Auschwitz Museum. Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum

Ukuze siyiqonde into sibophelela la magama ebonakala engahambelaniyo, njengoko imyuziyam, kwinkampu yoxinaniso, yaseAuschwitz, Birkenau, eAuschwitz, kubalulekile ukuqonda elona xesha kakhulu esibi kwaye buhlungu kwimbali yoluntu.

Auschwitz - isakhiwo kwinkampu yoxinaniso, apho ingabekwa ngexesha lemfazwe kummandla eAuschwitz komzi. Poland walahlekelwa isixeko ngowe-1939, xa ekuqaleni impi, yena eqhotyoshelwe kummandla Germany waza wabizwa ngokuba Auschwitz.

Birkenau - yesibini German inkampu ukufa, ibekwe kwidolophana Brzezinka, apho baye bahlukunyezwa ngaphezu kwesigidi abantu.

Ngowe-1946, abasemagunyeni Polish ziye an open-air imyuziyam ngesigqibo lokuhlela kummandla yaseAuschwitz, yaye ngowe-1947 yavulwa kuyo. Le myuziyam iqukiwe kuluhlu UNESCO World Heritage. Auschwitz Museum ityelelwa phantse zizigidi ezibini zabantu ngonyaka.

wokuqala Auschwitz

Xi iintente yaseAuschwitz waba ePoland kwi ngecala lasezantsi yeekhilomitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu ukusuka kwisixeko Krakow. Yena enkampini ukufa kunazo for ukubulala abaninzi. Apha babulawa ukususela 1940 ukuya 1945, abantu 1.1 million, phakathi 90% kwakukho abantu uhlanga lwamaYuda. Auschwitz iye laziwa kohlanga, inkohlakalo, misanthropy.

Seyaba Tshansela eJamani, Adolf Hitler wathembisa abantu German kunokukuhlaziya yalo yangaphambili, lo gama ngaxeshanye ukujongana utshaba ngokobuhlanga yingozi - amaYuda. Ngowe-1939, i-Wehrmacht yahlasela iPoland. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-3 amaYuda aba ngawo intsimi ilawulwa umkhosi waseJamani.

Ngowe-1940 wakha inkampu yokuqala yoxinaniso amabanjwa ezopolitiko yaseAuschwitz-1 kwisiza yegumbi babesakuba yomkhosi Polish. Ngoko nangoko wathumela abantu eminqubeni ezakha elite Polish: oogqirha, abezopolitiko, amagqwetha, izazinzulu. Kukuwa 1941, ibanjwa lezopolitiko wajoyina amawaka 10 kwababanjiweyo nomkhosi.

Imiqathango kokuvalelwa Auschwitz

Auschwitz Iivenkile imyuziyam njengobungqina epeyintwe ngasese amanani iindonga enqabeni yomkhosi, ndingqina ngalo iimeko avalelwe abahlala eminqubeni.

Amabanjwa babehlala ezingamashumi amabini anesine kwisisele ngezitena apho ezimbini zalala phezu silala elimxinwa kakhulu. Le edla iqhekeza lesonka kunye isitya isuphu enamanzi.

Nayiphi phula inkqubo nkampu walinda ukuba ngokundibetha elimasikizi ngabalindi entolongweni. Ukuqwalasela izinti kwentlanga asezantsi, unogada ukuba kuyithoba, u- okanye ukubulala. Ingxaki Auschwitz - ukuhlwayela izothuso phakathi bonke abemi Polish. Le ndawo nempi yonke iye enqatyisiweyo kujikelezo ucingo kabini ngocingo oluhlabayo, eqhagamshelwe yangoku yombane.

Enye ukulawula amabanjwa yenziwa amabanjwa komthetho, abo kwaziswa evela kwiinkampu German. Baye ebizwa - capo. Aba bantu abo owayengazi uvelwano okanye imfesane.

Ubomi enkampini tye kwakuxhomekeke indawo ye lonikezelo lomsebenzi. Umsebenzi waba kwemfuno enkulu kule ndawo. Sebenza esitratweni, phantsi izithonga of capo - yinto isigwebo sokufa. Nawuphi na ububi - kodwa indlela ekufeni inani block 11. Abantu ababanjiweyo, ukugcina kwigumbi elingaphantsi, wabethwa, ngendlala, okanye nje ekhohlo kufa. Ngaba ukuthumela ubusuku kwenye iikhamera ezine zokubhala. Auschwitz Museum uye walilondoloza egumbini sentuthumbo.

Kukho kwakhona ibekwe egumbini amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Bathotyelwa bevela kulo lonke ilizwe elo. Auschwitz museum walondoloza udonga ukufa, nto leyo ibekwe kwintendelezo block. Kukho babulawa phambi abantu 5000 ngemini. Izigulane baye esibhedlele, kodwa wakwazi ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukuma, ukubulala ugqirha SS mntu. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba ondle kuphela abakwazi ukusebenza. Kwiminyaka emibini, ngaphezu alishumi lamawaka amabanjwa Polish imiphefumlo ibango imyuziyam elizayo yaseAuschwitz. Poland akasoze awulibale ezi zolwaphulo.

