Aluminiyamu, imveliso aluminiyam: ubugcisa, inkqubo kunye nenkcazo

Aluminium has a lot of izinto ezenza kube enye yezinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu ehlabathini. Yaziwa ngokubanzi isasazwe kwindalo, ethatha indawo yokuqala phakathi nesinyithi. Kubonakala ukuba ubunzima kunye nemveliso yayo kufuneka ibe. Kodwa umsebenzi omkhulu imichiza zesinyithi kukhokelela yokuba akazange ahlangabezane, kwaye bavelise esulungekileyo - kunzima, exabiso kunye namandla kakhulu.

okubonakalayo wemveliso

Ukusuka apho izinto okrwada aluminiyam? imveliso aluminiyam zonke izimbiwa eziqulathe kuyo, zexabiso kunye uneconomic. Caphula it evela webauxite, leyo anokuqulatha ukuya kwi-50% oxides aluminiyam kwaye zifakwe ngqo phezu kobuso bomhlaba izihlwele ezikhulu.

Ezi nsimbi aluminium baye kunokuba entsonkothileyo imichiza kuqamba. Bona ziqulathe alumina kwi-mali ka-30-70% ngokobunzima, silicas, anokuba ukuya kwi-20% oxide yentsimbi kuluhlu ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-50%, titanium (ukuya kwi-10%).

Aluminas, yaye le alumina ubunjwe hydroxides, corundum kunye kaolinite.

Kutshanje alumina olulungiswe nephelines zentsimbi eziquka kwakhona isodiyam, potassium oxide, dust, kunye alunite.

Kuba imveliso 1 itoni ye-aluminiyam ecocekileyo kufuneka malunga ezimbini iitoni alumina, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, olulungiswe malunga 4.5 okulahlwayo webauxite.

webauxite

oovimba Limited of webauxite ehlabathini. Ehlabathini lonke kuzo zonke izithili ezisixhenxe, kunye awo sisityebi. It Guinea e-Afrika, Brazil, Venezuela kunye Suriname eMzantsi Merika, Jamaica, kwiziqithi zeCaribbean, Australia, India, China, Greece kunye Turkey ukuya kuthi xhaxhe naseRashiya.

Kumazwe apho kukho iidipozithi osisityebi webauxite, zenzelwe kwaye imveliso aluminiyam. kwimigodi Russian webauxite kwi Urals, zeAltai kunye Krasnoyarsk Territories, kwenye yezi zithili yommandla Leningrad, nepheline - on the Kola Peninsula.

Le Iidipozithi acebe ephethwe yi-UC RUSAL yinkampani Russian zabandakanywa. Oku kulandelwa zinkunzi Rio Tinto (Australia-England), iye Washumayela kunye Alcan Canada kunye CVRD. Kwindawo yesine inkampani Chalco evela eTshayina, ngoko ke corporation US-Australian Alcoa, nayo abalimi enkulu aluminiyam.

Imvelaphi kwimveliso

yamachiza Danish Oersted eyabelwe aluminiyam yokuqala uhlobo simahla ngo-1825. Indlela abasabela imichiza wathatha indawo aluminiyamu chloride kunye potassium amalgam, endaweni leyo kweminyaka emibini kamva semichiza German Wohler usebenzisa zalo potassium.

Potassium - an izinto zexabiso, nangona kunjalo xa imveliso mveliso ye-aluminiyam engumFrentshi St. Clair Deville 1854 endaweni godu potassium sodium iyasetyenziswa, sakhi kakhulu atshiphu, yaye kabini ukumelana chloride aluminiyam kesodiyam.

Isazinzulu Russian NN Beketov ukuba bathabath 'i-aluminiyamu ukusuka wemagniziyam etyhidiweyo cryolite. Xa yee- emva kwenkulungwane enye indlela amachiza asetyenziswe amaJamani kwi isinyibilikise aluminium yokuqala. Kwisiqingatha sesibini XVIII kwinkulungwane yayifunyenwe chemical uthetha malunga ne-20 neetoni metal ecocekileyo. Yaba aluminium eqolo.

Imveliso ye-aluminiyam ngu electrolysis zivela 1886, xa bobabini phantse twatse izicelo patent efayilini le ndlela Abaseki umphengululi American yi Hall kunye nenkqubo engumFrentshi Heroult. Bacela ukunyibilika alumina in cryolite otyhidiweyo uze electrolysis ukufumana aluminum.

Nale kwaqala ishishini aluminiyam, yaye iye yaba ngaphezu kwekhulu enye kwamasebe esikhulu shishino.

Eyona engundoqo izigaba kubuxhakaxhaka bokuvelisa

Ngokubanzi, iteknoloji aluminiyamu lemveliso ayikatshintshi ukususela ekudalweni.

