Yintoni na le lysosomes: isakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kunye nomsebenzi lysosomes

Njengoko iseli iyakwazi "okugaya 'izinto ukuba eyele kukho icytoplasm? Impendulo inokufunyanwa ngokufunda oko lysosomes. Yintoni na isakhiwo wabo? Ngenxa indlela iimpawu zezi organelles bayakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo?

Lysosomes. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo umsebenzi

Yenyani - oku iiseli organoid na malunga 0.2 microns ngobukhulu, engqongwe inwebu yaye equlathe enzyme hydrolytic. Lo msebenzi ungundoqo amaqamza loo ukuqhekeka izinto ezingena kwi iseli ngu endocytosis, okanye iimolekyuli zabo, ukuba iyafuneka ayisekho.

Yintoni na isakhiwo lysosomes kwisicwangciso?

Cleavage okanye izinto ukuthotywa ngokusebenzisa hydrolases - enzayim okwaziyo ukusebenza olune medium. Ukugcina pH esezantsi, okuzinziswe kulo yenyani ndizayo ATPase vacuolar-uhlobo (V-type). isakhiwo ezithile zakhiwo ivumela ukumpompa nxamnye ithambeka lwee- protons hydrogen, ukuze kwandiswe inani yabo organelles bume embilwini.

Hydrolase ongasebenza kuphela kwimeko asidi. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo yokhuselo, t. To. Xa ukuba kukho icytoplasm yeseli medium cishe cala. Ukuba lysosomes inwebu ngandlel zonakala, yaye enzayim kweli cytosol, bayakuyeka ukukwazi ukuba ndidilize izinto kunye organelles.

Yenyani inwebu iquka ipleyiti kunye micellar sites. Izikhewu phakathi kweengqimba phospholipids azele ngamanzi. Kule ndawo inwebu saa pores amaninzi nayo ezaliswe ngamanzi kwaye bavale iimolekyuli ezibandayo. iindawo ezinjalo entsonkothileyo kwinkqubo inwebu aze akwazi ukungena organelles kunye molekyuli hydrophobic kunye esibamba.

Indlela ukwenza lysosomes

Iiproteni ziyafuneka ukuze kwakhiwe lysosomes uqala ukufaka kwi EPR. Okulandelayo, kufuneka ukuba "tag" ngokufaka ngamasalela mannose. Le amasalela mannose ke umqondiso esithile Golgi izixhobo: proteins bebekelwa kwindawo enye, baze emva koko kuhlelwe igutyana enzyme lytic. Nantso into a yenyani in eziphilayo.

Le internals ye lysosomes

Yintoni yenyani nokuba yenziwe ngoobani kokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi kwezi organelles?

Ngaphakathi lysosomes inkxaso bume asidi, pH ofikelela 4.5-5. Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, i-enzayim uyakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi walo cleavage. Hydrolase - ligama eliqhelekileyo iklasi enqanda. Nje yenyani iqulathe molekyuli 40 ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo esebenzayo leyo catalyze indlela yayo ngokupheleleyo ezithile.

Njengenxalenye yale imixholo yangaphakathi enzayim yenyani ingafunyanwa oku kulandelayo:

• phosphatase acid - lusicande iikhompawundi equlathe amaqela phosphate;
• nuclease - uyayonakalisa nucleic ;
• protease - lusicande iiproteni;
• collagenase - uyayonakalisa molecule collagen;
• Lipase - lusicande esters ;
• Glycosidase - isantya reactions cleavage ekudleni;
• asparaginase - lusicande aspartic asidi;
• glutaminase - utshabalalisa glutamic acid.

Nje lysosomes iqulathe hydrolases ezahlukeneyo malunga-40. Ngoko ke, umbuzo wokuba yintoni na yenyani, eziphilayo unokuphendulwa: wayenovimba enqanda.

iintlobo lysosomes

Yaba iintlobo 4 lysosomes: lysosomes zamabanga aphakamileyo, umsebenzi autophagic kunye neeseli intsalela.

lysosomes Education - yinkqubo engelula, nto leyo sikhatshwa ngokusebenza molekyuli ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa phezu kwamanzi EPR kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi. yenyani Primary - kwiqamza encinane, nto leyo lwanamathela ukusuka inwebu ye-apparatus Golgi.

yenyani Primary ekuqaleni iqulethe yonke zakhiwo enqanda ezifunekayo ukwaphula phantsi macromolecules.

yenyani Secondary - esi sakhiwo, umthamo omkhulu. It ukhandwa ukuhlanganisa kunye izinto zaseprayimari kwiqamza weyele endocytosis, okanye iimveliso iseli ukutya ekufuneka silahlwe.

ukubunjwa autophagosome lu dityanisiwe yenkqubo efana autophagy - edalwayo kunye "ekwetyiseni 'ukusebenzisa organelles yeseli.

Ixesha eliqhelekileyo mitochondria ziintsuku ezili-10. Xa organelle ayikho nako ukwenza imisebenzi yawo, kufuneka itshatyalaliswe. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho ezininzi lysosomes eziziiprayimari mitochondria bayawarhawula izinto ezihambelanayo. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa ezinkulu autophagosome ngaphakathi eqala et impera mitochondria zibe monomers.

Yintoni na ke lysosomes ngohlobo kwethole intsalela? Le ngongoma sokugqibela nokusebenza nayiphi lysosomes apho enzymes benze umsebenzi wabo, yaye organelle baba nezinto ezinokuthi ukuya wokuqhekeka phambili. iintsalela Undigested befakwa nje ngaphandle ebuhlanti.

Izifo ezinxulumene ne ukuphazamiseka le lysosomes

Enzyme azisoloko isebenze kakuhle. Lysosomes eqhekeza umsebenzi lwenziwa kuphela xa hydrolase ongenayo izitenxo kwi sakhiwo. Ngoko ke, abaninzi izifo ezinxulumene lysosomes, olusekelwe phezu ukungasebenzi le enzyme.

Ezi ezinxaxhileyo zibizwa ngokuba izifo zokugcina. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokunqongophala enzyme nje zeendawana yayo eyintloko ukudla kwi yenyani, ngenxa yoko luyakha kwaye ibanga iziphumo ezibi.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs syndrome, isifo Sendhoffa, isifo Niemann-Pick, leukodystrophy - zonke ezi zifo anxulunyaniswa sibangelwa enzyme lysosomal okanye ukungabikho kwabo ngokupheleleyo. izifo emininzi sofuzo ngokwendalo.