Bertrand Model Basics and Iimpawu

Ukhuphiswano sisiseko imodeli rhwebo. Ibe phezu kwesi siseko lusekiwe ekuthiwa-ixabiso lizama ukuba uyazanelisa zombini abathengi kunye nabathengi. imodeli Bertrand ichaza le nto ebalulekileyo yoqoqosho emarikeni. It laliqulunqwe ngo-1883 kwi-ncomo sencwadi ethi "Imigaqo Mathematical kwengcamango ubutyebi." Umbhali yokugqibela yachaza model Cournot. Bertrand Mna ke bengavumelani nezigqibo izazinzulu. Olu vandlakanyo, yena aliqulunqileyo imodeli, kodwa elichazwa ngokwezibalo wachaza Frensis Edzhuort kuphela ngo-1889.

okucingelwayo

Bertrand model uchaza imeko oligopoly. kukho iinkampani ubuncinane ezimbini emarikeni avelisa iimveliso eyohlobo olulodwa. Abakwazi intsebenziswano. Zinkampani bakhuphisane ngokumisela amaxabiso kakhulu kwiimveliso zabo. Ekubeni iimveliso eyohlobo olulodwa, imfuno yempahla zitshiphu ngoko nangoko kuthatha off. Ukuba zombini ezi mveliso ukuseta ixabiso enye, yahlulelwe kwii kubini ngokulinganayo. Bertrand imodeli ayifaneleki kuphela imeko a duopoly, kodwa xa abenzi kwimarike zininzi. Noko ke, kwingcinga engundoqo ukufana iimveliso zabo. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba iinkampani zobugcisa akukho ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindleko zabo ebekiwe kanye avareji ziyafana yaye inokhuphiswano ngexabiso. Yandisa ezihlola bemveliso ngonaphakade. Kucacile ukuba baya kwenza njalo yonke imihla ixabiso kwimarike lugubungela iindleko zabo. Ukuba ingaphantsi, imveliso akwenzi ngqiqo. Akukho mntu uya kusebenza ilahleko.

Bertrand Model Basics and Iimpawu

Kodwa yintoni na icebo apho aya kuyinyula inkampani? Kubonakala ukuba bonke abenzi bangazuza lukhulu ukuba ngamnye kubo uya kumisa amaxabiso aphezulu. Noko ke, imodeli Bertrand ibonisa ukuba kwimeko apho iinkampani musa ukusebenzisana kunye namanye, akuyi kwenzeka. ixabiso uKhuphiswano ilingana kwendleko ebekiwe, ngokungqinelana ne-Nash kuvuselele. Kodwa kutheni kunjalo? Eneneni, kulo mzekelo, umntu akakwazi ukwenza inzuzo?

Masithi ukuba inkampani ubeka ngexabiso mkhulu indleko yalo ebekiwe, kwaye eyesibini - akukho. Asinto nzima ukuba baqikelele ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kule meko. Zonke Abathengi opt imveliso lenkampani yesibini. Bertrand model, iimeko ezinjalo ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi iza kukwazi ukunyusa imveliso ngokungenammiselo.

Masithi ukuba zombini iinkampani ukuseta ixabiso enye, nto leyo ngaphezulu iindleko zabo aseludinini. Le meko ezingazinzanga kakhulu. Ngalinye iinkampani aya kufuna ukuba phantsi ixabiso ukuthatha phezu emarikeni. Ngoko ke uya kukwazi ukunyusa inzuzo phantse kabini. Akukho lizama izinzile kwimeko apho bobabini mveliso okuqingqa amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu kwendleko ebekiwe. Bonke abathengi siye ngaphesheya apho impahla enganeno. Ngoko ke, lo lwesilinganiso kuphela imeko apho imizi-mveliso okuqingqa amaxabiso ukuba bayalingana ukuya kwendleko ebekiwe.

