Yintoni sphragistics? Lesayensi kwezimvu

Iimpendulo lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na sphragistics?" Qala yabeka ngo 1709. M. Geynektsy. Sphragistics - isayensi lifunda eendaba. Kuba Geynektsiem walandela wanikela eli inzululwazi igama layo ngoku Iogann Geymann waza Gatterer, Gerken, Ledebour, Hohenlohe-Waldenburg, kunye nabanye. Seyler basonta imisebenzi engcono lwakutshanje sphragistics.

Uphuhliso nenzululwazi zamanzi

Xa XVIII kwinkulungwane waqala ukubonakala nje isebe sphragistics Diplomatique. iinjongo ngelo xesha ukuya ukuthandana loxwebhu, ngokunjalo ekusekweni ubunyani bayo. Kwixesha elizayo, ingcamango yokuba sphragistics ezinjalo, liye landiswa. Ukusetyenziswa yenzululwazi ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX zaqaliswa ushicilelo ezininzi, baphulukana unxibelelwano kunye xwebhu (wamaKaledi, samandulo saseYiputa, Endala, Parthian, Indian amandulo kunye nabanye.). Kwafumaniseka ngexesha yokwemba. Ukususela ngelo xesha sphragistics - isayensi izifundo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imbali kophuhliso kunye lokusekwa amaziko yamandulo karhulumente ngokusekelwe ukuhlelwa lamatywina, leyo ibhaqa utshintsho induku yakhe. Kwi-USSR, kwabakho ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwale nzululwazi. Oku kwakuhambisana kunye nokwanda okukhulu ezifumaneka ngexesha kukugrumba kwi Pskov kunye nezinto Novgorod.

Xa iincwadi Russian, ngaphandle kwisahluko ekhethekileyo kwincwadi Lakier "Heraldry Russian", nto leyo ichaza yoshicilelo kwaye ibonelela impendulo kumbuzo oko sphragistics ixesha elide kweli inzululwazi kuphela ulwazi okuncinci kunye zale ncwadi. Yanin iye yapapashwa ngo-1970 kwisifundo volume-ezimbini othi "Documents kushicilelo lomtshato Russia Ancient". Le Isazinzulu yaba ezihlangwini kwimeko NP Likhachev, egqalwa ngunozala ezo sphragistics Soviet. It Likhachev yaba osemqoka isifundo ilifa Russia yaMandulo emva kokuhlaliswa Novgorod yasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Inzululwazi kwezimvu namhlanje azenzi kakhulu, kodwa kusenzeka. Kukho izifundo ezintsha kule ndawo.

sphragistics zonxibelelwano ukuze numismatics kunye heraldry

Ngoko safunda ukuba sphragistics - isayensi lifunda eendaba. Ngoku makhe, ezinye amasebe yolwazi ngayo uqhagamshelwano omkhulu. Le inzululwazi inxulumene ngqo numismatics, kunye heraldry. Kwabokugqibela - lokuqala sasetyenziswa kuphela amatywina imifanekiso emininzi ke ocande iingalo. Shicilela usebenzisa izikhulu ezithile. Aba Umfuziselo ilifa apho ke walawula baboniswa. Emva kwethutyana, le mifuziselo badla zibandakanyiwe iingubo ingalo. Oku kwenzeka, umzekelo, Prince Golitsyn (omfuziselo Duchy of Lithuania).

Sphragistics ezinxulumene numismatics ukuba ngokufuthi kwiingqekembe kubalwa enxebeni Prince, ngelo xesha imithetho. Ngaphandle kokuba umbhalo le ngqekembe, ngokutsho logo woshicilelo akwazi ukufumana imvelaphi yayo.

Shicilela yamandulo

Ukuze siqonde ngcono oko sphragistics, makhe sibheke imbali. omdala kakhulu kukusetyenziswa izitampu siko. Sele kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baseMpuma ubeke uphawu. Eli siko ke ixhaphake kakhulu eBhabhiloni, nePersepolis neYiputa. ke izimvu amatye bebala nzima ezazikuyo ngohlobo ooqongqothwane, iisilinda, njalo njalo. G. amanqaku Different bafakwa kuzo.

Kwiindawo ezininzi eBhayibhileni ingafunyanwa wakukhankanya amatywina. Ngokomzekelo, kwiSahluko III xxi uSamuweli, kwiSahluko XIV kaDaniyeli, kwisahluko XXXVIII Genesis. Isiko lokusela ezizweni wasempumalanga waboleka amaRoma kwanamaGrike. AmaRoma ayesebenzisa yesiqhelo print-amakhonkco. Benza ukuprinta umfanekiso, isicelo kwi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto. Sahlala izizwe zomhlaba yamaRoma bafunda olu qheliselo, nto leyo ke yaba yandile kokuhlambeleyo ngaphambi kwekhulu XII.

