Nanini esithi: imithetho and exceptions

izimelabizo Nanini libhekisela ekungaqinisekwanga okanye engaziwayo referent (into, umntu) okanye impahla yakhe. Ezi izimelabizo ziquka: into, umntu, into, nabani na, nantoni na, nabani na, njl Bakha evela izimelabizo zogxininiso, kwaye non-ukusetyenziswa consoles, kwaye postfix -oko Koe. , someday.-okanye. Umzekelo, umntu - umntu, umntu, umntu, umntu; apho - ethile, kwenye, kwindawo ethile, naphi na; kangakanani - kangakanani embalwa, ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi.

Classification ngokusekelwe izimelabizo elingenammiselo Reference

Ngoko ke, izimelabizo elingenammiselo ngolwimi Russian zihlukaniswe:

• Reference - zalatha into ethile ikhona eneneni (Koe-ke, into, umntu). Ngenxa yoko, isimelabizo reference nabanako ukwahlulelana ngokusekelwe eyaziwayo okanye alaziwa iiklasi ezimbini:
  
  1) izimelabizo kakubi kuchaziwe - ezisetyenziswa kwimeko apho isithethi yaziwa into, kodwa ngaxeshanye, musa ukucinga ukuba kwakusazeka ukuba nomphulaphuli (omnye Koe, omnye-ngoko ke ixabiso Koe) (umzekelo: ndiya kukuxelela enye ngasese);
  
  2) izimelabizo Ukungaqiniseki - zisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa into engaziwayo isithethi (on izimelabizo -ukuze) (umzekelo: Ngu Ivan umntu weza).
• Non-Imihlathana - zibonisa unfixed, into elingachazwanga (nantoni na kwaba-okanye, ngenye imini) (umzekelo: I kufuneka sithandaze ukuba omnye umntu).

Izimelabizo ziqaliswe engekho phantsi

Ezi zezi: enye, ezinye, ezinye, into ethile. Kwisibini sokuqala zezimelabizo ebonisa udumo, kuthethwa isithethi ongaziwayo kunye naye. Kungenjalo babengayi kubizwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: izimelabizo elingenammiselo. Izindululo ukuba ukwakhiwa njalo:

• Kum apha eNdlwini kweza umfana, ambethe ingubo emhlophe.
• Kwafika Indlu utitshala wam, umntu Ivasjuk, utitshala emangalisayo kunye umntu.

Kwakhona kolu ngcelele izimelabizo wambi zisetyenziselwa ukuvakalisa umsebenzi introduktivnoy, okt. E. Ngokuba intshayelelo ekuqaleni kwisicatshulwa weempawu amatsha kunye neemeko. Umzekelo:

• Xa umbuso ...

Into, umntu, kwezinye iimeko uyakwazi ukuchaza ukuba angaziwa kwisithethi. Oku kuthetha ukuba uya kwenza umahluko izimelabizo -ukuze. Umzekelo:

• Into emhlophe kunye anoboya libalekela kulo lize uyaxhuma phezu Glade ihlathi.

Izimelabizo ku ka-

izimelabizo Nanini ku -Yintoni yenzelwe ukuvakalisa engayaziyo isithethi reference:

• I waphulaphula ngenyameko yaye waqonda ukuba eneneni kukho umntu kwelo gumbi.

Kwakhona kwi izimelabizo -oko ayikwazi isetyenziswe ngesiseko intsingiselo yalo, kwaye intsingiselo ngenye imini;

• Umntu kufuneka ngoku eholideyini.

Ukongeza, uluhlu kwi introduktivnuyu ka- ungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi:

• Abanye umfundi-umphengululi wabhala ebhodini le engenangqondo.

Izimelabizo ukuba ngenye imini

Ixabiso isimelabizo non-Imihlathana uzimisele ngokusekelwe iimpawu yesemantiki ezithile kunye neentlobo imeko apho kusetyenziswa izimelabizo.

Izimelabizo ukuze ibonisa ngenye imini ukuba umntu kuthathwa okunye (amathuba) nxamnye nomnye. Oko kukuthi, kulo mzekelo, ibhekisela umongo "off-ukuzithemba." olu hlobo lwe mvelaphi kuyenzeka:

• ukuba kukho imeko ekubhekiswa kuyo kwixesha elizayo;
• ukuba kukho imeko, okunye, nokuba wabhekisela langoku okanye elidlulileyo;
• ukusebenzisa umxholo Distributivity.