Le nkqubo iqulathe izigaba ezithathu. Kwi nsimbi aluminiyamu yokuqala okanye webauxite nokuba nephelines wafumana alumina - aluminiyam oxide Al _{2 O-3.}

Emva koko, evela kwimizi-aluminiyam hayidroksayidi uyazimela kunye ntumbuluko wa 99,5%, nto leyo ayanelanga ukuba ezinye iinjongo.

Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokugqibela kuyacaciswa aluminiyam. imveliso aluminiyam lugqityiwe wokucoca yayo 99,99%.

ukufumana alumina

Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokufumana alumina evela ores:

- acid;

- Electrolytic;

- awana.

Indlela yokugqibela - eyona eqhelekileyo, ephuhliswe emva kwinkulungwane XVIII efanayo, kodwa kungoku nje sele ngokuphindaphindiweyo ehlaziyiweyo ngcono kakhulu, isetyenziselwa ukuhluzwa webauxite ophezulu-grade. Utsho ifunyenwe malunga nama-85% alumina.

ISISHWANKATHELO indlela kwealkali kukuba izisombululo aluminiyam ukubola ngesantya esiphezulu xa yaziswa aluminium hayidroksayidi. Isisombululo eseleyo ke ngumphunga emva indlela kwiqondo eliphezulu malunga 170 ° C kwaye kwakhona esetyenziselwa sokuchitha alumina;

Okokuqala Bauxite bamoya kwaye emhlabeni ematyeni ngekalika abuhlungu uze ngendlela esisodwa kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku-250 ° C, loo yokubola kwemichiza kesodiyam yayo aluminate ibunjiwe, nto leyo bungxengwe isisombululo obrak sele kubushushu ephantsi - 100 ° C zonke isicombululo aluminate kwesifo ku thickeners ezikhethekileyo, ezahlulwe ukusuka lendle. Ngoko kukho ukuthotywa wayo. Solution ke ampontshwe lokucoca ulwelo kwisikhongozeli kunye stirrer ngenxa echukumisayo eqhubekayo ekwakhiweni apho imbewu Kongezelelwa aluminiyam hayidroksayidi okuqinileyo.

Le hydrocyclones kunye okucoca cleaner kwabelwa aluminiyam hayidroksayidi, inxalenye yayo zibuye izinto embewini, kwawa nandawoni uya calcination. Le filtrate eseleyo emva ukungcola hayidroksayidi, nayo ubuyela turnover ngenxa nebhetshi leaching elilandelayo webauxite.

inkqubo Calcination (emzimbeni) hayidroksayidi eontini rotary kwiqondo lobushushu ukuya ku 1300 ° C.

Kuba iitoni ezimbini alumina iingxande 8.4 kWh umbane.

Strong chemical compound lobushushu kabani yokunyibilika ngu 2050 ° C, akukho aluminium. imveliso aluminiyam phambili.

Electrolysis of alumina

Izixhobo ephambili kuba electrolysis yi ibhafu okhethekileyo, zazizaliswe ngeebloko carbon. Zizothuso zakhe yombane. bath Le anodes carbon antywiliselwa into combusted ekwabiweni ioksijini kunye nefomu olunyulu oxides ulgleroda monoxide kunye dioxide. Mnths okanye elektrilizery njengoko kuthiwa iingcali, zifakiwe kwisekethe yombane series, bakha manqaku. Le ngamandla ngoku kule meko 150 lamawaka amperes.

Anodes unokuba iintlobo ezimbini: Coal emsebenzini iibhloko amakhulu, ubunzima bawo ukuze ibe ngaphezu kweetoni Söderberg nezenziwe ngala briquettes amalahle, lisesingxobeni aluminiyam, ezo sintered ngexesha electrolysis kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

Izixhobo iseli ombane umenzi-5 volts. Sithabathela ingqalelo ombane eziyimfuneko ukuze yokubola oxide kunye nelahleko akunakuphepheka kwindlela womnatha branched.

Ukusuka unyityilikiswa etyhidiweyo cryolite-based alumina etyhidiweyo, nto leyo nzima ngaphezu ityuwa electrolyte ekufakwa kwi amalahle basis webhate. It njalo bakhutshwe.

inkqubo imveliso aluminiyam kufuna ukusetyenziswa ugesi omkhulu. Ukuze ufumane enye ton ye-aluminiyam ukusuka alumina, kuyimfuneko ukuchitha malunga 13.500 kWh DC umbane. Ngoko ke, enye imeko kulwenziwo kwamaziko mveliso enkulu kukuba ukusebenza izityalo amandla enamandla.

aluminium liphucula

Eyona ndlela kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle - i electrolysis umaleko ezintathu. Kuthatha kwakhona indawo maqula electrolysis kunye Iziko amalahle lwenziwa nge Magnesite. Le anode kwinkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengoko etyhidiweyo, nto leyo yacocwa. Le ise umaleko ezantsi kwi eziko conductive. aluminium Pure, ehamba kungena electrolyte ukusuka umaleko anode, kuyaqondakala phezulu kwaye lisebenza cathode. Le yangoku unikwa oko ngokusebenzisa i electrode mifanekiso.

