Alende Salvador: engobomi, iifoto, kuchaphulo olu. Ngubani wabhukuqa Salvador Allende?

Salvador Allende - ngubani na? Yena ukususela ngowe-1970 ukuya 1973 waba ngumongameli Chile. Ngelo xesha wayekuthanda kuthandwa enkulu kwi-USSR kunye awodwa Soviet. Yintoni kwatsala ingqalelo yabantu Salvador Alende? biography emfutshane yale ndoda ngokungaqhelekanga, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

imvelaphi

Kuyo Salvador Allende? ngobomi bakhe yaqala e Santiago Juni 26, 1908 ukuya kusapho zizifundiswa nabezopolitiko. Uyise-mkhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yaba umhlobo O'Higgins, intloko kwimvukelo eChile nxamnye ulawulo Spanish lobukoloniyali. Uyisemkhulu uRamon Salvador Allende wayengusosayensi lonyango, medfakulteta umphathi iYunivesithi Chile, kwakunye ugqirha abathatha inxaxheba War of the Pacific nxamnye eBolivia kunye Peru, balungiselela umkhosi amayeza emkhosini. uyise Salvador yaba igqwetha, leftist.

Esakhula

Apho wafunda waza wakhulela Salvador Allende? ngobomi bakhe iye yaqhubeka kumaphondo ahlukeneyo Chile, El Salvador, apho uyise amaxesha zakhe eziliqela bafudukela kunye nenkosikazi yakhe kunye nabantwana abane kufuna indawo engcono lokubhengeza. Ekugqibeleni, wamiselwa izivumelwano kwisixeko kwizibuko Valparaíso. Apha Allende Salvador waphumelela kwisikolo sezonyango. Sele kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala wabonisa notyekelo kumsebenzi kwezopolitiko, isihloko zibe Federation abafundi beekholeji '. Ekuqaleni imi--30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela waya eSantiago waza wangena Medical Faculty of the University.

Socialist Republic of Chile ngo-1932

Le meko khona nje isibini iiveki ehlotyeni ka-1932 kwaye zavela kusemnandi, ekuweni ngokupheleleyo ubomi noqoqosho lweli lizwe ngenxa the Great Depression. Amandla e Chile iye ifakwe iqela ngasekhohlo-nye emkhosini olukhulu ekhokelwa Marmaduke Grove (yena umhlobo kayise wakhe, Salvador Allende, umzalwana Grove, wayetshate udade wayo), ngubani lwabhengezwa intloko Revolutionary Government of the Socialist Republic of Chile. Urhulumente omtsha kwinkqubo yayo isaziso indlela utshintsho kwiSocialism, phantsi kwesizwe kwamashishini qhinga kunye neebhanki, ubunini adibeneyo amashishini amancinci, ukutshintshwa komhlaba abalimi, uxolelo amabanjwa ezopolitiko, apho kwakukho abantu abaninzi emva uthotho yokuvukela ethandwayo wangaphambili.

Salvador Allende wabiza abafundi baseyunivesithi ukuxhasa revolution. Wajika ke ukuba ube mfutshane-wayephila ngenkulungwane, urhulumente revolution yabhukuqwayo, amalungu ayo babanjwa, yaye uninzi abaxhasi revolution. Wabanjwa waza omnye umfundi lwakutshanje lwezonyango Alende Salvador (nje phambi kokuqalisa bomzabalazo, wafumana iziqu zakhe zonyango), nto leyo iqulethwe enqabeni yomkhosi bhala Carabinieri (analog eentloko ezaxhobela Interior), yaye emva koko bazama yinkundla yasemkhosini.

Ngeli xesha e Valparaíso Wabonakala kokufa kukayise, kunye El Salvador waziswa phantsi neempelesi kwikhaya lakhe uyise nonyana na kuthi ndlela-ntle. Njengoko kamva uyakhumbula, kule mzuzu kabuhlungu kwafika nokuzimisela ukulwela uloyiso ubulungisa kwezentlalo engqondweni yakhe.

Ngethamsanqa Allende wabhukuqa urhulumente olululo bavukeli ngokukhawuleza ngokwabo baphelelwe ngamandla, neziphithiphithi ngoko eziliqela yenkulu, kwada umongameli wexeshana Figueroa ayikhange isaziso benikwa amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Ngokuba imisebenzi yezopolitiko wabuya ukubhekisela Easter Island Marmaduke Grove, wakhululwa kunye Alende Salvador.

