10-kangako iinkcukacha malunga odumileyo Captain James Cook

Dzheyms Kuk yaba Nomqhubi, ngubani ngexesha ubomi yakhe emfutshane ikwaze uthando abahlobo kunye ngokubhekiselele yotshaba. Abaphandi babemangalisiwe lakhe bexesha-ukusebenza kakuhle. Wenza imigama emibini yokuwujikeleza ihlabathi, yakwazi ukuba ukuncedisana imephu yehlabathi kwaye bahlole iziqithi akumazantsi Pacific Ocean kunye Arctic ice. sele kudlule phantse iminyaka eli-150 ukususela inqanawa yakhe "Endeavour" (i-Endeavour, gama elo elithetha "umgudu") okokuqala lawela kunxweme olusempuma Australia. Ngezantsi 10-kangako izibakala Captain Cook, owathi ekuqaleni kolawulo lwakhe, uye wathembisa ukuba ukudada "kangangoko kunokwenzeka."

1. Cook waya kukhonza kwi Navy zizelwe

Ngaphambi kokuba i Navy, Cook wasebenza kwifama eYorkshire. Eneminyaka eli-17, Wacela ngomkhosi yorhwebo, inqanawa abazalwana labakwaWalker. Ke nohambo lwabo iinqanawa ezahlukahlukeneyo lenkampani phantse-10 iminyaka, engaphezi ukufunda cartography, ukuma, izibalo kunye navigation. Dzheyms Kuk wala ukuba babeke kumthetheli yenqanawa yomthengisi endaweni wajoyina i-Royal Navy njengomatiloshe. Cook wayeneminyaka engama-26 ubudala. Umyalelo phantse ngoko nangoko malunga noku italente kunye namava kubuthwa ezintsha, yaye kwiminyaka emibini kamva waba yinkosi umpheki, yaye kwiminyaka embalwa kamva wanikwa umyalelo nqanawa yakhe.

2 Yena waba cartographer abanezakhono

Ngexesha ubuchule beMfazwe zokuzoba kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo kaYakobi Cook wanceda eBritani aphumelele Idabi Quebec. Ngowe-1760, xa inqanawa yakhe, walukhenketha kwisiqithi saseNewfoundland, ekude kufuphi nonxweme eKhanada. Imephu wadala Cooke ichanile kangangokuba eyasetyenziswa de kwinkulungwane XX phakathi. izakhono uCaptain Cook xa navigation lokuhambisa baye baba nendawo ephambili yemisebenzi yayo yophando. Wanikwa ukuba aphume in uhambo ehlabathini jikelele kwi inqanawa yabo iye kakhulu kuba yena wayekwazi, Ayikho enye, ukukhangela emanzini ezingaqhelekanga.

3. I Uhambo lokuqala lehlabathi Captain Cook waba enyanisweni uhambo oluyimfihlo

Uphando uhambo lokuqala Captain Cook yaqala ngo-Agasti 1768, urhulumente waseBritani esigunyaziswe umyalelo bakhe inqanawa "Endeavour", ababalwayo malunga abasebenzi ezilikhulu. Ngokusesikweni, uhambo waba njongo lwezenzululwazi - ukubona sicatshulwa Venus kwi komzila elanga, kodwa enyanisweni kaputeni umsebenzi olongezelelweyo - ". Ilizwekazi Enkulu Southern 'ukuba bafune Ngokutsho assumptions, ubunzima koMhlaba sise kude ukuya ezantsi. Cook ngesikhephe waya parallel-40, kodwa wafumana umkhondo belizwekazi. Yena wadlula New Zealand, ebonakalalisa ukuba enyanisweni nto iziqithi ezimbini ukuba esingenanto omnye komnye. Kuhambo lwakhe lwesibini ehlabathini lonke, Cook waqhubeka ukufuna kwakhe kwilizwekazi esemazantsi. Ngowe-1770, yena uqubha kufutshane kakhulu ukuya Antarctica, kodwa ice enzima kwanyanzeleka ukuba abuyele.

4. "Zama" zaphantse kwi-Great Barrier Reef

Emva uhambo lwakhe lokuqala Cook wagqiba kwelokuba kudlulwe ngomkhombe e ukususela eOstreliya ukuya emntla. Ngenxa yokuba wakhetha amanzi, i owasuka ngqo ukuya neekorale of the Great Barrier Reef. Juni 11, 1770 "sizama 'ukuba ke sichithakele waza waqalisa ukuba sifunxe amanzi. iqela lakhe, esoyika ukuwa, kube isivumelwano ukuvuza, yaye lifake lulwandle imipu enzima emilambo. Iqela iiyure ezingaphezu kwama amabini umngxuma evaliweyo, emva koko "Endeavour" wabuyela kwizibuko Australian. Emva kweenyanga ezi-2 wokulungisa inqanawa leyo ukulungele kwakhona ngesikhephe ukusuka elunxwemeni.