Ngoko ke, cinga konke oku iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu. Kwimeko yokuqala, isimelabizo elingenammiselo ukuba ngenye imini kusetyenziswa ku:

• ixesha lokubhala elizayo (uya kukhokela eminye imizekelo, baya kuhlangana ethile);
• Ye elizayo, kubandakanywa izicelo (Irina ufuna ukuya kwindawo ethile, uVladimir ekhangela into umdla kuwe, ucela into ukubhala);
• ukuba kunyanzelekile (ngaphandle kokuba imeko isenzo intetho kwemvume, nokuba somyalelo) (Vumani into, ukuba usixelele ukuba yintoni na vesi, ndakhawuleza download a movie);
• kutshintshwe amakhono okanye kuyimfuneko (oko (kufuneka) abe ngumntu ukubiza, umntu aye andazi; udinga umntu ucele);
• esimo, oplativa (kuhle wamsa into eselwayo; kodwa andithandanga kwenza nto ngaye);
• ukujonga ekujoliswe (ukwenzela ukuba benze into, kufuneka imali).

Kwimeko yesibini, isimelabizo ezisetyenziselwa athi:

• (Un) Ngokuqinisekileyo, wavele (ndiyathandabuza ukuba ukwenza into ethile, musa ukucinga ukuba ungazi nto ngaloo nto, engaqhelekanga ukuba anifumananga nto, wemka ngenkankulu naphi; Ngokungafihlisiyo ubani Ndakhala, ukuba wondle into (izolo));
• imibuzo (ngenxa buciko) nokucingela umbuzo (umntu ebizwa Ingaba ukho omnye umntu nawaphi na amathandabuzo ukuba oku kuyinyaniso?);
• disjunction (Bayithabatha kunye Alain okanye nayiphi na abahlobo bakhe);
• iimeko (ukuba nantoni na efihlwe, bona ngokuba);
• epistimicheskoy kutshintshwe (umntu buhlungu kuye);
• ukwalela e subordinating predication (musa ukucinga ukuba utshintshe nantoni).

Ukuze icala lesithathu acaphula mizekelo: ngamnye kukhokelela nabani naye.

izimelabizo zogxininiso, imisebenzi eziqhuba elingenammiselo

format engela kwezinye iimeko ukuze zisalelayo. Makhe sithelekise ukusetyenziswa izimelabizo zoquko imibuzo ngqo, kunye amagatya enemiqathango:

Umbuzo ngokungathanga :

• Yena wacinga waza wacinga, kwaye ukubiza - ukufumana ukuba yintoni oyifunayo.
• Out yembombo lweliso lakhe wazama ukubona ukuba kukho nabani na kufutshane matshini.

isigwebo olunemiqathango :

• Ukuba into ebalulekileyo kwenzeka - baya kuvuya.
• Xa umntu efika, alumeke isibane eluhlaza.

izimelabizo Nanini nkulumo

Ukongeza kwezi izimelabizo yemveli elingenammiselo, zihlanganisa nabo:

• isimelabizo Reduplicated: kwindawo apho umntu (Ngubani-ngubani, kwaye wayengakwazi Andazi).
• Izimelabizo isalathisi esekelwe equlethe -oko formant (njalo njalo, kukho into, ngokuba into ethile, njalo njalo) (ke into uze into unako ukufeza ukuzama).
• Amanye amagama akwi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zentetho, ezisetyenziswa reference elingaqondakaliyo: indibanisela napodobii enye okanye enye; Izichazi akwaziyo echazwe; enye yesi.
• iiyunithi Pronominal ukuba prepositive ingxenye "amalgam" - ekwakhiweni isimelabizo esekelwe spusinga, angazi-type: Andazi ngubani (ukwenza) kucacile ukuba akukho mntu waziyo xa, andithanga ndikukhumbule kwakunye nabanye.
• iiyunithi Pronominal eziqulathe postpositive ingxenye "kvazirelyativy" - uyakha pronominal equlathe isiseko peakless amagatya isalamane: naphi, njengoko linjalo, nabani na ofuna, njalo-njalo ..

izimelabizo ezingakhiyo nanini

Kwasekuqaleni sithi izimelabizo elingenammiselo enziwa zogxininiso kunye nezimaphambili ezithile kunye postfix. Kodwa ngaphandle kubo, ukususela ifomu zogxininiso kwaye babe izimelabizo ezimbi, nje eli xesha ngoncedo lwezimaphambili ezifana non - ni- nalapho - kukho ndawo kakhulu - unotshe, ngubani - hayi, xa - ngonaphakade, njl ..

Ukongeza, izimelabizo ezingakhiyo elingenammiselo sinenye into efanayo: iimpawu zazo syntactic kwaye morphological ungqamane nabo kunye nabo ukusuka apho kwakheka, oko kukuthi, ukususela zogxininiso.

Izimelabizo ne nokwehlukana ezimbi

Yaba izimelabizo elingenammiselo, luphawulwa polarizations ezimbi. Ezi ziquka: into kwaye eziphela ngo-okanye. Ngamanye amazwi sinokuthi ukuba bakholisa ukuba kwimeko embi. Kulo mzekelo, ukuba kutshintshwa kwiimeko ezithile izimelabizo ezimbi. Umzekelo:

• Endingazanga ndibone nayiphi (isimelabizo elingenammiselo) ukumelana kwi indlela yabo yokuphila.