Le electrolyte kule nwebu esiPhakathi - i-aluminiyam fluoride okanye esulungekileyo okanye kongezwe sodium chloride kunye barium. Itshiswe ku 800 ° C lobushushu.

ukusetyenziswa Energy ngexesha yokucokisa umaleko ezintathu-i-kWh 20 kg ngesinyithi nganye, ngamanye omnye ton kufuneka-20 amawaka Township * h. Yiloo nto, njengoko kungekho imveliso ngesinyithi, aluminiyam kufuna nje umthombo wamandla ombane, kwaye isityalo amandla enkulu kwingingqi.

I-aluminiyamu esulungekisiweyo ibe ncinci kakhulu iqulethe intsimbi, lesilicon, nobhedu, nezinki, titanium nezinki.

Emva lokulungisa, aluminium hlulwa libe iimveliso zingathengiswa. Le ingot kunye ucingo, noxwebhu, kunye etshe.

Iimveliso yocalulo ezifunyenwe yi lokulungisa, ngokuyinxenye, njengokuba kwenze eqinileyo, isetyenziselwa deoxidation, kwaye yandisa inxalenye ngohlobo isisombululo kwealkali.

Ngokuqinisekileyo aluminium esulungekileyo kuveliswe kuyo insimbi enyibilikayo kwindawo elandelayo ngendlela igesi egalelwe okanye cleaner. Into ecace ngokukodwa ke conductivity yalo phezulu kwiqondo lobushushu cryogenic.

NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe kwezinto eziziisekondari ekrwada

A kota neemfuno ezipheleleyo aluminium abalupheleko kurisayikilishwe izinto ekrwada. Iimveliso ezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe yhuu ngumngundo eyahlulayo.

okubonakalayo Pre-bunyibilike ezibekwe ngayo eziko zisembundwini wawo. Kulo iintsimbi ukuba indawo yokunyibilika ngaphezu-aluminiyam, umzekelo, nickel nesinyithi. Ngenxa yokuba i-aluminiyamu etyhidiweyo chlorine okanye nitrogen ihlanjululwe ususa inclusions ezahlukeneyo zalo.

Okuninzi elimsulwa metal fusible asuswe dopants wemagniziyam, zinc, okanye imetyhuri ngobungxamo. Magnesium yeKhlorini liyasuswa anyibilike.

Ukulahlwa ingxubevange kwangaphambili afunyenwe ngokwazisa ongeziweyo ekuye kwagqitywa yi ukwakhiwa i-aluminiyamu otyhidiweyo.

Amaziko production aluminium

Ngokwemiqathango ukusetyenziswa aluminiyam eTshayina uhamba phambili, eshiya kude ngasemva kwindawo yesibini le US kunye umnini ndawo yesithathu eJamani.

China - lizwe kunye nokuveliswa-aluminiyam, usecicini ngokubanzi kukukhokela kule ndawo.

In the top ezilishumi, ngaphandle China, ngaba eRashiya, Canada, UAE, India, eUnited States, Australia, Norway, Brazil kunye Bahrain.

Le monopolist Russian ekuvelisweni kweti i-alumina kunye aluminium idityanisiwe nkampani RUSAL. Ikhupha ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-4 million ze-aluminiyam ngonyaka ngamnye kwaye ithumela iimveliso zayo kumazwe asixhenxe kwaye ngoku kumazwekazi amahlanu kumazwe elinesixhenxe.

inkampani American Alcoa ongumnini izityalo ezimbini metallurgical eRashiya.

Eyona inkulu aluminium umlimi e-China - kwinkampani Chalco. Ngokwahlukileyo abadlali amazwe, wonke amafa ayo kanzulu kweli lizwe ekhaya.

Ophehlwa Aluminium division yenkampani ye Norwegian Norsk Isikhululo ongumnini smelters aluminiyam eNorway, eJamani, Slovakia, Canada, kunye Australia.

Australian neBHP Billiton ongumnini imveliso aluminiyam e Australia, eMzantsi Afrika kunye Umzantsi Melika.

Bahrain yi Alba (Aluminium Bahrain BSc) - mhlawumbi eyaba elikhulu-scale. Aluminium umlimi ukuba kuthatha ngaphezu kwe-2% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo ngentsimbi 'ezinamaphiko "eveliswa ehlabathini.

Ngoko ke, UPawulos, singatsho ukuba abavelisi ephambili aluminiyam iinkampani ngamazwe kunye isigidi webauxite. Kunye nenkqubo-eneji kuphela ibandakanya ukufumana alumina evela Imichiza imveliso aluminiyam esikrwada, eziquka cryolite, carbon anode unama carbon anode, cathode, izinto akhande, nokuveliswa efanelekileyo electrolytic ngentsimbi esulungekileyo leyo icandelo engundoqo aluminiyam nensimbi.