Yintoni semiconductor? ukumelana semiconductor

Yintoni material semiconductor? Ziintoni iimpawu zayo? Yintoni nokwakheka semiconductors? Njengoko zakhiwa? Yintoni na conductivity of semiconductors? Zeziphi iimpawu ngokwasemzimbeni ilifa?

Yintoni ekuthiwa semiconductors?

Libhekisela crystalline izixhobo musa ukuqhuba umbane kakuhle, njengoko kwenza isinyithi. Kodwa eli nani kungcono kunokuba insulators. Ezi iimpawu ngenxa inani abathwali mobile. Xa siqwalasela, ngokubanzi, kukho seketela ku kula nuclei. Noko ke, xa kubhalwa umqhubi atom eziliqela, umzekelo, kwistibhiya, nto leyo eye agqithisile elektroni, esi sikhundla alungiswe. Xa usebenzisa indium walungiselela izinto nentlawulo ezintle. Zonke ezi propati ezisetyenziswa kakhulu transistors - izixhobo ezizodwa, apho yandise, ibhloko okanye iwise zangoku kwicala elinye kuphela. Ukuba siqwalasela NPN-uhlobo element, oko ukubonwa kakhulu komeleza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekudluliseni lwemiqondiso ibuthathaka.

iimpawu Design ezo ngombane semi-abaqhubi

Abaqhubi abaninzi electron simahla. Insulators ukuba ngenkankulu ilifa. Semiconductors kwaye ziqulathe isixa esithile elektroni simahla kwaye udlula nentlawulo eyakhayo, bakulungele ukwamkela amasuntswana akhululwe. Kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - bonke bamthwala umsinga wombane. Izincomo ngaphambili NPN-udidi transistor - akunakwenzeka olunye element semiconductor. Ngoko ke, kukho ngaphezulu PNP-transistors kunye ilight.

Ukuba sithethe elifutshane yokugqibela, yinto isolotya basenokugqithisela iimpawu kwicala elinye kuphela. Kwakhona, lo diode unako ukuguqula AC ukuya DC. Yintoni indlela yale nkqubo yenguqu? Kwaye kutheni ihamba kwicala elinye kuphela? Kungakhathaliseki apho kukho ngoku, electron kunye izikhewu neekoki okanye ndibaphangalalisele, okanye uye phambili. Kwimeko yokuqala ngenxa yokuba ubonelelo feed umgama ukwanda lomncedis, yaye ngoko ke idluliselwe abathwali ombane elibi kwicala elinye kuphela, ngamanye lo conductivity of semiconductors ngu unilateral. Ngapha koko, le yangoku enokusasazwa kuphela xa amasuntswana abasemthethweni basondeleyo yi. Kwaye oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa unikezelo yangoku kwelinye icala. Ezi ntlobo ze semiconductors zikhona kwaye zisetyenziswa ngalo mzuzu.

isakhiwo band

iimpawu zombane nezibonwa yonke ababhexeshi ezinxulumene into yokuba, xa ugcwalisa amandla amanqanaba elektroni ayahlulwa United of the bandgap kunokwenzeka. Ziintoni iimpawu zakhe? Into yokuba akukho amanqanaba amandla bandgap. Kunye ukungcola kunye esinamadlala inokuguqulwa kuyo. Higher band ngokupheleleyo kuthiwa Valence. Elandelwa ngesigqibo, kodwa ayinanto. Ibizwa ngokuba Uhanjiso band. Physics of semiconductors - ngesihloko umdla kakhulu, kwaye isakhelo yesihloko kokuba ayigqitywanga kakuhle.

isimo electron

Oku kusebenzisa ingqiqo efana nenani webutho wavumela kunye kumahlelo-umfutho. Isakhiwo ujongwa kwiintsali lokuqala. Uthi ukuba kuchaphazela amandla uxhomekeko le quasimomentum. Ngoko ke, ukuba Valence band igcwaliswe ngokupheleleyo elektroni (eziqulathe umwisele a semiconductor), sithi akukho excitations nezakhiwo. Ukuba ngesizathu esithile, amasuntswana azikho, nto ithetha ukuba kukho quasiparticle kakuhle ebizwayo - kudlula okanye umngxuma. Bona abathwali elugcinweni semiconductors kwi Valence band.

zone ongcakachileyo

Le Valence band kwi umqhubi udla idlulele sixfold. Oku ngaphandle intsebenziswano spin-orbit kwaye kuphela xa yikristale umfutho zero. Inokubuyiselwa lwanamathela phantsi imeko efanayo ukuze ngokuphindwe kwaye ngesine idlulele band. Amandla izithuba phakathi kwabo ubizwa ngokuba amandla kukwahlukana olusukela-orbit.

Ukungcola kunye izifo semiconductors

Angaba ngombane engasebenziyo okanye esebenzayo. Ukusebenzisa owokuqala ikuvumela ukuba angene semiconductors ophetheyo entle okanye embi, leyo kufuneka zincitshiswe ukuvela umngxuma Valence band okanye ovela kwi Uhanjiso band. elimsulwa Engasebenziyo yokuba, yaye nefuthe kangako kwiimpawu elektroniki. Ngaphezu koko, kunjalo nje ibe kubalulekile na Valence kuzo zinikwe athom leyo uthathe inxaxheba kule nkqubo transfer isigxina, kwaye ubume yikristale ngekroba.

