Designs neendidi kwo

Imizila - lophawu ebalulekileyo phantse zonke emlanjeni, zinceda ukuba boyise imiqobo ngenxa yomgama liba ezincinane, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo 'A' ukuba aveze "B" kakhulu kakuhle nangokukhawuleza. Nokufika izinto ezintsha nobuchwepheshe noyilo ezintsonkothileyo zokunqumla laba ngokoqobo.

Yintoni Bridge

Imizila - nokuqhubekeka kwendlela phezu njengomqobo. Kakhulu, bona zinendlela ezihambe ngayo ukugqitha njengomqobo ngamanzi, kodwa kwakhona ukudibanisa kungqameko udonga okanye isitishi. Ngokunxulumene nophuhliso lwezibonelelo zothutho kwimimandla yeedolophu ukwakha ibhulorho kuba intshukumo kweendlela, kusekwe ukwananisa enkulu. Iinkcukacha ezisisiseko yokwakha zabo zaphetha nokuxhasa.

Ukwahlukanisa iibhulorho izakhiwo

Iintlobo iibhulorho nga zihlelwe ngokwemimiselo ezininzi:

• kwinjongo ephambili yosetyenziso;
• isisombululo neyakhayo;
• izinto zokwakha;
• ngokutsho ubude;
• Indlela yokuqhuba ishishini savumelana;
• ngokuxhomekeke isimiso ukusebenza.

Ekubeni abantu chipped iinkuni ukusuka kwenye ngaseludinini lomlambo ukuya kwelinye, kwathabatha ixesha elide waza wabeka eninzi umgudu kulwakhiwo zobunjineli. Ngenxa yoko, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

msebe

Materials zokwakha zabo ziquka zentsimbi kunye aluminium zayo, ufakelo lwesamente, kwaye ezibonakalayo kuqala yaba umthi. Iziqalelo iphambili ethwele izakhiwo yolu hlobo ke iintsika, izixhaso, leyo udlulisela umthwalo kwi kwisiseko inkxaso kwebhulorho.

Ngemiqadi izixhaso ziyinxalenye isakhiwo eyahlukileyo elibizwa igama "endiza". Kwindoda leyo uphuphu, console kwaye ukusika, kuxhomekeke scheme ngokunxulumene exhasa. Eyokuqala kubo uneenyawo ezimbini kwicala ngalinye, awonke esingasetyenzwanga usenokuba inani elikhulu izibonda, ngokuxhomekeke imfuneko, ngelixa cantilever ibhulorho linabela ngaphaya yesalathisi indawo, apho uzibandakanya kunye nobude ezilandelayo.

enhle

For steel yabo yokuvelisa, uphose intsimbi, castings eziphathekayo okanye iibhloko. Izinto yokuqala ukwenzela ukwakha iibhulorho yolu hlobo baba amatye, ukuze kuvuleke okanye lenziwe ezi iibhloko monolithic.

Isiseko na isakhiwo arch (arch). Ambaxa neengqameko ezininzi zendlela okanye ebhedini kaloliwe enhle kwebhulorho. Indlela yokuhamba ukuze iindawo ezimbini: on kuyilo okanye ngaphantsi kwawo.

Enye ziintsapho hybrid - arch-cantilever ibhulorho, apho poluarki ezimbini enxulumene phezulu kwaye khangela ngathi unobumba "T". Ukuma enhle kusenokuquka kweminwe mnye, uze emva koko iwela omkhulu umthwalo ebizwa obukhulu. Ukuba ibhulorho ubunjwe izakhiwo eliqela enxulumene, ngoko ke umthwalo ithunyelelwa zonke inkxaso eliphakathi kunye nesiphelo.

neebhulorho

izinto eziphambili ukwakhiwa kulo mzekelo - ngentsimbi kwaqinisa eziphathekayo. Ezakhiwe zakhiwe kwindawo apho akunakwenzeka ukufaka isekela eliphakathi. Iipayiloni ilungu ukuxhasa idityaniswe iintambo. Ukuze ugcine ibhulorho ikwimeko uzinzile, iipayiloni ziyaxhonywa macala malunga, phakathi kwabo intambo ukuzolula esebenza uqhagamshelwano emhlabeni, apho iqhotyoshelwe ukholosile. Ngu ololulele wire tyaba fixed nkqo, babehamba nabo ngetyathanga eza kuxhasa ngelaphu le kwebhulorho. Kwanokuqi- ikhaba iqhotyoshelwe ngemiqadi kunye izixhaso.

ibhulorho Cable-bahlala

Izixhobo zokwakha - intsimbi, kwaqinisa eziphathekayo. Njengokuba oothixo bobuxoki, uyilo lwabo ifuna iipayiloni kunye neengcingo. Umahluko kukuba compound cable-bahlala nguye kuphela lona lubopha izinto zonke isakhiwo ibhulorho, okt iintsontelo ezo nto zibambene nayo ukuba abathwali wazolula tye, kodwa ngqo isekela ekupheleni, ukwenza uyilo iyaqina.