Auschwitz II

Ngo-Oktobha 1941, kufuphi kwidolophana Birkenau, amaNazi wamisa inkampu yesibini, ekuqaleni eyenzelwe amabanjwa emfazwe Soviet Army. Osventsium-2 kwaba izihlandlo 20 yinkulungwane yinqubo 200 amabanjwa. Ngoku yinxalenye lethu ngamaplanga zatshatyalaliswa, kodwa walondoloza yamaziko ityhubhu lilitye Auschwitz Museum. Ithathwe kwi ubusika isigqibo eBerlin malunga ingxaki yamaYuda, tshintsha ekujoliswe owabelwe. Ngoku Auschwitz-2 lwenzelwe lokubulala kwenkitha yamaYuda.

Kodwa ke kuqala waba nendima ebalulekileyo kutshabalaliso zange ukudlala, yaye kwakusetyenziswa indawo ukugxothwa amaYuda evela kumazwe kuthinjwa Southern, emantla, imifanekiso kunye Balkan. Kamva yaba umatshini enkulu ukubulawa kwabantu.

Ngehlobo lowe-1942 kulo lonke EYurophu kwaqalisa ukufika amaYuda Birkenau kunye namanye amabanjwa. ukufika kwabo lwaqhutywa engamakhulu amathandathu leemitha ukusuka esangweni engundoqo. Kamva, ukukhawulezisa inkqubo ngokubulala yimiqolo avuliweyo phambi enqabeni ngokwabo. abakhweli ukufika wegqitha inkqubo yokhetho egqiba oya kusebenza, kwaye ngubani - egumbini igesi, uze - emlilweni Auschwitz.

izinto siphindwe abamiselwe bohlulwa ngamaqela amabini: amadoda nabafazi nabantwana. Emva kwexesha elithile ukuba isigqibo nakwizibetho zabo. Inxalenye amabanjwa abaselula eyomeleleyo ithunyelwa kwinkampu yabasebenzi, kodwa ke uninzi lwabantu, kuqukwa abantwana, abasetyhini abakhulelweyo, abadala kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo - in esisi, uze emva koko - kule eziontini izidumbu. Inkqubo yokhetho yathinjwa igosa SS engaziwayo ngohlobo izinto yokuthathwa, nangona umyalelo ovela ngasentla Akuvunyelwe ukususa ukubulawa kwabantu.

Xa ngo-1942 e-Birkenau kwafika amaYuda evela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, eminqubeni kwakukho kwigumbi irhasi omnye kuphela, olwalumiselwe cottage. Ke ukubonakala ngo-1944 nesamagumbi ezine ezintsha gas wajika Osventsium-2 kule ndawo imbi lokubulala inqwaba.

zokutshiswa kwezidumbu Performance zafikelela elinye kunye nesiqingatha sabantu lamawaka ngosuku. Nangona kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufika kwiziko i-Red Army yaseAuschwitz nophondo benyuswa ngu amaJamani, wahlala ukusinda omnye kwimibhobho yamaziko izidumbu. Oku prezhneu igcinwe kule myuziyam. Poland lizimisele ukubuyisela kunye kwizindlu ngomthi ngokutshisa okanye batshatyalaliswa ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Survival Auschwitz

Survival kule nkampu kwakuxhomekeke kwindibaniselwano zizinto ezahlukeneyo; ke ithuku ukuzeyisa, ulwalamano, amathamsanqa, ngobuqhokolo uqambe ubuzwe, ubudala kunye iprofeshini. Kodwa ke imeko iphambili ukuze sisindiswe akwazi ukulungelelanisa yonke into edibene unaniselwano: kuthenga, kuthengisa, ukufumana ukutya. Ngelo xesha, kwakubalulekile ukuba bangene iqela entle yokusebenza, ezifana kwicandelo B2G.

Kwakukho izinto amabanjwa ezintsha. Ngokwendalo, ezibaluleke kakhulu bathumela eJamani, kodwa ukusebenza apha, kwaba kunye engozini enkulu ebomini babo into yexabiso efihliweyo ezintweni - enemisesane yegolide, idayimani, imali - ngenxa ukutya kwinkampu ngomgunyathi okanye sebenzisa iimveliso ukuthenga i-SS.

Umsebenzi uthe wanikhulula

Zonke amabanjwa baluwela ekungeneni engundoqo kwinkampu ekufeni, bona oko kubhaliweyo emasangweni yaseAuschwitz. IsiJamani lithetha "Umsebenzi uthe wanikhulula".