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo kunye imali ukungcola zingatshintsha kwaye nomlinganiselo phakathi kwenani imigodi electron. Ngoko ke, izinto semiconductor kufuneka kusoloko kufuneka zikhethwe ngononophelo ukuze kufikelelwe isiphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Oku lwandulelwe inani elikhulu yobalo, yaye kamva experiments. Amasuntswana ukuba uninzi ekuthiwa abathwali uninzi, ukuba amancinane.

intshayelelo imvukelo of ubumdaka kwifowuni semiconductor ivumela ukufumana iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo. Kwekhono e Semiconductors usenokuba imeko zombane engasebenziyo okanye esebenzayo. Kubalulekile apha dislocation, atom Embi kunye isithuba. abaqhubi alulwelo kunye noncrystalline basabela ubumdaka eyohlukileyo crystalline. Ukungabikho isakhiwo ngqongqo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela yintoni eyenza i-atom unenxaxheba Valence eyahlukileyo. Kuya kuba ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwenye into ekuqaleni imbues ubuhlobo babo. Atom uba engeluncedo lwanto ukunika okanye uxhume electron. Kwimeko enjalo, kuba luyeke ukusebenza uze ke ngoko, semiconductors ukungcola namathuba ngakumbi ukusilela. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni into yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ukutshintsha uhlobo conductivity ngokusebenzisa kweziyobisi kunye nokudala, umzekelo, p-n-kuhlangana khona.

Ezinye semiconductors amorphous uyakwazi ukutshintsha iimpawu zazo elektroniki phantsi kwempembelelo kweziyobisi. Kodwa ubaphatha ukuba isiXhosa kakhulu kunokuba crystalline. Ubuntununtunu bokuba kweziyobisi izinto amorphous kungaphuculwa ngokuthi kuqhutyekekwe. Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka kuchazwe ukuba ngenxa semiconductors ukungcola yomsebenzi elide kwaye nzima lizisa kunjalo iqela iimpawu kunye neziphumo ezihle.

Iinkcukacha-manani ze elektroni kwi semiconductor

Xa kukho lwesilinganiso thermodynamic, inani imingxunya kunye elektroni uzimisele kuphela xa amaqondo obushushu parameters lwesakhiwo band kunye lwee- ubumdaka kagesi esebenzayo. Xa umlinganiselo ibalwa, ekukholelwa ukuba ezinye amasuntswana ziya kuba Uhanjiso band (kwi acceptor okanye abanikelayo level). Nako kuthathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba elicandelo ushiye ummandla Valence, kwaye kukho kwakheka izikhewu.

conductivity

Xa semiconductors, ngaphandle elektroni njengoko abathwali isigxina unokwenza kunye ion. Kodwa conductivity zabo zombane kwiimeko ezininzi okungenamsebenzi. Le superprovodniki ionic kuphela kunokubangela umnyinyiva. Ezi semiconductors ezi Indlela transfer electron eziphambili ezintathu:

1. The main zone. Kulo mzekelo, electron kwisenzeko ngenxa utshintsho amandla alo ngaphakathi kummandla kuvumelekile.
2. Tsiba izithuthi ithi yenzelwe.
3. Polaron.

exciton

Umngxuma kunye electron abanokwenza urhulumente yento. Ibizwa Wannier-Mott. Kulo mzekelo amandla photon, ongqamana emphethweni yokufunxa iwela ubukhulu wesigqibo kokubonisa. Enesidingo umfutho sokukhanya in semiconductors Unako ukwenza imali ethe excitons. Ngenxa ukwanda yoxinaniso ejiya kunye nefom electron-umngxuma wamanzi zabo.

Kumphezulu semiconductor

La mazwi abonisa maleko eziliqela atomic, ezithi zibekwe kufutshane umda kwefowuni. Iipropati Umphezulu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka isambuku. Ubukho ezi zoleko waphula wolingano translational ngembonakalo yikristale. Oku kukhokelela babizwa ngokuba States komhlaba kunye polaritons. Anabise isihloko yokugqibela, kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu ukuxelela kwaye malunga spin kunye namaza vibrational. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ngemichiza ngokufihla umaleko kumphezulu ngemikroskopu ngaphandle kwe iimolekyuli okanye athom eziye adsorbed ukusuka kokusingqongileyo. Kwakhona amisele iimpawu maleko ezimbalwa atomic. Ngethamsanqa, ukwakhiwa ubugcisa ultra-high lwepolitiki, apho amacandelo semiconductor, ivumela ukuba ukufumana nokugcina kangangeeyure eziliqela, umphezulu ecocekileyo, nto leyo ngokuqinisekileyo kuchaphazela umgangatho mveliso.

