Kushishino Electronic eRussia. Kuphuhliso lwamashisini elektroniki i

Ushishino lwee-elektroniki zasekhaya oluleyisayo engama-engamashumi amahlanu. It imvelaphi yayo eSoviet Union, yaye xa kukho lokusekwa kwamaziko ophando ephambili kunye namashishini eliphezulu-zobugcisa. Saba endleleni, kunye namahla kunye zisabonakala. Ngeli xesha, yesu kuphuhliso lwamashisini elektroniki i ukuya ku-2025, kwakunye nokuphumeza inkqubo ye-Union State "Isizathu."

imboni kaloliwe

Electronics onokufaniswa i "iincam grey 'yoqoqosho - uphuhliso kule ndawo abafane ayivathise zamaphephandaba, kodwa ke uphuhliso yayo ixhomekeke kwimeko zehlabathi kwamashishini ezininzi mveliso kunye noshishino emkhosini. Ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko, awukwazi njalo ukusebenzisa izakhi namaqabane angaphandle, kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho iimveliso zasekhaya izicacele. Nje kwenzeka ngexesha le-USSR Ministry of Industry Electronic wenza kunye iingxilimbela ezifana Microelectronics njenge "Micron", "Integral", "A", "Zenith", "Lomo", "unxibelelwano-Long mgama" kunye nabanye.

Dlule

ESoviet Union bombane kushishino amashishini asasazwa intsimi enkulu, isikakhulu isahlulo yaseYurophu eRashiya, Belarus kunye Ukraine. Kwangaxeshanye, zenza kwisakhiwo esinye ezihambelanayo, leyo yaphela kunye ngokuwa Union.

Xa "ukwaphulwa 90" uninzi iinkampani Russian ezikhethekileyo enyanisweni ezilahlekileyo amandla ayo. kushishino Electronic yaseRashiya iye becala ziphelisiwe: basinda kuphela inkokeli ekuzibonakaliseni JSC «Research Institute of Ezinto Electronics" kunye nezityalo "Micron" OJSC ( "Micron") kunye JSC "Angstrom", elise Zelenograd.

Kwezinye iimeko ezingcono kwaba Minsk "Integral", inkxaso ngokobuqu nguMongameli Lukashenko. Noko ke, yena waphulukana imiyalelo ezinkulu injongo ezimbini. Le nkampani iye yanciphisa isikali lwemveliso, kodwa ngoncedo nenkxaso karhulumente kwaye kujoliswe odolo amancinci iimveliso ophezulu zobugcisa kubathengi basekhaya kunye abathengi elektroniki-component base (ECB) ukusuka kwamanye amazwe ukuya lezimali.

Ngethamsanqa, phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-2000. Ubunkokheli Russian bafumanise ukubaluleka qhinga sophuhliso electronic zayo, yaye ngo-2007 zaqalisa "Strategy of kuphuhliso lwamashisini elektroniki de 2025". Sele kukho utshintsho ezicacileyo entle kule ndawo, ngakumbi kolu shishino kunye nokhuseleko yamajoni kunye nendawo.

"Isiseko"

Ngaxeshanye kunye ekuphuhliseni ulwazi lwengqiqo zasekhaya usungule inkqubo "Basic", obonelela ukubuyiselwa kothungelwano yenzululwazi kunye nemveliso phakathi ngamaziko ophando kunye namashishini of Russia kunye Belarus phakathi Union State. Ngaphezu koko, le projekthi "base" ngomnye wemiba ephambili kakhulu, ancamisayo iinkqubo zophuhliso aerospace, kushishino lwekhemikhali, ngokukhanya, ukuveliswa kweeyunithi idizili, uphuhliso zobugcisa laser.

Enyanisweni, waphila ishishini yekhompyutha USSR - gxebe, amandla ayo. Ukuthembela umsebenzi ndibanisela ingxenye, ukudityaniswa lwabasunguli ozama ukubhalela iphepha elitsha kwimbali ukuvuselelwa bombane, kodwa ukujijwa wanamhla, uya kummandla submicron. Phambili apha ukucwangcisa iinjongo ezicwangcisekileyo ze ithi zethu - ukhuseleko kunye nokulondolozwa zokuzikhusela.

amava amazwe

Ngelo xesha, ushishino yeletroniki ihlabathi ihamba phambili yi ephala. Kwi-US, umzekelo, elektroniki ababesele ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso zafakwa kwindawo yokuqala, ngaphambi neemoto Aviation mveliso. ngenkxaso urhulumente okusebenzayo kushishino China, Taiwan, India, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia. Apha, ezobuchwepheshe kuthathwa njengento lever zokuphatha kakuhle zoqoqosho zesizwe ukungena kwimarike yehlabathi.

iinkampani High-zobugcisa kufuna luyakunceda oku lwezenzululwazi, wakwenza amancedo. Rhoqo ngonyaka kwi iinkqubo yenzululwazi kunye yobugcisa ukuya ku-12 ezigidi zeerandi.

