Akinfiy Demidov (1678-1745): engobomi, ubomi yakho, ziindlalifa

Usomashishini Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (1678-1745) wayengunyana Nikity Demidova - umseki ukulandelana abaqeshi inkulu yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Waba umsebenzi nguyise wakhe, waza wavula abaninzi mveliso, ebe indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwasekhaya.

uphawu

Akinfiy Nikitich wazalelwa Tula ngo-1678 (umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe ayaziwa). kwazalelwa Demidov uye ixesha elide idume iingcibi nabakhandi. E Tula efektri lokunyibilikisa isinyithi, kwakunye mveliso ekuveliseni kompu Akinfy usapho ephethwe. Xa Ekuveleni XVII kunye XVIII eminyaka. ishishini Demidov kaThixo ukunyuka intaba. Nikita wadibana kunye noPetros ndaba abaziintloko iingalo umthengisi wayo ngexesha Enkulu Northern War.

Ngowe-1702, Demidov wafumana ilizwe lokuqala Urals, apho baba ngoovulindlela zoshishino yasekhaya. Akinfiy esondela kufutshane kwi "Stone Belt" emva kuyise. indlalifa usomashishini buqu inxaxheba lulwakhiwo yokuxhobisa izityalo ezitsha. Ukusuka uyise ilifa kuphela kwishishini, kodwa kwakhona ukukwazi ukukhusela iimfuno zabo phambi lezihandiba aphezulu eburhulumenteni. Umzekelo, Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich wafumana elikwinqanaba uCeba State yaye sinoMthetheleli emntwini yintandane uKumkanikazi Anna Biron.

Xa ingxoxo kunye nabasemagunyeni Akinfiy wathembela kwinkxaso kunye namanye amagosa ebalulekileyo. Phakathi abahlobo bakhe umongameli we-Commerce College Pet Shafirov kunye Ivan urgant - unobhala ofisi Queen Elizabeth. Aba bantu negalelo Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov iminyaka engamashumi ngokuzola va mongameli amatyala anxulumene ishishini lakhe.

Xa intloko ishishini losapho

Nikita Demidov wafa ngo-1725. Unyana omdala nangoko waqalisa ukulawula ubukhosi kayise. Waba izibonelelo mveliso, iindlela ogangathiweyo, ukwakha amashishini amatsha. Iminyaka amabini, ii-asethi yababephethwe Akinfiy Demidov, kathathu. Xa kuqala Wabonakala Urals mveliso kwi gesi kunye nokulungiswa asbestos, malachite kunye nezinye namatye anqabileyo kunye neeminerali.

Total Akinfiy Demidov iye wakha amashishini 17 ukunyibilikisa ngentsimbi nangobhedu. Eyona projekthi ibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe baba mveliso Nizhny Tagil. On iimpawu ukuba into ayikho ngaphantsi okhuphisana Western eYurophu. Le nkampani iye ifumene izixhobo zakutshanje ngelo xesha. Ngokomfanekiso, lisaqhubeka ukusebenza namhlanje. Kwindibano eNizhniy Tagil sisityalo udubulo neziko yavulwa, nto leyo yaba likhulu ehlabathini. Inyathelo ngenyathelo Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich Production Ukwanda amaxesha zentsimbi ezintlanu. Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe ke umnini-mveliso 25, apho asebenza abantu 23,000.

Emva Nizhny Tagil izityalo, nto leyo eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1725, zabekwa Shaitansky (ngo-1727-m Shaytanka - isebe Chusovaya) Chernoistochensky (ngo-1728-m phezu komlambo Black Source - isebe Tagil) kunye Utkinsky (ngo-1729 m kwi River Duck - isebe Chusovaya).

iinkampani ezintsha

Nkqu Nikita Demidov wafumana ilungelo ukuphuhlisa indawo elula kwi Revda lomlambo Wolf Intaba. Ukwenza nguyise yeprojekthi ubukhosi zange abe nexesha. Ukwakhiwa wathatha Akinfiy. Okokuqala zakhiwa izityalo Nizhnechugunsky, Verhnechugunsky kunye Korelskiy esecaleni apho (bavunyelwa ngo-1730). Yaye kuphela emva kokuba waqala ukwakhiwa isityalo engundoqo. isityalo Revdinsky ukuba processing zesinyithi yakhiwa ngo-1734.