Education Socialist Party

Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1933 iqela lemibutho yobusoshiyali ngubani ithathe inxaxheba kwiziganeko olululo 1932, beza kunye bakha Socialist Party of Chile, inkokheli waba Marmaduke Grove ogama (wabubhekisa iqela amashumi amabini de kwasa ekufeni kwakhe ngowe-1954), yaye omnye wamalungu kakhulu esebenzayo - Allende El Salvador. Kungekudala wadala nokucwangciswa Socialist Party e Valparaíso. Ngowe-1937, Allende wonyulwa ukuba National Congress of kwiphondo Valparaíso.

Ngowe-1938, Allende waba linoxanduva iphulo le Popular Front, onyulwe umgqatswa lwabo kamongameli ngayo ngokugqibeleleyo Pedro Aguirre Cerda. esithi Popular Front "Isonka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nomsebenzi!". Emva kokuphumelela konyulo Cerda Alende Salvador waba ngumlungiseleli yempilo karhulumente ngexesha loHlaziyo Popular Front, leyo kugcwele radicals. Xa post yakhe, wakhuthaza ukwamkelwa loluhlu olubanzi utshintsho oluqhubekayo zentlalo, kubandakanywa imithetho zokhuseleko zokukhusela abasebenzi mveliso, inkamnkam eziphezulu abahlolokazi, woKhuselo Maternity Act kunye nokuqaliswa ukutya simahla abantwana besikolo.

ngenkqubo yezopolitiko 40-60s

Emva kokufa kaMongameli Aguirre Cerda ngowe-1941, Allende uphinde wonyulwa lilungu lepalamente, yaye ngo-1942 waba unobhala jikelele Socialist Party. Ukususela 1945 ukuya 1969, Allende wonyulwa leNdlu yeeNgwevu kumaphondo ahlukeneyo Chilean, yaye ngo-1966 waba ngumongameli we Chilean Yeengwevu. Ngexesha 50 wakhuthaza ukuqaliswa mthetho wadala Chilean National Health Service, inkqubo kuqala eUnited States ukuqinisekisa ukhathalelo lwempilo jikelele.

Ukususela ekuqalekeni 50 Allende walwa izihlandlo ezithathu ngokungeyompumelelo ukuba ngumongameli. Zonke izihlandlo ezithathu, ukuba umviwa le Front "Popular Action", adalwe wobusoshiyali kunye ndawonye.

unyulo 1970

Xa yokhetho yabanjwa ukuba nyaka iphumelele ngumviwa ye nongxowankulu lonyulo omtsha "National Unity" (yabhalwa yamasoshiyali, amaKomanisi kunye neziko-ekhohlo amaqela) Salvador Allende Goossens. akazange kubonakale bunamandla kakhulu Ukuphumelela ngayo - imitsi ekhulwini nje 36.2 we kwivoti, ngelixa imbangi yakhe ekufuphi kuya yodwa: owayesakuba ngumongameli Chilean Jorge Alessandri wafumana 34,9 ekhulwini. Kodwa Olwa wesithathu, abathatha inxaxheba unyulo Christian Democratic Party, ivotele bonke abavoti, kufuneka iprogram leyo kufutshane kwi "UManyano lwesiZwe". Ngoko ke kuthathwa ukuba uluntu Chilean ayexhasa utshintsho. Ngokutsho kwe Chilean siseko, i-National Congress evunyiweyo njengomongameli umviwa afumene elona nani likhulu leevoti, okt. E. Allende.

period Conversion kamongameli

Kanye ngamandla, Allende waqalisa ukwenza i "indlela Chilean kwiSocialism." Iminyaka emithathu urhulumente "UManyano lwesiZwe" uhulumeni, okt, mayinikezelwe kurhulumente izibonelelo eziphambili bendalo alo ilizwe: .... yoBhedu ore iidipozithi, iidipozithi zamalahle, nitrate, njl kwicandelo likarhulumente zadalwa, eziquka isabelo yengonyama ngayo Chilean imboni. Phantsi kolawulo uhulumeni icandelo logcino kunye namanye amazwe. urhulumente Allende zibuyiselwe ubudlelwane ne eCuba kunye namabanjwa ezopolitiko amnestied.