Ebheka nokwenziwayo

ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa ukuphuculwa kobugcisa sub-micron lemveliso ngezinga elikhulu iziphaluka ehlangeneyo (VLSI). Kule minyaka 30-40 edlulileyo, isiseko element kuphunyeziwe izizukulwana ezininzi zophuhliso: kwakukho enkulu (lsi), ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kwaye kwinkqubo-on-chip basis slozhnofunktsionalnye (SOC).

Abahlaziyi kudala kuqatshelwe ukuba kwihlabathi namhlanje electronic simisela inkqubela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo - .. Communications, kushishino, ezothutho, ezonxibelelwano, ukhathalelo lwempilo, zebhanki kunye namasimi zentlalo, izixhobo zomkhosi, njl iiteknoloji ezintsha kushishino elektroniki ukuba baye bavumela amaninzi mazwe, afana USA, England, Japan, eJamani, France kunye nabanye, nizibambe zinga of ukubusa umhlaba: emkhosini, yobugcisa, yemali kunye nezopolitiko.

Cutting-Edge

Kuyinto ebalulekileyo ukuba ngokoMthetho imveliso wadala kushishino elektroniki jikelele idlula ukuveliswa oli ekrwada, zepetroli izinto kwezimbiwa ekrwada phantse 4.5 amaxesha, iimveliso zemichiza kunye zeplastiki - amaxesha 3 umthamo imithwalo - amaxesha 2.5, ukuveliswa umbane negesi - ngaphezu 2 amaxesha. Ubuncinane kubonakala HIV kwaye ibalwa iindleko-ukusebenza elektroniki kumazwe phambili:

• Izinga lokukhula kwicandelo kathathu ngaphezu ukukhula GDP;
• avareji payback iiprojekthi - iminyaka 2-3;
• omnye utyalo dollar ikuvumela ukuba ukufumana ukuya ku $ 100 imveliso yokugqibela;
• 1 kg macandelo chip kukuba ngaphezu kweetoni eziyi-100;
• ukudala enye emsebenzini kushishino elektroniki i kukhokelela ekudalweni kwemisebenzi ezine kwamanye amashishini.

Kungani ukuphuhlisa electronic

Ngokusekelwe kumava iinkokeli zehlabathi, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba kuphuhliso lwamashisini elektroniki ukuba kukhokelela iziphumo ezifunekayo, kude ngaphaya nje ishishini. Kukhuthaza ukukhula iimveliso eziphakamileyo zobugcisa, ukuphucula ukhuphiswano kunye nenqanaba uzobe olwenziwe ikhompyutha, enomjukujelwa kunye aerospace, eyama, ubunjineli, izithuthi ezindleleni, umatshini kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Komthamo imveliso nezombane sele lukhula ngcembe, nokumisela inkqubela kwiindawo ezininzi ethembisayo - aerospace kunye namashishini elektroniki, weerobhoti kunye lezixhobo, njl ..

Ushishino lwee-elektroniki of Russia and Belarus

Kucacile ukuba ukuhlala kude ezi nkqubo zehlabathi azikwazanga kunye namazwe lalisakuba yiSoviet Union. Ukunika ingqwalasela kuphuhliso elektroniki kunye akukho kwimimandla ethandwayo - microelectronics, njengoko "libonisa yokukhula" koqoqosho kunye nokhuselo lwesizwe, yaba sisiphumo yomsebenzi edibeneyo phakathi-sikhokelo ye-Union State.

Imithetho wentsebenziswano kunye nesigqibo olusebenzayo lwemisebenzi e microelectronics imvuselelo njengomba ophambili icandelo mveliso kunye nokudala izixhobo semiconductor entsha Russian-Belarusian candelo element-based iinkqubo Union wabeka "microsystems", "Base", "Pramen".

imboni elektroniki National lifumene inkxaso: liphuhlise ezininzi iintlobo inxalenye iimveliso ezisebenza-olulodwa microelectronic, imigangatho efanelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-2013, wayigqiba enye iprojekthi enkulu inxaxheba neengcali kunye izazinzulu zamazwe zethu - lwenkqubo 'Uyilo kunye nophuhliso uthotho iziphaluka ezihlangeneyo kunye nezixhobo semiconductor izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye ezimbini-ukusetyenziswa ". Uhlahlo icala Russian lichazwa kwi mali esizigidi 975 engange Russian, Belarus - 525 million.

esizayo

Xa i recovery okuphawulekayo inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya lwamacandelo elektroniki, ukwanda ingqalelo kunye nenkxaso evela arhente zikarhulumente, iingxelo eendaba, ekubeni umsebenzi kakhulu. Lube ngakumbi uphuhliso elizayo lokwenene kwangoku of microelectronics kwixa elizayo. Sombulula umsebenzi obalulekileyo macandelo zokwakha uphuhliso uluhlu elide kunye nokuzalisekisa izixhobo ze-elektroniki, iinkqubo, zokuhlala ukusetyenziswa, ezoshishino kunye ezizodwa, ngokutsho ekupheliseni neshishini le-elektroniki kazwelonke evela phesheya kunye nokwanda ebalulekileyo amandla yayo kumazwe angaphandle.