model Cournot

Umbhali we "Imigaqo zezibalo kwengcamango ubutyebi," wayekholelwa ukuba ixabiso lisoloko lingaphezulu ngaphezu kwendleko ebekiwe impahla eyenziweyo, kuba mveliso ngokwabo ukhethe isixa lokukhutshwa kwabo. imodeli Bertrand ibonisa ukuba akunjalo. Noko ke, yonke imibono ukuba usebenzisa ziye zavela Cournot. Phakathi kwabo:

• Okhoyo emalikeni ukuba inkampani ngaphezu kwesinye. Kodwa ke, iimveliso ukuba esiveliswa eyohlobo olulodwa.
• Iinkampani azikwazi okanye awufuni ukuba ukusebenzisana.
• Ngesisombululo ngamnye iinkampani kumba ububanzi igalelo esekwe kwi ixabiso lemarike kweemveliso.
• Abavelisi benza esisiso yaye ucinga ngobuchule, efuna ukuba afumane inzuzo yabo.

Thelekisa imifanekiso

Bertrand khuphiswano ukunciphisa ixabiso, Cournot - ukuba nkulu kwimveliso. Kodwa imodeli ilungile ngakumbi? Bertrand wathi iimeko mveliso duopoly kuya kunyanzeleka ukuba ukucwangcisa amaxabiso kwinqanaba iindleko zabo ebekiwe. Ngoko ke, ekugqibeleni, wonke aya kuncitshiswa abe kukhuphiswano egqibeleleyo. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa ujika ukuba asingawo onke amacandelo lula ukutshintsha ivolyum umba, njengokuba iphakamiswe Bertrand. Kulo mzekelo, ichaza ngcono imeko Cournot model. zombini ingasetyenziswa kwezinye iimeko. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala, iinkampani bakhethe imiqulu imveliso, wesibini - bakhuphisane imodeli Bertrand, ukubeka amaxabiso. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka ingqalelo kwimeko apho inani mveliso kwimarike uyabaleka yokungapheli. Ke imodeli Cournot ibonisa ukuba amaxabiso ayalingana neendleko aseludinini. Ngoko ke, kule meko, zonke ezisebenzayo ngokungqinelana kunye nezigqibo ze Bertrand.

ukugxekwa

Bertrand umfuziselo usebenzisa nokucingela ekude kakhulu ubomi benene. Ngokomzekelo, kuqikelelwa ukuba abathengi ekuthengeni imveliso ibiza kancinane. Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni imarike ukhuphiswano non-ixabiso. Iimveliso umahluko, hayi eyohlobo olulodwa. Kukho kwakhona iindleko zothutho. Akakho umntu ofuna ukuya kabini ukuya kuthenga iimpahla zitshiphu nge-1%, ukuba uya kuchitha kule nto ngaphezulu kwe-1% ye ixabiso. Ukukuqonda kunye zabavelisi. Ngoko ke, ebomini, imodeli Bertrand kaninzi ayisebenzi.

Omnye umahluko ebalulekileyo kukuba akukho nkampani linokuthi lalingenziwa ukwandisa imveliso ngokungenammiselo. It yaphawula Edgeworth. Amaxabiso ebomini khange kwenzeke kubalimi kwendleko ebekiwe. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba ukhetho yesisicwangciso elula kunjalo, njengoko Nash kuvuselele.

practice

Bertrand ongumzekelo ubonisa ukuba oligopoly yinto eliphakathi isigaba. Ukuba mveliso akavumelani yaye akazange ukusebenzisana iinzame zabo, baya kuthengisa ngeempahla zabo ngamaxabiso ilingana neendleko aseludinini. Akukho namnye uya kulahlekelwa, kodwa abayi kufumana umvuzo. ngcono isimo Kubonakala ngathi xa befundisa. Iinkampani ezininzi ukuvelisa iimveliso efanayo, akukho zilula ngokwaneleyo ukuba uyavuma. Oku ngakumbi kuyingenelo kubo bonke. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso lemakethi imiselwe elingana lodwa. Nganye kwezi mveliso ezivelisa impahla osemagunyeni iimpawu zayo. Uncedo-mveliso ubomi lokwenene ukufumana kuphela ngokusebenzisa ubugcisa obutsha.