State ukufumana izandla zabo phezu izibonelelo ezinkulu zemali nto leyo ngaphambili wadada ngohlobo zeengeniso ezandleni nabanini bamashishini. Kuyenzeka ukuba aphakamise kakhulu imigangatho yokuphila. Ubuncinane umvuzo ngokwenene abasebenzi imveliso sonyuke ngo-56% kwikota yokuqala ka-1971, lo gama kwangaxesha nye, yokwenene ubuncinane umvuzo "yomqala emhlophe" liye landa nge-23%. Ngenxa yoko, amandla nokuthengwa labemi linyuke nge-28% kwisithuba ukususela ngoNovemba 1970 ukuya Julayi-Oktobha 1971. Izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso yawa ukusuka 36.1% ngo-1970 ukuya 22.1% ngo-1971, lo gama avareji umvuzo zokwenyani lakhula nge-22.3% ngo-1971. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ekunyukeni kwezinga kule minyaka 1972-1973. inxalenye luqinile songeniselo kokuqala umvuzo, oko ibonakalise ukukhula (nge-avareji) ngokwemiqathango yokwenene, yaye kule minyaka.

urhulumente Allende kuleli zonke nempahla ngaphezu asibhozo "core" ha, kangangokuba kwisithuba seenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo bonke latifundia Chilean (amakhulu omhlaba wezolimo) ziye zapheliswa.

Ubuncinane umhlala landile ngama-mali esilingana kabini okanye kathathu izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Phakathi-1970 no-1972, unyaka loo imihlala-phantsi ngama abangama-550%.

Kunyaka wabo wokuqala bezelwe Allende elide iziphumo yezoqoqosho intle kunene: 12% ukwanda kwemveliso mveliso kunye nokwanda GDP, 8.6%, sikhatshwe ukuhla enkulu kwamaxabiso (ukusuka 34,9% ukuya 22.1%) kunye izinga (ukuya kwi-3.8% ).

Allende Ukumelwa undoqo lwentando yesininzi

UMongameli Socialist mhlawumbi kukho idealist ngemvelo akukho babekholelwa ukuba abanini yangaphambili-asethi uhulumeni aya kuya nayiphi na intshukumo ukubabuyisela. Yintoni ekulindeleke ukuba ukuguquka kwayo Salvador Allende? Quotes ezivela iintetho zakhe zibonisa ukuba wayekholelwa ukusebenza lwentando yesininzi. Ngoko ke, wathi yena: "idemokhrasi Chilean ke olu uloyiso bonke abantu kuyinto indalo okanye isipho iiklasi xhaphaza, yaye uya kubakhusela abo mbingelelo, accumulated phezu izizukulwana ezininzi, wamngenisa kuye; wamngena .....". T. E. Alende wayekholelwa ukuba amaziko karhulumente, njengoko imigaqo yenkululeko, iza kwenza ukuthanda uninzi lwabantu (okt. E inxalenye abasokolayo yayo) njengoko ngokuchaseneyo iimfuno zegcuntswana propertied. Imbali ibonisa ukuba engalunganga.

Ngubani wabhukuqa Salvador Allende?

Ngokuphandle ngasese nxamnye "UManyano lwesiZwe" umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wenza urhulumente US e ubuhlobo kunye neenkampani ezinkulu US. Ngoko nangoko baqala iphulo strangulation kwezoqoqosho urhulumente omtsha Chilean. Ukubonelela mboleko nangoko ebekwe izithintelo, ezibe phantsi ukuba ngumkhenkce mboleko kuphela ukusuka US ngokwayo, kodwa kuyo yonke imibutho zemali yamazwe apho eUnited States emva koko, kwaye ngoku badlala indima enkulu.

kushishino Chilean Kwakukule kwafa kubonelelo zempahla ekrwada kunye abaza kuzisebenzisa. ezikhutshwayo US urhwebo oovimba bayo ubhedu qhinga, siwile ixabiso olu, okwenza ukuba intengiso imali yengeniso yamazwe angaphandle eziphambili yobuncwane Chilean. Abathengi zobhedu Chilean zazifuna ibonwe ukubanyanzela ukuvakalisa korhwebo kwi bekufunwa, kuquka ezo zixa ukuba sele ezibuko ukothula. isikhokelo Chilean izicelo zabo zonke sokwakha ngokutsha eli ityala lwangaphandle eziyintlanganisela ngoorhulumente elidlulileyo, lifumene ukwala categorical.

Ngenxa yoko, ngowe-1972 kuneqondo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso e Chile ifikelele 140%. Umyinge GDP yehle phakathi 1971 no 1973. ngeqondo ka 5.6% ( "ukukhula kakubi") ngonyaka; kunye eshotayo mali karhulumente anda, ngelixa neemali zangaphandle bawa.

Kungekudala United States wathabatha ulungelelwaniso ngqo lwezopolitiko imfihlelo ngokuchaseneyo Allende, kunye nokunika nabo ezemali kunye nengcebiso. Ilizwe bangena iqela arhente CIA waqalisa zinokuququzela imisebenzi umbuso. American mission zomkhosi eChile wabaqhubayo ngokuphandle amagosa Chilean ukungathobeli urhulumente.