Nikita Akinfiy Demidovy akazange alibale malunga asethi zabo ubudala. Nyana updated ngokupheleleyo Vyisky isityalo wabonakala kunye noyise. Inani kilns ngoku izazekile ezilishumi. Ngowe-1729 kwabakho umlilo kwi izityalo, ngenxa kuyo ingasebenzi ixesha elithile. Kukho enye ingxaki. ore yayo equlethwe kakhulu zentsimbi mgangathweni kakhulu. Malunga nalo lenguqulelo Akinfiy wachitha. Okokuqala, isityalo waba ubhedu semi-ogqityiweyo mveliso recycle eveliswa kwezinye emigodini. Emva koko wabonakala iziko udubulo.

Ngowe-1729, ngenxa yomthetho College Mining yakhiwa esinye isityalo Akinfy Demidova - Copper Suksunsky. Kubhaliwe ibekwe neekhilomitha 45 ukusuka kwidolophu Kungur. Indawo kwisityalo ngaphesheya ngaseludinini lomlambo bakhetha Sukusun - isebe elincinane Sylva. kunina itshe ubude neemitha ezili-120. Yaba isakhiwo eyinkunzi. Le ekrwada linikelwe sihlahla bym Basin. Ufakelelo hayi yimpumelelo kakhulu. Ekubeni isinyithi yentaka, akukho namnye unako kanye ukuqikelela isikali equlethe izinto ekrwada. Kwenzeka ukuba kwanele kuphela iminyaka embalwa. Ukususela phakathi ka 1730. mveliso Suksunsky benza ekucoceni yobhedu iimveliso eziphantse-ogqityiweyo.

Phantsi yengcinezelo uphando

Ixesha kakhulu kunzima ukuphila Akinfiya Nikiticha 1733-1735 gg. Kwiminyaka embalwa Demidov libandakanyeka kwimeko ophezulu-iprofayili, waqalisa "ngenxa zezityalo particularistic." Ngowe-1733, uKumkanikazi Anna wathunywa ukuba ukugqiba ukuqinisekiswa kweengxelo zemali lonke ilizwe metallopromyshlennikov. Le nkqubo lwaqhutywa ibhodi Commerce. On the izityalo Demidov beza abaphicothi. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva eziqokelelwe amaxwebhu ndlebe nabasebenzi.

Emva kokuhlola eSt Petersburg bazisa ngaphezulu kwama-500 iingxelo zokubhalela. Ukutyhilwa bephikisana lokubaleka ukuhlawula irhafu kunye nokuhlukunyezwa. data abaninzi bobuxoki. Demidov wammonela kunye Akinfiy njengentloko yentsapho, waba into aqatha. Kwadlula iinqanawa ezininzi. Akinfi kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule imali enkulu kunye irhafu umva. Kuba ngoxa wada akuvumelekile ukuba ushiye elikomkhulu, apho inkqubo esesikweni. Ekugqibeleni, Demidov wakwazi ukulwa umva. Ingongoma ibalulekileyo intlungu Altay mveliso. Noko ke, Akinfiy wabo igcinwe.

In zeAltai

usomashishini Akinfiy Demidov, ogama biography uthetha ngaye umntu amabhongo mkhulu, owokuqala ubukhosi bakhe baqalisa ukwanda yayo Western eSiberia. Ukususela ebutsheni bakhe wayenomdla ubutyebi zeAltai Territory, apho wayekhe wathumela uhambo ukukhangela ilitye elinqabileyo. Okokuqala, kwafunyanwa khona zezobhedu.

Noko ke, inkoliso Akinfiy wafuna ukufumana zesilivere. Ukuqala kuveliswe le metal anqabileyo uthembise ukuba uPetros I nangoku Nikita Demidov. Yibone Great walinda zeAltai izindaba ezimnandi, kodwa akazange alinde. I yokuqala yesilivere Iisampulu Akinfiy efunyenweyo ngo-1726. Nangona kunjalo, uhlalutyo zenziwa ziingcali wabonisa ukuba ekrwada ulihlwempu kakhulu imveliso mveliso. Ke emveni koko Demidov akazange anikezele.

