Yintoni na yeseli ndizayo engaphandle? Ubume yeseli ndizayo engaphandle

ukufunda noshowo iiseli prokaryotic eziphilayo, kwakunye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ababandakanyekayo kwicandelo eziphilayo yabantu, ebizwa cytology. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba imixholo yeseli, oko kukuthi, wakha kakhulu kunzima ngaphakathi kuyo. It ingqongwe iyunithi umphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-, iqulunqwe iseli inwebu engaphandle, nadmembrannye isakhiwo luquka: glycocalyx kwaye udonga yeseli, kwakunye microfilaments, microtubules kunye Iifilimu oyinxalenye ezintsonkothileyo yayo submembrane.

Kweli nqaku, siphonononga isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi yeseli inwebu engaphandle, inxalenye izixhobo umphezulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iiseli.

Yintoni na iseli ndizayo engaphandle

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, i inwebu engaphandle yinxalenye wobuso yeyunithi iseli nganye, nto leyo esahlula ngempumelelo imixholo yayo yangaphakathi kwaye akhusele organelles zeselula ziimeko engentle yokusingqongileyo. Omnye umsebenzi - kukunikezelwa yokucolwa phakathi imixholo yeseli kunye izihlunu fluid, ngoko iseli inwebu engaphandle inika uthutho molecule ion ningena kulo icytoplasm, kwaye kuyanceda ukuba ususe ubuthi nobumdaka kwemfuneko kwiseli.

Ubume yeseli ndizayo

Inwebu okanye plasmalemma iintlobo ngeentlobo iiseli zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Ngokuyintloko, isakhiwo kwemichiza, kunye nomxholo isalamane lipids, glycoproteins, iiprotheni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uhlobo receptors ezikwezo zinto. I engaphandle Isakhiwo yeseli inwebu kunye umsebenzi yayo kumiselwa kakhulu ukwakhiwa ezi glycoproteins ngamnye, uthatha inxaxheba ingqalelo zizinto kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle kunye reactions iseli izenzo zabo. Ekubeni imifinya iiproteni kunye glycolipids iseli inokusebenza ezinye iintsholongwane, ukuba ukungena kule seli. iintsholongwane herpes kunye neAvian Ungasebenzisa plasmalemma-mkhosi iseli ukuba ukwakha iqokobhe olukhuselayo.

A iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya, ebizwa-njalo bacteriophages, iiseli eziqhotyoshelwe inwebu kwaye unyityilikiswa qha usebenzisa enzyme. Emva koko, lo una kunabela viral DNA.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo plasma ndizayo of eukaryotic

Khumbula ukuba iseli inwebu engaphandle isebenza ezothutho, okt ukuthuthwa kwezinto waya kukho icytoplasm yeseli kwaye ukusukela kokusingqongileyo nje yangaphandle. Ukwenza inkqubo enjalo idinga isakhiwo okhethekileyo. Enyanisweni, lo plasmalemma oqhubekayo, jikelele zonke iseli eukaryotic inkqubo izixhobo komhlaba. Oku ezingcakacileyo (2-10 NM), kodwa ngokwaneleyo ashinyeneyo umboniso multilayer esigquma iseli yonke. isakhiwo lwayo wahlolwa ngo-1972 ngabaphengululi ezifana D. Singer kunye G. Nicolson, nabo wadala umfuziselo lolwelo-kaMoses yeseli ndizayo.

Imichiza ephambili ukuba lunjani - lilungiselelo kakuhle molecule iiprothini kunye phospholipids ezithile elungiselwe kwi lipid bume alilayo efana emihle. Ngoko ke, i inwebu yeseli ubunjwe iileya ezimbini lipid, non-polar "nemisila" hydrophobic leyo ngaphakathi inwebu, nabathetheli polar esibamba ejongene kukho icytoplasm yeseli kunye kulwelo intercellular.

Lipid layer luphokoke iimolekyuli protein enkulu ezenza pores esibamba. Ku ihanjiswa therethrough, izisombululo zolwelo glucose nezimbiwa iityuwa. Ezinye molekyuli protein afumaneka kwi olungaphandle kwaye kumphezulu engaphakathi plasma ndizayo. Ngaloo ndlela, olungaphandle cell inwebu leseli zonke izinto ukuba iimolekyuli engundoqo ekudleni idityaniswe iibhondi covalent kunye glycolipids kunye glycoproteins. umxholo ekudleni lweenwebu iseli isusela ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-10%.

Ubume plasma ndizayo eziphilayo prokaryotic

Iseli inwebu yangaphandle prokaryotes elenza imisebenzi efana kwiseli plasmalemma eziphilayo zenyukliya, ezizezi imbono kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi ukusuka kokusingqongileyo yangaphandle, ukuthuthwa ion kunye nezisombululo ukuya seli nangaphandle, ukhuselo kukho icytoplasm angaphandle ngaphandle ngokutsha. Kusenokuba ube mesosoma - izakhiwo okuvela phakathi invagination plasma inwebu kule seli. Babe enzayim ababandakanyekayo pathways reactions prokaryotes, umzekelo, ngo- DNA phindana, iiproteins yokuqaphela.

Mesosoma ziqulathe enzayim redox, ngelixa photosynthesis ezi bacteriochlorophyll (iintsholongwane) kunye phycobilins (icyanobacteria).

