ahlekise zezi:

• intloko ebuhlungu okanye isiyezi;
• incasa kamnandi emlonyeni;
• isicaphucaphu nokugabha;
• anozizi ebusweni;
• ubuthathaka jikelele;
• ukubetha kwentliziyo kakubi;
• ukushwabana imisipha yobuso;
• indlela ezibuthathaka abafundi ekukhanyeni;
• yombono;
• isibindi ukwandiswa kunye nokuphazamiseka imisebenzi yalo.

ubuthi enkulukazi

Ityhefu esingapheliyo a iimpawu ezinjalo:

• izikhalazo zabaxumi rhoqo ebuhlungu;
• ubuhlungu bamalunga;
• iingxaki kunye iphecana zesisu;
• iminwe lafa ndinabile izandla phambili;
• imilenze ukubila kunye glaciation;
• ukuncipha uvakalelo, njl

Emva ukunxibelelana kumphezulu ulusu ubangela dermatitis kunye nangezilonda, ekhatshwa umkhuhlane kunye leukocytes eliphezulu negazi.

Le uncedo lokuqala ukuya ixhoba. unyango

Ukuba isigulane akholosileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuze ngokwam emehlweni kuthetha ngokusekelwe ethylene, kufuneka ngenyameko ixesha elide ukuhlamba amehlo ngamanzi acocekileyo, ngoko udibane nogqirha.

Emva zidibene nesikhumba ngokungxamisekileyo kuyimfuneko ukucoca umgangatho kunye swab yomqhaphu nkxu butywala. Emva, ngamanzi kummandla ochaphazelekayo ngesepha namanzi kwaye baphathwe lanolin.

Kwiimeko kakhulu ngakumbi lezigulane ityhefu kufuneka:

• umoya omtsha;
• uxolo kunye nobushushu;
• oksijini inhalation;
• Iivithamini B1, B6, B12, kunye calcium;
• amanzi awana abazizityebi;
• isibeki ngokusekelwe iswekile kunye ascorbic acid;
• caffeine kunye kordiamin.

Nzala usebenzisa ethylene oxide

Ethylene oxide ethandwa kakhulu njenge arhente igu-. Ixesha lokuqala irhasi ethylene oxide njengoko zintsholongwane waqalisa ukusebenzisa kwi novalo zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Ngenxa yokuba le nto waba ifomu igesi-ngathi, kulunge ukuya diphu izixhobo zonyango kunye ebulala iintsholongwane. Le ndlela yasetyenziswa ezininzi iindlela, ezibe iqaphela ukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukufuma nazo letyhefu. Ekubeni ethylene oksayidi libhekisela igesi eyityhefu, nzala oluqhutywa emagumbini evaliweyo.

Le ndlela kweentsholongwane kucingwa ezona zonke iindlela ezaziwayo. Ukunenzela izixhobo le ndlela iqulathe amanyathelo amathathu:

1. izixhobo lokuQala zihlanjululwe umoya, ukutshintsha lobushushu nokufuma.
2. Iphakheji izaliswe gas ethylene oxide ulinde ixesha lokuba izixhobo zonyango ziye inzalo.
3. Chitha degassing ukususa ukusuka ekupakishweni ihlala berhasi entsimbini.

Ukuxovwa ethylene oxide

ethylene oksayidi ifumana ukusebenzisa kakhulu ekwakheni glycols ezahlukeneyo ethylene. Ukuxovwa ethylene oxide kwizikolo zikarhulumente ulwelo lwenziwa mhlawumbi phambi ehlanganisa acid kubushushu degrees 50-100 + okanye phantsi koxinzelelo ngaphandle namafutha kubushushu ^ka 200 C. Kwiimeko ezininzi, sebenzisa indlela yesibini ngokusebenzisa koxinzelelo, njengoko abathile asidi onzima kamva kubahlambulula ifunyenwe into, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba asebenzise iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokucoca.

Emva ukuxovwa ethylene ethers zezi - utywala elula diatomic. Ukuvumelana kufana ibhotolo. Ethylene ethers na ayinavumba, nto enemibala, uye incasa elithozamisayo. Ingaba into eyityhefu asetyenziswe amabala. Ezinye kuphela ukuzama ungayisebenzisa njengendlela indawo utywala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni.

Ngaphandle yokuba ethylene ethers isetyenziselwa ukubonelela iisepha, njengoko engena isakhiwo kunye nezinye iimveliso:

• arhente antistatic;
• zokukhazimlisa;
• kuthetha ukusuka icing;
• idityaniswe kwinkqubo sokupholisa of computers kunye neemoto;
• ngesixa esincinci lisetyenziswa izithambiso for izihlangu;
• besebenzisa oko ukwenza iziqhushumbisi.

Isiphumo ethylene ethers emzimbeni

Ethylene ethers isoloko isetyenziswa kwizakhiwo inkqubo okanye izakhiwo kunye indawo enkulu, ngenxa yezi ndlela isicelo elungiselelwe ukuhlamba, inhalation of umphunga kwenzeka. Ngokusebenzisa Ozidelayo iziyobisi nako ukungena emlonyeni wakho, kodwa ke oko akwanelanga ukuba yityhefu. okuba Greater obuthi enikwa abo abalangazelela inkonzo badla kufuneka bejongene izinto eziqulethe ethylene ethers. Olu didi lubandakanya abaqhubi kunye nabasebenzi kwiiplanti zeekhemikali.

Iimpawu ubuthi

1. Ixesha lokuqala sisaqhubeka iiyure ezili-12 kwaye libonakalise ukunxila indoda okungephi. intloko ebuhlungu ngamanye amaxesha wabonakalaliswa, isicaphucaphu, ukugabha ngakanye, ubuthathaka ezolileyo. isongo ukukhanya mnandi beze kule evela mntu. Kodwa ngokubanzi, imeko eqhelekileyo yempilo.
2. iiyure ezilishumi well-being wentelekelelo kukho ingqiqo intshukumo kwisithuba yakho omzimba, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, kwaye yaphula sodium-calcium exchange, ukugabha. Emzimbeni kunye nemisipha empontshwa baqale ukuhlatywa kabukhali.
3. Emva kwethutyana ngokwabo ukubonisa iimpawu umonakalo CNS: ilahleko osezingqondweni, ifiva, amahlaba.
4. ukusilela kwezintso ukuvela ngomhla wesihlanu, nokudumba yemiphunga, umsebenzi intliziyo yaphulwe kwaye kunciphise uxinzelelo lwegazi.
5. Ukufa kwenzeka phakathi evekini ngenxa ukusilela intliziyo, nokudumba yemiphunga, kunye neengxaki nezintso nomhlehlo wesibindi.

Ityhefu Easy kuvela emva ukusezela umsi, kwaye uphawu ebonakala ngalo nesiyezi, isicaphucaphu kunye buthathaka. Ukugcina ixhoba, kufuneka uye esibhedlele phambi kokuba iphelelwe iiyure ezili-12 emva kokuba yityhefu.