Yintoni kubhaliweyo emasangweni yaseAuschwitz - yiyo ubude abathanda ukugxeka kunye ubuxoki. Ungaze umsebenzi uyasikhulula kwinkampu yoxinaniso oluntu, ekuqaleni wagwetyelwa ukufa. Kuphela nokufa ngokwako, okanye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo - indlela yokuphuma.

Egumbini gas yokuqala

Yemifuniselo yokuqala kunye esisi yaseAuschwitz, eyayibanjwe ngoSeptemba 1941. Ke amakhulu amabanjwa Soviet kunye Polish bathunyelwa kwicandelo elingaphantsi 11 babulawa ityhefu - zinambuzane benqanda-based on Inkanyamba - B. kaloku inkampu yaseAuschwitz, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kwezinye iinkampu ezininzi, wathabatha inyathelo lokuqala ukuze ube ikhonkco ebalulekileyo isisombululo umbuzo yamaYuda.

Xa ukugxothwa amaYuda, ngelithi ngenxa yokuhlaliswa ukuya ngasempuma abase njengomhlambi kwindawo yangaphambili zokugcina iimbumbulu, apho ibekwe kude iqela eliyintloko. Abamiselwe ukuba engeniswe ukusebenza, nto eyakubaluncedo xa kufneke eJamani; kodwa kufuneka kuqala ukuba iintsholongwane. Amaxhoba zithunyelwa kwigumbi igesi, exhotyiswe ishawa. Le ziikristale of Zyklon - B awayezigquma ngokusebenzisa umngxuma eluphahleni.

Zishiye yamabanjwa

Ngowe-1944, ummandla Auschwitz uthungelwano kwiinkampu, ekukhokeleni mihla abantu abangaphezu kweshumi lamawaka oliliso kwemichiza izityalo waseJamani. Umsebenzi kwiinkampu angaphezu kwamashumi amane iye yasetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo: ulwakhiwo, ulimo, ishishini.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1944 Wesithathu lwalusongelwa. Banomona yi advance ngokukhawuleza imikhosi Soviet, amaNazi wachithwa, baqupha ukuvuthela loo izidumbu, ukufihla i imizila izenzo zabo. Le nkampu eshiywa, zishiye amabanjwa yaqala. January 17, 1945 50,000 amabanjwa ezigcinwe yi kwiindlela Polish. Bagxothwa eJamani. Amawaka zihlangu kunye nabantu edlakazela ezilala bafa engqeleni endleleni. Badiniwe umva ukusuka amabanjwa kwikholam shot guards. Yaba hambo ukufa amabanjwa Auschwitz. igcina museum kwinkampu yoxinaniso kwi neekhorido eni yegumbi zininzi kunene kubo.

ukukhululwa

Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva ngobungxamo lamabanjwa eAuschwitz kwakukho amajoni Soviet. Kwi kummandla eminqubeni kwafunyaniswa amabanjwa malunga namawaka asixhenxe nesiqingatha-kwabafileyo, ukungondleki kunye nabagulayo. Nje akazange abe nexesha ukudubula: akukho xesha. Bona ngamangqina kohlanga yamaYuda ophilileyo.

Ekulweni sibulele amajoni 231 oluBomvu Army inkululeko yaseAuschwitz. Bonke bafumana uxolo emangcwabeni yesixeko.

Basinda Auschwitz

January 17 kwaphawula engama-70 lokukhululwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseAuschwitz yamaNazi. Kodwa namhlanje, kusekho amabanjwa ubomi kweminquba, basinda kwiintlungu kohlanga.

Zdizslava Volodarchik: "Ndafumana ngengca, apho igcinwe mna kunye nabanye abantwana. Iincukuthu, iintwala, iimpuku. Kodwa wasinda Auschwitz. "

Klavdiya Kovachich: "Ndichithe iminyaka emithathu enkampini. balamba ngokuqhubekayo yaye kubanda. Kodwa wasinda Auschwitz. "

Ukususela kuJuni 1940 ukuya kuJanuwari 1945 abantwana 400 000 babulawa. Kufuneka kwenzeke kwakhona.

Eveza izaphuli Genocide

URudolf Hess, kwingqwayi eAuschwitz, kuzinikela Polish kwiNkundla Abantu Ephakamileyo waza waxhonywa yaseAuschwitz endaweni kweminquba kwikomkhulu amaGestapo ngo-1947.

Josef Kramer, kwingqwayi Birkenau, waxhonywa kwintolongo isiJamani ngo-1945.

Richard Baer,-ngqwayi yokugqibela Auschwitz, wafa ngo-1960 ngexesha elindele ukuxoxwa kwetyala.

Josef Mengele, iNgelosi of Death, ukuphepha isohlwayo, wafa eBrazil ngo-1979.

Ulingo-mthetho imfazwe waqhubeka 60s kunye 70s zenkulungwane yama-20. Abaninzi kubo zohlwaywe.