Indima ye-inwebu yangaphandle abafowunelwa iseli-cell

Ukuqhubeka ukuphendula lo mbuzo, Yintoni na iseli inwebu engaphandle, iya kugxininisa indima yalo lwabafowunelwa iseli-cell. Xa plant cells ezindongeni pores iseli inwebu zangaphandle akhiwa kudlula kule nwebu yintlama. Ngabo kungaba kukho icytoplasm yeseli ngokwangaphandle amajelo ezingcakacileyo ezinjalo ebizwa plasmodesmata.

Enkosi kubo, uqhagamshelwano phakathi plant cells olukufutshane onamandla kunene. Xa iiseli abantu kunye neendawo zoqhagamshelwano zezilwanyana imifinya iseli ezikufutshane kuthiwa desmosomes. Bona uphawu endothelial kunye neeseli epithelial, kwaye zifumaneka cardiomyocytes.

ukwakheka Auxiliary plasma ndizayo

Ukuze uqonde umahluko phakathi kwiiseli izityalo kwizilwanyana kubanceda bafunde iimpawu noshowo le plasmalemma, leyo ixhomekeke yintoni imisebenzi yenziwa yi kwiseli ndizayo engaphandle. Ngaphezu kwayo iseli isilwanyana umaleko of glycocalyx. It iqulathe polysaccharides iimolekyuli ezinxulumene iiprothini kunye lipids lwangaphandle ndizayo. glycocalyx ngenxa adhesion (wokuqwlasela) yenzeka phakathi kwiiseli, ekhokelela ukuyilwa kwinyama, ngoko kuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi kweesiginali plasma inwebu - zangaphandle zizinto ukuqondwa bume.

Indlela yothutho kwisixando sokwenziwa kwezinto ezithile ngokusebenzisa iseli ndizayo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, iseli inwebu engaphandle obandakanyeka ukuthuthwa kwezinto phakathi iseli kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zezithuthi ngaphesheya plasmalemma: passive (difuzionny) kunye nezothutho esebenzayo. Eyokuqala ithi kwe-, kwe- lula kunye kucocwa. Ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ecaleni ithambeka xi ixhomekeke ubukhulu becala ubunzima kunye nobukhulu iimolekyuli edlula iseli ndizayo. Umzekelo, iimolekyuli ezincinane nonpolar zikhawuleze ezinyibilikayo kwi lipid umaleko avareji therethrough ihamba plasmalemma kwaye kubonakala kukho icytoplasm.

molekyuli amakhulu kwezinto eziphilayo ndzulu ukuba kukho icytoplasm ngoncedo iiproteni yenethiwekhi okhethekileyo. Baye Okukodwa iintlobo kunye nokuxhuma kwisuntswana okanye amandla ion iindleko ngaphandle nje ogqithiselwe inwebu yi ithambeka yoxinaniso (izithuthi passive). Le nkqubo yenza isiseko lweepropati plasma inwebu ezifana permeability uyakhetha. Xa inkqubo yezothutho isixando akuthethi ukusebenzisa amandla ATP molecule iseli kusindisa it kwezinye ngayo metabolic.

izithuthi Active kwemichiza ngokusebenzisa plasmalemma

Ekubeni iseli inwebu engaphandle ivumela utshintshiselwano of ion kunye iimolekyuli ukusuka kokusingqongileyo kwi iseli kunye umva, kuba nokwenzeka iimveliso kwimveliso dissimilation na ityhefu, ngokwangaphandle, ngamanye kulwelo intercellular. izithuthi esebenzayo kwenzeka nxamnye ithambeka yoxinaniso kwaye ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla uhlobo ATP iimolekyuli. Kwakhona ibandakanya iiproteni umthuthi ekuthiwa ATP-kwiziseko, abantu ngaxeshanye kunye nee-enzayim.

Imizekelo izithuthi enjalo impompo sodium-potassium (ion sodium zidluliselwa ukusuka kukho icytoplasm kokusingqongileyo ngaphandle, yaye ion potassium ezimpontshelwa kungena kukho icytoplasm). Ukuze kube ekwaziyo iiseli wamathumbu epithelial kunye kwizintso. Ezahlukeneyo zale ndlela zezi inkqubo yogqithiselo ye pinocytosis kunye phagocytosis. Ngenxa yoko, ukufunda oko imisebenzi yenziwa yi yeseli inwebu bangaphandle, oko kumiselwa ukuba iinkqubo bayakwazi phagocytosis kunye protists pino- heterotrophic, kwakunye iiseli izinto zezilwanyana ephakamileyo, umz, leukocytes.

iinkqubo Bioelectric kwi inwebu yeseli

Kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kwemisebenzi kumphezulu engaphandle plasma inwebu (ukuba kakuhle icala) kunye umaleko Parietal yokuba kukho icytoplasm, kakubi ityala. Yayibizwa ngokuba isakhono uphumle, kwaye ikhona kuzo zonke iiseli eziphilayo. A ijwabu luvo njani uphumle kungekuphela nje amandla kodwa iyakwazi ukuqhuba biopotentials ababuthathaka, ekuthiwa inkqubo excitation. Le inwebu engaphandle weeseli luvo, iiseli zemithambo-luvo, ukuthatha kwinwebu receptors niqalise ukutshintsha izigxina ion sodium kwi yeseli kakhulu wondla ayokuba umphezulu plasmalemma electronegative. Udonga layer kukho icytoplasm ngenxa iyatshi- kwemfuneko ofumana imali entle. Oku kuchaza isizathu sokuba kukho uyitshaje iseli inwebu engaphandle a neuron, nto leyo ebangela Uhanjiso neemvakalelo-luvo ukuba ezisisiseko inkqubo excitation.