5. Dzheyms Kuk wasebenzisa iindlela ezintsha okuthintela nangokhwekhwe

Ngenkulungwane XVIII, naluphi na uhambo olude sikhatshwe sisifo esibulalayo - nangokhwekhwe, kodwa Cook wakwazi ukuphepha imbonakalo yawo onke ezintathu matutu zayo zexesha elide. UCaptain Cook wazama ukuthenga ukutya amatsha kuzo zonke stop. Ukongeza, waphawula ukuba ukusebenzisa njalo ukutya zizityebi iivithamini ikhaphetshu ezimuncu lunciphisa ubungozi sifo. Ngethuba lamalungiselelo zobuntlola, Cook waba iitoni Phendla zekhaphetshu. Ingxaki kuphela ukufumana oomatiloshe ukuba le mbiza ingaqhelekanga. Cook waya iqhinga, yambuza nabapheki ukuba angenise imihla kumagosa 'etafileni sauerkraut. Le oomatiloshe babona ukuba umyalelo ngokutya le mbiza, saqala ukucela ngokwabo yidibanise kwisidlo sakho.

6. iintshaba Nkqu eBritani ohloniphekileyo uCaptain Cook

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba hambo kwenzeka Cook ixesha xa iBritani ilwa ithi eziliqela, phakathi kwabo eUnited States, Spain kunye neFransi, igama lakhe - esasihamba kunye nomhloli angekahlawulwa - wamvumela ukuba ukudada kumanzi utshaba nikholosile isalamane. NgoJulayi 1772, ngexesha uhambo lwakhe lwesibini ehlabathini jikelele, butho Spanish ngokufutshane ovalelweyo neenqanawa bakhe, kodwa eqonda ukuba umphathi wabo Cook, babayeka umkhombe.

7. uCaptain Cook wayefuna umhlathi ntshonalanga

Ngowe-1776, xa ndandineminyaka eli-47, Cook waya ngohambo lwakhe lwesithathu lokuhlola. Eli xesha, injongo yakhe ukufumana Passage, edityaniswe i-Pacific and Atlantic neelwandle. Ezigudle kwisiqingatha zomhlaba, iinqanawa Cook vuphukuphuku ku kunxweme kumantla yasentshona Canada kunye Alaska. Cook wafika iphantse pass, hayi sabetha ezingama neekhilomitha ezingama-50. Eminye uphendlo ukuba kunokwenzeka ngenxa ngumkhenkce phambili ngokukhawuleza. neemeko ezigqithisileyo, phakathi apho kwakukho anamandla kunye ezininzi kwazo enzima, wazisa iqela le kwizimangalo Cook. Ukubona isimo oomatiloshe bakhe, Cook wanyanzeleka ukuba aye umva.

8. bendawo Hawaiian wathabatha uCaptain Cook uthixo

Ebudeni bohambo wesithathu Dzheyms Kuk waba yaseYurophu kuqala ukubeka unyawo kula zeHawaii Islands. Ukuqondana Amazing yaba kukuba ukufika imikhombe Royal Navy eHawaii ehambelana umbhiyozo ngonyaka imbeko uthixo wenzala. Ekubeni abantu balapha zange wabona abantu abamhlophe okanye inqanawa enkulu phezu apho ngomkhombe, Cook kunye nabalingane bakhe bathathwa oothixo, ngubani wagqiba ekubeni uhle uze uthathe izipho. BaseYurophu ngomdla abophe njengezipho, kunye nokutya, phantse ukubandezana inzalelwane of ezidliwayo. ubomi babo "kaThixo" ophezu xa omnye oomatiloshe wabulawa yintliziyo. Ezi balapho babona abantu bolunye abamhlophe uyafa. Ukususela ngoko, ulwalamano phakathi Captain Cook kunye nezizwe Hawaiian zaye kunzima kakhulu.

9. Captain Dzheyms Kuk wafa ukufa kabuhlungu

Ngowe-1779, iinqanawa uCaptain Cook kwafuneka ayeke ukuba ilungisa Bay of Hawaii. Ngelo xesha, abahlali bendawo baqala ukunyanga iindwendwe baziintshaba kakhulu abaMhlophe. Emva bendawo weba iphenyane ukusuka kwenye iinqanawa, umthetheli ezilahlekileyo ulawulo waza wehla waya elizweni kunye nemfuneko ukuba babuyele kulo propati. Cook kunye neqela elincinane lamadoda axhobileyo wazama walithimba inkokeli, kodwa abahlali bakwazi sondela sindisa. Ukuzama ukuba azigxothe abantu balapha ukusuka umthetheli kunye namadoda akhe, kwiinqanawa Adubula ngemipu, leyo umsindo ngakumbi unoloyiko bendawo. Cook wabaleka emva esikhepheni, kodwa akazange abe nexesha ukubaleka kubo. Bendawo ngamatye, wambamba waza waqalisa ukubetha iiklabhu enzima ngamaplanga. Inkokeli, ogama umthetheli wayezama wasithatha, bandilimaza Cook imela. Emva kokuba abantu baqonda ukuba umthetheli wabulawa, balungisa umzimba umphandi ukuze yokungcwaba iimbeko ezipheleleyo ufanelwe ukumkani.

10. NASA uqambe shuttles zayo emva inqanawa uCaptain Cook kaThixo

Ngexesha lakhe, Cook ziyahlolisiswa yaye alicanda inani elingu-iindawo, ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye kwekhulu Explorer XVIII. impumelelo analo bachukunyiswa oomatiloshe kuphela, kodwa izazinzulu NASA kunye iinjineli. Kwisiphekepheke wesithathu NASA yathiywa emva inqanawa Cook lesithathu "Discovery". esabangela yabo yokugqibela igama "Endeavour", imbeko wenqanawa yokuqala ka-Captain Cook, apho amanzi ebewenze uhambo lokuqala ehlabathini jikelele.