Ixabiso ngokwesiko kunye nokusetyenziswa izitampu endulo

Kangangexesha elide, yoshicilelo endaweni Utyikityo, ngoko ke ixabiso elikhulu. amanyathelo ezahlukeneyo zasetyenziselwa okuthintela urhwaphilizo. Leyo yeyona njongo kuqala wakhonza isayensi lifunda eendaba. Nge komthendeleko enkulu kwenzeke uncamathiselo kwizenzo zabo. Kanye amaJamani kunye namaRoma, kulisiko ukubeka engcwabeni kunye oswelekileyo lakhe itywina-ring. ngamanye amaxesha zonakele entanyeni, nabagcini zamanzi zoluntu kunye zasebukhosini.

Iintlobo zamanzi yamandulo

Ukuze VIII leminyaka, zisetyenziswa kakhulu elinye macala. Noko ke, emva kweenkulungwane ezimbini, baqalisa ukuba indawo kabini ukuba wanamathela iphepha, izikhumba, okanye axhonywe imitya. Kwakukho ushicilelo leaden (ngenye indlela - Print-yenkomo, wafumana igama lawo iibhola elikhokelayo, apho wabethwa ngaphandle umfanekiso), isilivere, negolide (ngamaxesha ambalwa), ubhedu, amafutha, itoti kunye wax. Ngaphandle kwe njengomthwebeba kunye wax, baye bonke baxhonywa. Kule sphragistics yasentshona izitampu ezo ngokuba sigilla, okanye sigilla pendentia. Baya isibuzi emzantsini oonobumba, ngoko nangoko emva utyikityo, ngomhla isilika okanye nelinen intambo okanye iziqwenga ngesikhumba okanye esikhumbeni. Xa kwakukho umntu amatywina ezimbalwa, xa zibekwe ilandelwa yi elikwisikhundla nesikhundla abanini.

Ngaba uhlobo zahlukahlukene kakhulu zamanzi: zaba ngeenxa (omdala), lume, okweqanda, isikwere, oonxantathu, ezinamacala, kunye nabanye.

Umbala Ixabiso zamanzi

Ngu uhlobo imicimbi kunye nesidima sabantu ukwahlula imibala ngumthwebeba. Besive ukumkani, ngokunjalo abantu amalungelo akhethekileyo, enika ilungelo lokwenza wax ngetywina ebomvu. Ngokuqhelekileyo wax black eshicilelweyo iileta bakhe uMphathi waseConstantinople. umbala Azure okanye oluhlaza yayigqalwa kwi XVI kunye XVII ngenkulungwane ilungelo.

yoshicilelo karhulumente

Matywina bachazwa iilogo abanini ababelwe, imibhalo ngohlobo imigaqo, imiyalelo, abantu abanini umfanekiso. Imiqondiso swifanekiselo zaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu. amatywina karhulumente Special zazingafumaneki yonke karhulumente. Bona zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu eziphambili: amancinci, aphakathi kunye enkulu. Large ziyilelwe la maxwebhu ebaluleke kakhulu, ubukhulu becala azibhala ngezizwe kunye nemithetho. Ezincinane kunye neziphakathi esetyenziselwa amaxwebhu ezingabalulekanga kwaye iileta akwa. Kuba ukusetyenziswa lobuqu abalawuli kwamanye amazwe i uhlobo olulodwa press zabucala (ingakumbi i-Netherlands ne England). umgcini itywina likarhulumente becala yi-ofisi yoMphathiswa okanye uMphathiswa wezoBulungisa kunye neSebe leMicimbi yangaPhandle (Sweden, Württemberg, eBavaria kanye Netherlands) kunye Ministry of State (Prussia).

Enxibe idyasi usapho iingalo seal unaye Pope. Oku iqhotyoshelwe azibhala kweqiwa kunye amaxhwebhu. yoshicilelo Special nazo ukuba uNobhala of State of the Pope. Storage Tywina eSwitzerland kwenziwa kwi-ofisi ye-Council Federal.