Endaweni ukusebenzisa naluphi na uhlobo kunokwenzeka. Kwakhona, ezi zimelabizo na indawo neze. Okanye oku:

• Andizimiselanga yokuthsintsha nantoni na / mna andikanyuki, ndiye yokuthsintsha nantoni na.

Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye yenye ngaphandle; ukuba kuphika lisetyenziswa igatya eliyintloko, igatya owayamileyo zingasetyenziswa kuphela okanye enye - okanye, njengoko akunakwenzeka - isimelabizo ezimbi. Umzekelo:

• Akwaziwa ukuba le ncwadi ngonaphakade (kodwa hayi zange) kwenziwe.

Belibhala izimelabizo emibi kwaye nanini

Ungakhetha ezi ntlobo lwemithetho yokubhala ezi zimelabizo:

• ukusetyenziswa kwamasuntswana hayi nayiphi na;
• amasuntswana ezazinemidla kunye edidekile, ababhali kunye hayi kunye nezimelabizo;
• defisnoe upelo izimelabizo.

Ngoko ke:

• Kwisuntswana awubhalwanga ngendlela engaqhelekanga, yaye akukho - axinezeleke (akukho, omnye, nto, nto, thile, hayi konke, ndawo, ndawo, into, akukho nto).
• Ukuba akukho sizathu, amasuntswana musa yaye kufuneka zibhalwe njengegama elinye (hayi, bambalwa, into kungabikho mntu, kungabikho, kungekho), kwaye ukuba iyafumaneka ngokwahlukeneyo, phezu kweli benyhwalaza kufuneka eme phakathi kweengqakumbana kunye nezimelabizo (akukho namnye, akukho namnye, ize, ukuba akukho nto). Ngenxa yoko, sifumana ukuhlanganiswa entlantlu amagama amathathu.
• Belibhala izimelabizo nanini kukuba ziquka isimaphambili Koe kunye nezimamva ngenye imini, ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko-okanye hyphenate na.
• Amabinzana theni (enye), njengoko akukho ezinye (omnye) ezingabhaliweyo kwisuntswana, bangegqithi phambi amasuntswana njengoko ndilibalule ukungabikho kwalo. Izimelabizo mntu yaye akukho nto kufuneka ibhalwe ngohlobo imithetho jikelele, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle uxinezeleko ngaphandle isalathandawo okanye yamasuntswana siya kubhala, kwaye isimelabizo kunye (akukho nto iyenye (omnye), akukho mntu wumbi (enye)).
• Kwibinzana ngasentla inkcaso lungabonakaliswa kuphela yi-Union ngokunjalo kodwa kufuneka kwandulela ezi zizifundo (ibali wathi kuye umkhulu yakhe, kunye namanye kungabikho). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye ezi izayamaniso kuphika kwisivakalisi akuyi kubakho.
• Ke amabinzana akukho namnye umntu (omnye), nantoni na eyenye (enye), ukuba asetyenziselwa ntoni nenkcaso, njengoko kwisivakalisi, apho kukho kukukhanyela (Ayikho enye into kukulungele ukuba wenze), yaye kunqabile kakhulu kwisivakalisi apho kukho bephika (kuphela wenza kwaye akukho mntu wumbi). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isuntswana nayiphi indibanisela kwedatha esibhaliweyo kwezimelabizo kunye.

Njengoko sibonile, upelo izimelabizo ezingakhiyo elingenammiselo iqulethe imigaqo ngokufanelekileyo elula kwaye ezinye ngaphandle kubo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kuhle ukuqonda isihloko, iingxaki kunye upelo oluchanekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezi izimelabizo kufuneka kungabi. Kwaye abo bafunda IsiNgesi, izimelabizo elingenammiselo kufuneka esingenakubangela naliphi na ubunzima, kuba basebenzisa imithetho ncam nezo ngolwimi Russian.

Imizekelo imithetho IsiNgesi

Cinga ukusebenzisa indlela izimelabizo zixhaphakileyo elingenammiselo. IsiNgesi Ezi ziquka :. Nayiphi, into, umntu, umntu othile, nantoni na, nabani na, nabani na, njalo-njalo ke:

• isimelabizo lokuqala amaninzi ezisetyenziswa sentences with ukuphika ecacileyo, Ukuphika lokukwekwa, ngokunjalo nemiba;
• Ezi zintathu zilandelayo kwizivakalisi affirmative kwimiba ebandakanya nto;
• zokugcina ezintathu ezisetyenziswa kwisivakalisi negative; ku umbuzo jikelele; kwisivakalisi kwemiqathango; kwezi zivakalisi affirmative kwaye elibi, ukuba isimelabizo lusetyenziswa lithetha "na, ngasinye".