Rush Silver

Ukuzama ukusombulula le ngxaki, Akinfiy Nikitich abhenela iinkonzo kwiingcali zangaphandle. Eyokuqala kwezi yayinguFilipu Treyger. Le Saxon sele onamava zokusebenza zesilivere. Ngowe-1733 yena wenza ukuhlola kwi Bear Island kuLwandle White. Ngeli xesha, impumelelo waseJamani lingapheleli.

Ukusilela bandiqumbise usomashishini kuphela. Akinfiy Demidov, ogama engobomi na baloko ngamandla sabafaki-mntu, kudala oqhele izilingo neengozi. Emva kokuphela Treygera contract waqesha ezinye iingcali amazwe: Yunggansa Johann kunye Ioganna Hristiani. BaseYurophu got imivuzo aya ophezulu 600 no 400 engange. Demidov akazange sinayo, efuna kuphela isiphumo, yaye ekugqibeleni ndiyifumene.

Ukubonana uKumkanikazi

Ngowe-1744 Akinfiy wafumana zeAltai zesilivere. Yena ngoko nangoko waya eMoscow, apho ngelo xesha kwakukho eyadini Elizabeth yexeshana. Abaphulaphuli umenzi uKumkanikazi Altaian bullion yesilivere. Isipho yajika ngexesha. UNondyebo Uswele nje metal anqabileyo. Ebonisa ukufunyanwa lakhe, ngusomashishini nangoko waphumelela ilungelo ukwakha imizi-mveliso ye-besekhaya. Ukongeza, wamcenga uKumkanikazi ukubheka amashishini abo ngqo Imperial kwiKhabhinethi (okt intloko karhulumente), hayi nabo ezininzi kunye namagosa.

Ziyahlelwa kwisityalo Tula

Ekupheleni ubomi bakhe Akinfiy Nikitich nge zeAltai kunye nemvelo imigodi yanika usapho ikamva akakhathazeki. Noko ke, kukho endlwini ngamafutha ngempukane ngamafutha lawo. Ngokuthe ngcembe Encyclopaedia Tula mveliso - elona linge yokuqala Demidov. ukufa kwakhe olucothayo yanxulunyaniswa intswelo amalahle, ngenxa leyo iba akalutho ukusebenzisa ithambeka. Ukongeza, e Tula usomashishini na ukhuphiswano imasikizi kweli ubuso imveliso izixhobo karhulumente.

Kwiminyaka engamashumi iminyaka ulawulo oluzimeleyo ishishini losapho Akinfiy ningandakheli-mveliso esinye isahlulo Central eRashiya. Oku kuya kufuna ukuba empuma - ukuya Urals kunye besekhaya. Kwezi meko, ukugcina imveliso engeluncedo lwanto Tula akazange ngqiqweni. Ngowe-1744, Demidov uye wayeka isityalo udubulo kwiziko elinye IGdańsk, lamiswa nguyise.

ukwakhiwa amabandla

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba intliziyo uyise Akinfy eyaziwa eBhayibhileni. Kwakhona uNyana wayeyindoda ezinikeleyo. I Tula omthonyama ngeendleko zakhe bakha amabandla amabini. Nicholas-Zaretsky yaba isitena enemigangatho emibini. Le iqhele ukuba Lingcwaba Demidov kunye nengcwaba ngokwalo Akinfy Demidov. Itempile yamiselwa ngo-1735, igama imbali yayo umyili iye engafakwanga. Enye ibandla (kwakhona egameni Nikolaya Chudotvortsa) yakhiwa ngo-Akinfiy Chulkova zokuhlala, kummandla Tula. Apha ke wangcwatywa kuqala umfazi Evdokia Tarasovna usomashishini.

Akinfiy and schismatics

Ngowe-1730. nabasemagunyeni yoBukhosi baseRashiya baqalisa elinye iphulo nxamnye Amakholwa Old. Phambene yeyona ndawo apho inani kakhulu eliphezulu. Amakholwa Old babalekela khona kwinkulungwane XVII, emva ukwahlulwa kwiCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, zibangelwa utshintsho ka uMphathi Nikon. Nikita Demidov Kerzhakov ngokubonakalayo nomtsalane ukusebenza mveliso yawo. Efanayo iyenziwa Akinfiy.