Ezishelfini bemkile ukutya okusisiseko (bebeka abanini abo), nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda ngomgunyathi zerayisi, imbotyi, iswekile kunye nomgubo. Ipalamente, iinkundla, amalungu amanyathelo olawulo karhulumente karhulumente yoniwa. Media abalazi abantu, esasaza umongameli elwayo, waxhokonxa uvalo counter amanyathelo lorhulumente omtsha. Uphazamiseko phantsi ukusebenzisana emkhosini karhulumente, umzekelo, injengele yomkhosi uCarlos UPrats, owathi, phantsi koxinzelelo eendaba kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukurhoxa. Kulo mzekelo, yokushiywa intloko yakhe abasebenzi ngokubonakalayo azixhokonxa Chilean Army Augusto Pinochet, lowo ngomlomo ubulungisa kweli lizwe, kodwa eneneni yamonga ingcamango ubhedu yasemkhosini. Kwaye ngaphambi kokuba UPrats Kucetyiswa ukuba umongameli angene ezihlangwini zakhe. Alende Salvador and Pinochet kungekudala amashumi ambalwa baba iisimboli engenakususwa iziganeko elizayo Chilean wamagazi.

Ngoko ke, ngubani wabhukuqa Salvador Allende? Alizange zomkhosi zinkuni Chilean, exhaswa ngurhulumente US.

lika 1973

Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1973, imeko kweli lizwe aya engaboni kakuhle. Ekupheleni kukaJuni, kwakukho iinzame lokuqala mbho-, nto leyo ke nako ukumthintela. Ngeli mzamo, Allende wabiza abasebenzi ukuba babe mveliso, amafa kunye nezakhiwo zoluntu. Kwezinye iindawo zeli lizwe ukuba kwasekwa soviets of namasekela abasebenzi kunye nabalimi 'abaye amandla ezandleni zabo.

Ukuphendula yogwayimbo sele iqalile iinkampani ukuthutha. Eli lizwe ndayeka ubonelelo ukutya esixekweni. Government irikhwizishini abanikazi zimoto. Emva koko, lonke elo lizwe baqalisa izenzo, kuqhuma, iintambo zombane abagrogrisi kunye lwemibhobho. Ngelo xesha Jikelele Pinochet wachitha ngokufihlakeleyo kwi Army kunye waseManzini le ihlanjululwe yokwenene kwamagosa kunye namajoni nokuxhasa i "UManyano lwesiZwe". Baya yangenisa e Valparaíso port, apho yayigcinwe kwi ezinkulu iinqanawa emfazwe, engcungcuthekisa.

Ekupheleni August, umongameli wathetha nxamnye kwipalamente, urhulumente wathi elo lizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba 1973 umongameli ecetywayo ingcamango yokusombulula le ntlekele-siseko ngokuthi vo. Intetho echaza isisombululo enjalo kwafuneka ukuba kuthi ngomhla we-11 Septemba yena Allende Salvador. Mdibi, leyo kule mini wenza wamajoni Chilean, ikhokelwa ngu Pinochet, lokusula sicwangciso.

Alende Salvador: ukufa nokungafi

Ngaphambi nje kokuba abanjwe abavukeli La Moneda (kaMongameli Ibhotwe), kunye kuqhume kunye neziqhushumbisi yeviwa ngokucacileyo ngasemva, Allende wathi intetho ndlelantle irediyo, ethetha ngokwakhe kwixesha elidlulileyo, uthando lwakhe Chile kunye nokholo lwakhe olunzulu kwixesha elizayo kweli lizwe. Wathi,

"Abasebenzi elizweni lam, mna ukholo Chile kunye nomgomo. Amanye amadoda iya kubeyisa lo mzuzu emnyama kukrakra xa nokuceba ofuna ukuwina. Hlala ukhumbula ukuba kungekudala umendo enkulu iya kuvulwa kwakhona, yaye iya kubakhulula abantu ukwakha uluntu olungcono . Long aphile Chile! Makadle ubomi abantu! Long ubomi abasebenzi! ".

Kungekudala emva koko, abo bavukeli wavakalisa ukuba Allende wazibulala, nangona iimeko yokufa kwakhe nangoku kuxoxwa ziingcali. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, yena isithombe izihlandlo eziliqela kunye umpu AK-47, wafumana isipho esivela Fidel Castro. Wahlala ngonaphakade kwimemori abantu Chilean, Salvador Allende, ifoto yayo eboniswe ngasentla. UMongameli, kungekhona ndiye kuqubuda ngumvukeli.