owawuza

"Incopho" kwibhulorho awukabi nayo i-sikhokelo ngqongqo kunye nonxibelelwano kunye elunxwemeni. ukwakhiwa kwazo ibandla ukusuka kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ukuya uxhulumaniso eshukumayo. Umahluko yale hlobo iibhulorho eniwela naplyvnye. Amaninzi ukuba nezakhiwo yethutyana ukuba zisetyenziselwa ukuseka ixesha imiqobo amanzi ice. Ukuba kuyingozi kwisithuba uchulumanco olukhulu phezu kwamanzi, navigation nzima kunye nentshukumo kubo kuphela iilori multi-ton.

iibhulorho metal

Uninzi iibhulorho mihla lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa metal kwi yenethiwekhi loyilo. Kuba ixesha elide, ibhulorho metal yayigqalwa uhlobo eside kakhulu kwezibonelelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le nto ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa hayi icandelo kuphela bridging.

Iintlobo iibhulorho metal:

• design enhle.
• Viaducts bubonke.
• Ulenga, guy.
• Trestle neentsika ufakelo lwesamente, leyo odibanisa ndawonye ukusuka iikhompawundi yesinyithi.

ezakhiwe metal kuzazi lula ukuqokelelwa, ngoko phantse zonke iindidi iibhulorho kaloliwe zakhelwe kulo mbandela. Iinxalenye metal enziwa yi iindlela zoshishino kumzi-mveliso, ubukhulu akufanele ukunyuswa. Kuxhomekeka umthamo kweendlela apho aya Wahlanganisa ke, preform kwakhiwa mveliso elizayo ezimbaxa esiqinileyo.

Bilisa isakhiwo iinxalenye kunokuba ngqo kwindawo yendibano lokugqibela. Kwaye ukuba ngaphambili kwakufuneka enze uxhulumaniso lwe iinyama isethi ngomoya, ngoku crane kunye emcela umthamo iitoni 3600 of, yenza kakuhle kwaye wamisa kwi-metal obuvelisa kweminwe.

eziluncedo izakhiwo intsimbi

Njengoko izinto ukuze kwakhiwe iibhulorho intsimbi kunqabile kusetyenziswa ngenxa yokunganyangeki wayo umhlwa amahlwempu. Umfanekiso uthandwa high-amandla zentsimbi kunye nemixube yayo. ukusebenza kwawo kwancamisa ingahlolwa kwiiprojekthi ezifana neentlobo ibhulorho intambo-wahlala, ngezipani enkulu. Umzekelo ibhulorho eMoscow phesheya Dnieper koMlambo e Kiev okanye Obukhov ibhulorho eSt Petersburg.

Ngexesha kwakhiwe iibhulorho kaloliwe Luphawu kusetyenziswa izakhiwo yentsimbi izixhaso. Inzuzo ephambili yezi izisombululo iyasebenza ukusebenza, isantya zokwakha kunye Ukususwa iinxalenye ngamnye, iindleko esiphantsi sexabiso imveliso, kungenzeka ukwakhiwa kwamaziko kamsinya kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwiindawo ezikhoyo kunye nawuphi na ummandla wejografi.

imizila yeplanga

Ibhulorho yokuqala kwimbali yabantu zazakhiwe kweenkuni. Long la maziko ayikwazi ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle ulondolozo olufanelekileyo, umsebenzi ulondolozo rhoqo yaye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezonakeleyo kunye zokubopha. Kwakunzima ukuba ndakhe, ubu mbandela. Okwangoku phantsi kusakhiwa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo kwo yeplanga:

1. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela - umqadi, koko yoyika.
2. Kuxhomekeka kuyilo - isakhiwo ipakethe bubonke, kwo truss.

isakhiwo ngeplanga lobume kakhulu elula, kwaye ke ngoko ngokukhawuleza mountable. Ngemiqadi inkxaso ekhandiweyo emhlabeni ukuya kubunzulu-4 m. Kwi eziphelweni aphezulu yamakariti kunye izikhonkwane zentsimbi abonela esatsiba, zonke zibe ziimfumba bakhonkxiwe ibe nye, oko akumiselweyo ngaphezulu intshukumo web. Ngexesha kwakhiwe ibhulorho yamaplanga kubalulekile ukwenza isakhiwo yokuhlanganisa eyomeleleyo isambuku emhlabeni eziphelweni zombini, oko kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibhulorho luzinzile.