Ngokuphathelele kwanabo Demidov waba yokubala isile. izibonelelo zabasebenzi cheap olongezelelweyo ivumela ukufumana inzuzo enkulu nokunciphisa iindleko. Urhulumente afuna ukuba ukuchonga kwanabo ukuze abenze uluhlu ezizodwa, ngokomthetho, ukumisela irhafu eyongezelelweyo. Demidov egcwele Amakholwa. Kuhleli umbuzo impikiswano nokuba yena waba uqhekeko. Into yokuba intsapho yakhe of mveliso Tula ngenkulungwane XVII kwakujongwa iziko yomtsalane abantu ababalekela intshutshiso ibandla. Nangona kunjalo, akukho bungqina eqinisekile ukuba Akinfiy Demidov, ubomi lwangasese wahlala emfihlekweni, yaba Likholwa Old, ababhali-mbali imbi.

ukufa

Uninzi ubomi Akinfiya Nikiticha wahamba endleleni. Njengomgaqo, waye Urals, Tula, okanye eSt Petersburg. Ixesha lokugqibela intloko-ntsapho waya ekhaya ngo-1745. Ukusuka apho waya Urals. Endleleni wayeka kwi Nizhny Novgorod Akinfiy ngezinto zezindlu zooyise. Phambili indlela yakhe wakhokelela ngokusebenzisa Kama isitya. Apha Akinfiy Nikitich waziva embi. Wafa ngoAgasti 5, 1745, akazange ukufikelela mveliso yabo.

Biographers bakholelwa indawo kufa kwilali usomashishini Yatskoe Mouth. Isahluko ubukhosi wangcwatyelwa Tula. Akinfi yayingunyaka seventieth wobomi. Yaba yegorha unothanda yaye izama, wazala akukho ntsomi ngaphantsi nezinto eziyimimangaliso efihlakeleyo ngaphezu uyise yakhe edumileyo.

impilo Personal

wedding usomashishini ukudlalwa kabini (ixesha lokuqala Evdokia Korobkova, okwesihlandlo sesibini ngo-1723 - on Efmi Paltseva). umfazi Akinfiya Demidova wamzalela abantwana ababini. Ukususela umtshato kunye Evdokia babengoonyana baka-Procopius kunye uGregory, ukususela umtshato wakhe ne Efim - nonyana Nikita kunye nentombi Euphemia.

Njengoyise, Akinfiy Demidov yaba umnini kuphela ishishini losapho. Kwiinzame ukulondoloza ingqibelelo-asethi, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe wenza umyolelo apho phantse yonke impahla ukuya unyana omncinane Nikita. Ezinye ezimbini ziindlalifa - Prokofiev kunye Gregory - wafumana izinto uNothozamile nasemigodini kumaphondo zaseYurophu. Le intando zabuya Akinfiev phantsi kwempembelelo umfazi wakhe wesibini Efimov.

ziindlalifa

Prokofiev Gregory aneliseke izabelo zabo, ukufa uyise emva bafaka isicelo egameni Elizabeth. UKumkanikazi wanikwa isikhalazo enobulungisa. Amandla impahla kwakho kwaye alabe libe zizabelo ezintathu alinganayo. Prokofy wafumana Nevyansky kunye Nizhny Novgorod sisityalo, Gregory - amashishini ze Tula kunye Urals, Nikita - kushishino Nizhnetagilskye.

Ngoko ke abantwana Akinfy Demidova ekwabelwana ngaso ngaphambi kokuba kwisakhiwo esinye izinto uyisemkhulu kunye noyise. Ukongeza, inxalenye yempahla zidluliselwe kurhulumente. -KaRhulumente zentsimbi zeAltai emigodini. Kunjalo, njengeendlalifa Akinfy ukugcina nokwandisa okusindileyo ngezandla zabo. Demidov ubukhosi wahlala enye bazizinhanha Russia iminyaka emininzi.