I yoshicilelo lokuqala Russian

Sisihlandlo sokuqala eendaba eRussia izivumelwano Svyatoslav kunye Igor kunye namaGrike. Ukususela uxwebhu 945, sifunda ukuba oonozakuzaku zethu ukusebenzisa itywina segolide, nabarhwebi (iindwendwe) - zesilivere. Vladimir ngo-1006 walungiselela lorhwebo olukhululekileyo olukhoyo phakathi abarhwebi Russian kunye Bulgarian. Wanikela kokubini loo kunye nomnye bokuprinta ezizodwa njengophawu imvume yenene. Baba kwisihloko yabathengisi isatifikethi.

distribution Press eRussia

Ilungelo lokuba ube yoshicilelo yokuqala yaba kuphela ukuya Grand Duke. Noko ke, ukohlulwa kwilifa Russia kwakhona ingahlakazeki kwiinkosana. Ukushicilela uphuhliso lolawulo isincedisi steel ilizwe lethu ekukhonzeni abantu bazo zonke iintlobo. EzinguMyalelo weNkundla kunye nemizi nabo ngazo. Kweentlobo ezimbini baba woshicilelo njengenkosana: zobuqu, zabucala (print-amakhonkco) kunye igosa likarhulumente. Ukulandela umzekelo izinduna izibulo baqalisa ukwenza ushicilelo ekhaya. Baba metal - isilivere, negolide, ukukhokela ihonjiswe yesilivere; wax (simthubi, mnyama, obomvu nemnyama brown); voskomastichnye ukuba ngenxa amandla esikhulu amafutha indawo; ishicilela resin okanye tar (kunqabile kakhulu), kwakunye njengomthwebeba, leyo wangena ukusetyenziswa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII. Imitya imibala eyahlukileyo - hemp, isilika, kunye ecala - isibuzi sokongeza yoshicilelo metal. Okunye bahlonipha kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zagutyungelwa iphepha yokhuseleko enkulu. Ngenxa yoko, baza kwaziwa phantsi amatywina Custodio.

Imifanekiso phezu izitampu

Le yoshicilelo kakhulu njengenkosana, sele beza kuthi - isilivere, negolide, kwicala elinye imelwa ebusweni bukaKristu, yaye kwelinye - ebetha inyoka Arhangela Mihaila. Olu phawu priveshen charter elinikwe Mstislav Vladimirovich (ePrince) kunye Vsevolod (nonyana wakhe). Yaqala ukuya kwiminyaka 1125-1132. Ukongeza kwezi imifanekiso, kwi iinkosana kamva amatywina kumkhawulela St Nicholas, Alexander, uSimon, Ioann Predtecha, kunye nabanye. Imifanekiso abathetheli, imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye umbhalo oko kukuthi itywina benkosi. A lot of imifuziselo antique, kwafunyaniswa phakathi amatywina XIV-XV eminyaka. sphragistics inzululwazi namhlanje inxaxheba kuphando lwabo. Zibonakala ziye ethatyathwe Byzantium. On ezi izitampu ezibonisa imifanekiso nangqondo.

Eyona nto yamandulo itywina umzi, nto leyo kufikelelwe thina, - Novgorod, ezinxulumene 1426. Yena saqhotyoshelwa amaxwebhu yesivumelwano Novgorod kunye yaseTver Prince Borisom Aleksandrovichem. Lo mzobo isilwanyana nge entloko zehashe, imilenze kunye lempundu ingonyama esebenzayo nomsila avuswe. Intambo njengoko ezintsweni zinokubonakala phakathi entanyeni yakhe intloko. Ngasemva umbhalo, athi: ". Le itywina Novgorod" In Novgorod seals kamva kuboniswe Panther okanye ingwe ehleli kwisitulo lo mzobo obhinqileyo, eagle kabini, Bear et al.

Pskov ngokwembali landela Novgorod. Owayemdala kubo lwabhalwa 1510. Lo mzobo nengwe ukulubaleka umsila phezulu, ulwimi lwakhe ning'ong'oza kunye neenzipho eyolukileyo. Ehlabathini ukushicilela umbhalo: "Shicilela Gospodarstwa Pskov". Yakhelwe kwi XV kunye XVI iinkulungwane, isixeko efunyenwe-Government Printer. Idla ukulucalula utshintshe kubo. yoshicilelo ezahlukeneyo zazisetyenziswa de 1702, yaye emva koko - ikakhulu kunye eagle kabini-intloko.

Zonke ezi ntlobo zophononongo sphragistics basekhaya namhlanje. Isikhalazo Ngokwembali kunceda ukuchonga iipateni kwale nzululwazi. sphragistics Russian, ingakumbi, kunceda ukuqonda ukuba uphuhliso karhulumente wethu, nto leyo enika amabali ezibalulekileyo iinkcukacha.