Ngoku kukho umkhwa ukuvuselelwa ukwakhiwa iibhulorho zomthi, nto leyo ehambisana nokufika technology wokwenziwa elaminethiweyo ngokwenene ukhuni, ukumelana ngakumbi kwiimeko ndlongondlongo, imikhosi yangaphandle torsion ehlalayo ukusebenza, ngaphandle ubude balo komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ukukhula endalo omthi.

Poetics and Practice

E St. Petersburg kukho 93 imijelo yamanzi, apha kuquka imilambo, imilambo, imisele kunye namachibi phantse 100. unxibelelwano sekuqaleni phakathi kwezi ziqithi kunye iindawo zesixeko ukunika iibhulorho, apho kukho malunga nama-800, i-218 yeyokuba ngeenyawo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa umzi iseke isithethe ekwakheni iibhlorho, ngaphandle apho eSt Petersburg sele lee. Bayinxalenye ngezakhiwo, imbali, izithethe nenkcubeko.

Mhlawumbi, kuyo nayiphi na isixeko Russia ukuze belizwe zisetyenziswa razvodnogo zokunqumla, zombini eSt Petersburg.

Yimbonakaliso capital kumntla kucingelwa ukuba yenye yezona iibhulorho endala - Palace. Ku yakhiwa injineli Pshenitskogo A. P. kwaye idibanisa Admiralty Island Arrow of Vasilyevsky Island. Modern iindlela lift ton-700 structure span engundoqo ukuze ndiye benqanawa.

Le elivulekayo inde eSt Petersburg ogama emva Alexander Nevsky. Ubude bayo ngu 905,7 m, adjustable sicatshulwa engundoqo eyenziwe ngenkcenkce, xa ukuxutywa isakhiwo kwimizuzu emi-2 kuphela.

Iintlobo of St. Petersburg kwo ziquka imbali yonke ukwakhiwa kwebhulorho - ukusuka imithi yokuqala ukuya multi-lane izakhiwo intambo-wahlala mihla. Big Obukhov Bridge, umzekelo, kukho ubude 2824 m, kwaye namhlanje yenye kwezibonelelo yenjineli kakhulu eRashiya. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iinxalenye ezimbini parallel twatse, nto leyo waququzelela ezine kwezithuthi -way.

St. Petersburg legends

E St. Petersburg, ngobuninzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iibhulorho zinikwa, kukho ubudala, ziye zaba uphawu ixesha eladlulayo, kodwa injongo yabo engatshintshanga, nangona sene nangokuvulelekileyo nokuthandana amabali. Ngoko ke, ukwanga ibhulorho phezu uMlambo Moika utsala abakhenkethi kunye negama layo, kodwa kwathi ukususela igama Potselueva zabarhwebi yakhe potatory indlu "Le Kiss" lalikhona ecaleni phenyane kwaye umlawuli angxamele lwezithandani, igama akunanto yakwenza.

legends umdla esekhulile Foundry Bridge, apho kwavela ibali kakhulu kwangoko xa i-tab. Kukholelwa ukuba yenye yeentsika ilitye lesiseko yaba lenzelwa ilitye Atakan. Ngoku xi ukuze abantu abadlulayo bayibone-yaye bandiqumbise ukuzibulala. Ukungxengxeza litye "wegazi", abanye abemi waphoswa ukusuka ibhulorho ukuya emlanjeni Neva iingqekembe ze ugalele newayini ebomvu. Kwakhona, abaninzi bathi ukuba i Foundry ingafumaneka ghost uLenin kaThixo.

Iinkosi ezintlanu kakhulu lide kwo Russian

Nangona kulakhela ibhulorho enqumla Kerch Strait, ezintlanu ezinkulu-scale zokunqumla lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ibhulorho Russian e Vladivostok. ubude ukwakhiwa 3100 m, wavula ngo-2012 ukulungiselela ixesha yokuqala imfuneko bakhe ukuba bacinge 1939, kodwa waqonda ngexesha langoku okwangoku.
• Kubonelelwe iyavuma. Ubude bayo 3891 m. Kuye amanqanaba amabini. Ukuvulwa esezantsi yendlela kaloliwe, yaye phezu - imoto. umfanekiso wakhe Uyabahombisa oyilwayo amawaka amahlanu dollar.
• Ibhulorho emlanjeni Yuribey. Le ofumaneka ngaphezu kwe-Arctic Circle kwi Yamal-Nenets Ukuzilawula District. Ubude zokwakha - 2893 m.
• Bridge phezu Amur Bay linobude 5331 m. Kuye kwavulwa 2012. yinkqubo izibane umdla, nto leyo inceda ukugcina ukuya kwi-50% ombane.
• UMongameli Bridge phezu iVolga River Ulyanovsk. ubude bayo -. 5825 ukwakhiwa m lwaqhutywa kweminyaka engama-23.