Hi ndlela leyi, ngemfuneko ukudala kunye nokuphuhlisa ubugcisa yasekhaya microelectronics Russian Academician K. A. Valiev wathi kowama-2000. Wavuma, nangona kunjalo, ukuba oku akukho msebenzi lula, yaye oko esebenzisekayo kuphela xa kukho izixhobo ezizodwa mihla zobugcisa. Inkxaso oluyimfuneko mali ye- microelectronics nako ejolise iinkqubo abanikwa imisebenzi kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo.

Ukulwela lweZwekazi

Ngokumalunga sphere emkhosini, le microelectronics eziphakamileyo-ngqo utyikitye apha ixesha elide. Namhlanje siyakwazi ukuthetha malunga nokudalwa elektroniki-component base mihla ekuveliseni indlela ephumelelayo kakhulu zokhuselo. New izixhobo semiconductor kunye neziphaluka ziye zasetyenziswa angaphezu kwekhulu onobuhle ezintsha izixhobo. iindawo eziphambili ukusetyenziswa:

• radar;
• Iinkqubo enomjukujelwa anti-moya, kuquka ezaziwayo-kakuhle C-400 no-C-500 kuphuhliswa;
• iinkqubo yemfazwe elektroniki: i kwezithandani sokuphamazisa, iimbalelwano, unomathotholo ingcinezelo.

iqhelekile phakathi kwabathengi ze kwisakhiwo Russian emkhosini-mveliso, uyilo amatsha kunye nezisombululo zeteknoloji typology IC, elilodwa lomenzi kwi-Russian Federation ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ophezulu kunye nokufumaneka kwezixhobo kwiimeko eyandileyo radiation, zokukhanya ngu neutron, wesigrike kunye nemitha X-ray, ukubetha electromagnetic. iinkcukacha kunye idatha efana zibaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo izixhobo, iinkqubo zolawulo zekhompyutha kunye nobuchwepheshe isithuba emkhosini, iinkqubo zolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko izityalo.

flagships of microelectronic

Ukudala iteknoloji eliphezulu-ngqo enjalo, baxhotyiswa kunye ECB nobunzima kakhulu, kwafuneka ukuba bamanyane iinzame kwamaziko ophando kunye flagships of microelectronics eRashiya Belarus. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo "Basic" linyathelo elilandelayo ekudalweni ubugcisa obutsha.

Iyonke ekwenzeni kwayo njengoko beqonga eziphambili kunye nabahleli ke amaziko ophando 40 kunye namashishini mveliso. Eyona umniki microelectronic amacandelo-kabini-component isiseko kunye nenjongo ezikhethekileyo - Belarusian OJSC "Integral". Kwicala Russian ikhuni kwi ekudalweni iimveliso phezulu-zobugcisa ngokusekelwe elektroniki mihla uchola iqela leenkampani "Micron" - enkulu kule post-umenzi Microelectronics, inxalenye ebambe woshishino OJSC "RTI".

JSC "Micron" - inkampani phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane yembali, inkokeli uzobe olwenziwe kushishino semiconductor Russian. Kukho namhlanje benza uphando, uphuhliso, ukwenziwa kunye nokuthengiswa neziphaluka ezihlangeneyo, kuquka amazwe. Ngo-2012, oko ngokusesikweni umgca entsha imveliso IMicrochips kunye kwinqanaba topological ka 90 NM. Amaqabane ombutho karhulumente RUSNANO kunye STMicroelectronics ngxilimbela yaseYurophu.

Science and Industry

Ishishini elektroniki akunakwenzeka ngaphandle yophando lwenzululwazi. inkampani engumzali "Micron" siphathiswe ukwenza isethi R & D (uphando, uphuhliso yokulinga), yintoni esiza kuye ezinkulu iinkampani 15 radio-electronic Russian.

Ubume R & D complex luquka umsebenzi wophando kunye 26 nophuhliso ekudaleni 54 iintlobo inxalenye nezombane yokungenisa-abambele ngezinga eliphezulu ngokunxulumanisa, eqondile kakhulu kunye neempawu ezisebenzayo. Ngokukodwa, "Micron" elisombulula oluntsonkothileyo iingxaki, enye yazo lunikezelwa uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa VLSI isilawuli kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza olungisiweyo ngenxa amakhadi smart kunye namaxwebhu elektroniki.

wamagama

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba microelectronics latest kwizinga eliphezulu kwiinkampani zomkhosi angaphandle kumashishini basekhaya ke akukho ziyakhawuleza kuthengisa izixhobo isithuba. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi olungundoqo elizayo isondele ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo zamacandelo qhinga - ukuphunyezwa idabi zeteknoloji kwixesha elizayo.