Semiconductor. Lobushushu ichaphazela ukuxhathisa

Xa amaqondo obushushu ukunyuka yesinyithi, kwaye yandisa besenza. Kunye semiconductors, okwahlukileyo kuyinyaniso - phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, olu khetho baya kuncipha. Ingongoma apha kukuba lo lombane kuyo nayiphi na into (kwaye oku laka bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo uxhathiso) kuxhomekeke ekubeni intlawulo iziphathi olusebenzayo, kwisantya intshukumo kwintsimi yombane, yaye inani labo kwiyunithi umthamo eziphathekayo.

Iziqalelo semiconductor kwandisa njengoko ubushushu kwandisa yoxinaniso bamasuntswana, ngaleyo ndlela kwande conductivity thermal kunye uxhathiso kunciphisa. Unga khangela oku phambi yamachiza elula iseti abaselula kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko - lesilicon okanye germanium, nazo zingasetyenziswa kwaye ezenziwe semiconductor kubo. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo kuya kunciphisa besenza. Ukuze uqinisekise oku, kufuneka Stock phezu izixhobo umlinganiselo wokuba baya kuyibona yonke utshintsho. Oku kumele kube njalo. Makhe sijonge nje ezimbalwa embodiments ezithile.

Resistance kunye ionization electrostatic

Oku kubangelwa Tunneling of elektroni edlula umqobo elimxinwa kakhulu obonelela malunga elinye ekhulwini micrometer. Sikhoyo phakathi kungqameko amandla bands. Imbonakalo yayo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa ayeguqa amandla bands, nto leyo eyenzeka kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo kwentsimi eyomeleleyo yombane. Xa kwenzeka Tunneling (oko kukuthi nefuthe ngoomatshini quantum), igqithe electron ngenxa njengomqobo enokubakho imxinwa, yaye akaguquguquki amandla abo. Oku kuquka ukwanda lwee- abathwali kwentlawulo, yaye zombini imimandla: i Uhanjiso kunye Valence. Ukuba nkqubo ukuphuhlisa ionization electrostatic, kubekho ucazululo tonela semiconductor. Ngethuba lale nkqubo izakutshintsha kweelana le semiconductor. Kuyinto ingathityazwa, kwaye kamsinya nje endle yombane icinyiwe, zonke iinkqubo buyisa.

Resistance nempembelelo ionization

Kulo mzekelo, le mingxuma electron ziya kwandiswa kude kube kuvavanywa umendo simahla phantsi kwempembelelo kwentsimi olomeleleyo zombane kwiinqobo ezisemgangathweni ukuba negalelo ionization le athom kunye komsipha womnye kwiqhina covalent (lokuqala okanye ukungcola atom). ionization Impact kwenzeka ngathi udaka kwaye udaka abathwali kwentlawulo ayanda. Ngoko le mingxuma ntsha kwaye electron kwandiswa ugesi. Ixabiso zangoku kwi umphumo lokugqibela yande ngenxa ukungavumelani kwe ionization impembelelo, nto leyo inani lezibini electron-umngxuma enziwa kwi enye intlawulo carrier indlela ingxenye. Ukuqulunqwa kwale nkqubo ekugqibeleni kukhokelela semiconductor ukudilika iyafa. Ukungawi semiconductors iyatshintsha, kodwa, njengoko kunjalo kwetonela nokwaphuka, ingathityazwa.

Ukusetyenziswa semiconductors in practice

Ukubaluleka ethile kwezi zinto kufuneka kuqatshelwe kubuchwepheshe computer. Phantse Akuthandabuzeki ukuba uya kuba nomdla umbuzo wokuba yintoni semiconductors, ukuba umnqweno ukuze ngokuzimeleyo isifundo ngokusebenzisa kwabo. Kunzima ukucinga umsebenzi iifriji mihla, iiseti kumabonwakude, esweni computer ngaphandle semiconductors. Ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo, zobunjineli ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu jikelele. Kananjalo kusetyenziswa ngenqwelomoya kunye nendawo nobuchwepheshe. Qonda ukuba semiconductors na, ukuba kubaluleke kangakanani? Kakade ke, asinakukwazi kuthi ukuba kuphela izinto ezibalulekileyo impucuko yethu, kodwa kwakhona lula kubo kungafanelekanga.

Ukusetyenziswa semiconductors xa befundisa, ngenxa ngakumbi eziliqela, phakathi kwabo yenkohlakalo izinto ukusuka apho kwenziwa, nokuchulumacha yokujongwa ukuba afumane oko akufunayo, kunye nezinye izinto zobugcisa ezenza okukhethekileyo izazinzulu abayisebenzayo izixhobo zekhompyutha, owabamisa.

isiphelo

Siye sahlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha ukuba semiconductors, asebenze njani. Isiseko nokumelana zawo zibe neenkqubo ezimbaxa emzimbeni imichiza. Kwaye uqaphele ukuba izibakala musa ukunika njengoko kuchaziwe kwiSiqendu ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba semiconductors ezinjalo, ngenxa yesizathu esilula ukuba isayensi khange bade bafunda awohluke yomsebenzi wabo kuse ekupheleni. Kodwa siyazi iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko kunye neempawu, ezivumela ukuba nizenza. Ngoko ke, ungakwazi ukukhangela izinto kunye semiconductors bazame nabo, ukuba ngenyameko. Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi kuwe bona balele ngumphandi enkulu?!