Imizila yemfuza. kwezakhi somatic

Ngokuguqula imizila - it ukuguquka kweejini ukumelana, nto leyo ethatha indawo phantsi kwempembelelo bume zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi. Isigama yaphakanyiswa yi Hugo De Vries. Le yinkqubo apho eyenzeka olu tshintsho kuthiwa mutagenesis. Kamva kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela uhlobo iinkcukacha yale nkqubo yenguqu kwakhona lwafumanisa ukuba kuguquka somatic.

lwesigama

kwezakhi Somatic - a nenguqulo sofuzo iiseli ezithile kwixesha yophuhliso ngamnye eziphilayo. Ngaphambili siye sachaza ukuba inguqu kweejini ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngaphambi kokuba azakhele iiseli abaqolileyo okanye eyintsholongwane ngokuyimfuneko kwinqanaba osandul. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba utshintsho germline ukusungulwa yi zonke iiseli, apho lasekwa ngo kuphuhliso elilodwa. Yena wabonakala inxaxheba gametes ekuqaleni wezakhi. Namhlanje, iinkcukacha ezininzi malunga ngemvelaphi zokuguqulwa kweejini nangaliphi na ixesha yophuhliso ngamnye eziphilayo.

Utshintsho kwizityalo

Inzululwazi iye kudala kubonakele ukuba guquko izityalo somatic kwenzeka impela njalo. Umzekelo amathupha-ukwahluka, nto leyo ochazwe uDarwin ngokwenkcukacha. Olunjalo utshintsho kwenzeka ngokufuthi imithi yeziqhamo kunye nezityalo zokuhomba, kwaye asetyenziselwa ukufumana iintlobo ezintsha. iintlobo ezahluka-apile, orenji, kunye nezinye iziqhamo sele efunyenwe kokufunyanwa indoda ethile kumasebe abachasene emthini yonke. Oku kube isantya nokwanda, yaye ubukhulu kunye nokumila, kunye nenani iziqhamo. Ukusebenzisa iinkqubo yawo kula masebe, imithi zingafunyanwa ezineempawu ezifanayo inxalenye lomzali. Kukholelwa ukuba original imvelaphi yawo onayo esuka kumncedisi we inguqu iiseli zaseprayimari kwindawo lokukhula. Ngokusekelwe yokuba izityalo Iindlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu usaqala, nto kungqinwe ukuzala ngexesha zofuzo kwezityalo. Oku kunokwenzeka xa inguqu elangena umaleko subepidermal, njengoko kuyilwa lulo iiseli lwegciwane. Ngenxa yoko, isityalo inye ukuhlangabezana zombini iguqulwe kwaye abachatshazelwa ukuguquka yethishyu, ezahlukeneyo omnye komnye.

Inguquko izilwanyana

Kwezilwanyana, akukho yokuveliswa kwezityalo kwaye bodwa ngendlela germinal. Ngoko ke, igama elithi "wezakhi somatic" kubo lisetyenziswa enqabile. Yemfuzo kakhulu kufundwa kwezinye iindlela, ukuze ukwazi ukubukela kunye ezi nokulungalungiswa. Ezo fly Drosophila ubalisa. Inkunzi, Ngokomzekelo, bafunyanwa yahlukile abanye umbala okanye imilo amalungu omzimba ezithile okanye amalungu.

ukuguquka Somatic abantu

Iinguqulelo kwenzeka iiseli diploid. Ngoko ke, ukuguqulwa kwenzeka kuphela xa kukho yemfuza lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo, ibekwe ngurhulumente homozygous. ukuguquka Somatic abantu ixhomekeke ngqo kwi kwixesha kwazo. I ekuqaleni kuphuhliso utshintsho gene zenzeka, iiseli ezininzi echaphazelekayo ubunzima. Xa kunjalo, i ukuguquka somatic ukuba aba bantu? Ngokuphawulekayo oko kuqinisekiswa. Mhlawumbi oku kubangelwa notshintsho umbala iris iliso, ukuphela onobungozi, kunye nabanye. Kwelinye icala, uphuhliso yamathumba onobungozi, umzekelo, ikakhulu kuchaphazela carcinogens, ingakumbi ezimbi apho - kwemitha kunye neekhemikhali.

aberrations chromosomal

Phantsi kwale nkcazelo, kuyaqondakala utshintsho kwisakhiwo chromosome. kwezakhi Somatic kuphumela kule nkqubo. Kwimeko apho yeenguqu sofuzo kusekwangoko yophuhliso ukuze ebhanyabhanya imbonakalo bilyateralnyh. Yena kunye nesiqingatha umzimba phawu lubalaseleyo kunye nezinye - kunye sofuzo. Kwimeko ye zofuzo ngokwesini akhiwa ginandromorfy kunye oyindoda isiqingatha kunye nemiqondiso ababhinqileyo. kwezakhi Somatic ne bohlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo indlela germinal kuchaphazela inxalenye ethile iiseli lwegciwane. Ngenxa yoko, oko kubonwa inzala abathile ngohlobo wenguqu oludala. Nangona kunjalo, le meko kunqabile kakhulu. Ngokusisiseko, utshintsho yemfuza abanjalo afumaneka inzala. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba guquko ezizenzekelayo somatic - nalo kakhulu inqabile. Ngokutsho iziphumo imifuniselo eyahlukeneyo, oko ziyanyuswa izinto ezifanayo njengoko germinal, ezizezi X-reyi. gene Mutabelnosti kubangela iziganeko ezininzi. Kwizityalo, umzekelo, ezi ziquka obuxutywe, zaqiniswa ngamaqamesi, kunye nombala ukutshintsha ezinye iindawo into. Abantu, njengoko kutshiwo ngasentla, musa ncam ubungqina bokuba ifuthe kunye neziphumo zofuzo somatic. Noko ke, oko kuthathwa ukuba ezi mpawu kaMoses kunye neempawu yezi ezifana amehlo ezahlukeneyo umbala, sisiphako sabo, nombala, kunye nabanye. Okwangoku ngokubanzi kukholelwa ukuba ifuthe yemfuza somatic iintlobo ezahlukeneyo uhlobo amabi, le thumba. Ukongeza, zama ukufumana uqhagamshelwano kunye aberration chromosomal. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba into ephambili kukunyuka kwenani zofuzo, abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba isizathu kubulawe zabo. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungamampunge nje. ubungqina Scientific ukuba kukho, yaye cytology zange kodwa kutyhilwa.