Yintoni na khona esicwangciswe Umhlaba? Amagama kunye iimpawu kweqokobhe zomhlaba

Ubume iplanethi yethu fani. Omnye iqulathe maleko eziliqela, kuquka inwebu eqinileyo kunye engamanzi. ebizwa njani esicwangciswe Umhlaba? Bangaphi kubo? Njani kwahluka enye kwenye? Kodwa nantsi eyona nyaniso.

Njengoko esicwangciswe Umhlaba kwakhiwa?

Phakathi iiplanethi ezisentlabathini (Mars, Venus, Mercury) Ilizwe unalo ubunzima inkulu, ubukhulu kunye mninzi. Kuye kwasekwa malunga 4.5 billion kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo omnye, umhlaba wethu, kwakunye namanye, kuyilwa ngamasuntswana amancinci evelayo emva Big Bang.

Le kobutyobo, uthuli negesi waqalisa coalesce phantsi kwempembelelo womxhuzulane zifunyanwe imilo ukulenza. Labhalwa waba ngamandla ebomvu-eshushu zanyibilika esiwa izimbiwa kunye nesinyithi. izinto luthe wehla waya kwiziko-langa, zamahlathi ngaphantsi waya mntanam.

Ngoko ke kwabonakala maleko wokuqala Umhlaba - umongo kunye yokwaleka. Kunye nabo, yaye kwakukho intsimi ngemagnethi. On top of yokwaleka ebegqwese zipholile wawutyabeka umboniso, apho kamva waba amaxolo. Kule nkqubo planethi lokusekwa wayengekho isiphelo, umgaqo, bayaqhubeka namhlanje.

Igesi kunye ebilayo yokwaleka ngokuqhubekayo waziqhekeza ngaphandle nge le ntaba kwi uthinte. yemozulu yabo iphambili kwakhiwa emoyeni. Emva koko, kunye hydrogen kunye helium, kwaba eninzi carbon dioxide. Amanzi, ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, wabonakala kamva phezu amafu lomkhenkce yasinyusayo izijikelezi kunye nethala.

core

layers Umhlaba thaca engundoqo imentile kunye amaxolo. Ahluke ngeempawu zazo. Le planethi embindini core. It wafunda ngaphantsi kwe kwezinye ambala, kunye nalo lonke ulwazi malunga nayo ke, nangona uphando, kodwa okucingelwayo. Iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi undoqo ifikelela-10 000 degrees, ngoko ukufikelela kuyo, nkqu ubuchwepheshe best ayikho kodwa kunokwenzeka.

Ongundoqo amanga kubunzulu kweekhilomitha 2900. Kucingwa ukuba iye maleko ezimbini - zangaphandle nangaphakathi. Bebobabini umndilili oyi-3.5 amawaka eekhilomitha yaye ziqulathe zentsimbi kunye nickel. Kuthathwa ukuba undoqo singaqulatha isalfure, lesilicon, hydrogen, ikharbon, phosphorus.

Umaleko engaphakathi na imeko yayo eqinileyo ngenxa koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ubungakanani radius layo alinganayo ukuya kuma-70% ye kwirediyasi kwenyanga, apho malunga ne-1200 km. Umbilini ongaphandle into engamanzi. It iqulathe kuphela yentsimbi, kodwa sulphur neoksijini.

lobushushu engundoqo engaphandle isusela ukusuka degrees-4 ukuya kowe-6 amawaka. ulwelo sakhe sasingahlali ndawonye kwaye kuchaphazela intsimi yimagnethi yomhlaba.

isiphuku

Yokwaleka ezingqonge undoqo kwaye nenqanaba kwi isakhiwo planethi. Asinto ekhoyo yophando ngqo yaye bafunda ngokusebenzisa iindlela zegeophyisical geochemical. Kuthatha malunga ne-83% ye-mhlaba. Ngaphantsi komhlaba iilwandle komda yayo ephezulu ubuxoki kubunzulu kweekhilomitha eziliqela phantsi amazwekazi, la manani kwandisa ayi-70.

Yahlulahlulwe yaba amacala asentla nolusezantsi phakathi kuyo umaleko Golicina. Ngomaleko langaphantsi zehlabathi, yokwaleka unalo lobushushu eliphezulu - ukusuka 900 ukuya degrees 4000. Le ukungaguquguquki viscous, lexinene kolbeletsya yayo kuxhomekeka utshintsho imichiza kunye nengcinezelo.

Malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku yokwaleka ngathi awe eweni. Iqulethe silicates, lesilicon, nemagnesium, i-aluminiyamu, intsimbi, potassium, calcium, kwaye grospydites Carbonatites kwaye ezo ayiqukethanga noqweqwe. Phantsi impembelelo ubushushu namandla kwinqanaba elisezantsi, izimbiwa abaninzi ibolile zibe oxides yokwaleka.

Umaleko engaphandle boMhlaba

Ngasentla ingubo i Moho elibonisa umda phakathi kweqokobhe eekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo kuqamba. Kule nxalenye ukunyuka uqina seismic kabukhali. Umaleko ongaphezulu iqulethe kuqweqwe lomhlaba.

Inxalenye engaphandle yeqokobhe wadibana khona kwehayidrosfere nendawo planethi. Phantsi elwandle kuba nje ukubhitya kakhulu ngaphezu komhlaba. Malunga 3/4 of neendebe zayo amanzi. isakhiwo eqweqweni uyafana uqweqwe iiplanethi ezisentlabathini kunye neNyanga ngokuyinxenye. Kodwa kuphela kwiplanethi yethu yohlulwe elizwekazi yolwandle.

Eqweqweni lothuli usemncane kakhulu. Uninzi nto imelwe ematyeni basaltic. Ebubanzini Umaleko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo olwandle uvela kwiikhilomitha ezi-5 ukuya ku-12.

Eqweqweni zwekazi ibandakanya ngeengcamba ezintathu. Xa asezantsi granulites kunye nezinye nemetamorphic ezinjalo. Ngaphezu kubo a inwebu igranite gneiss. Inqanaba eliphezulu yenziwa njani kumatye awenziwa ludaka. Eqweqweni lizwekazi siqulathe kumafa zalo lweziqalelo-18, kuquka hydrogen, ioksijini, lesilicon, i-aluminiyamu, intsimbi, sodium kunye nabanye.

lithosfere

Enye kwimimandla emvulophini eendawo planethi - le lithosfere. Izisa ndawonye esicwangciswe yoMhlaba ezifana ingubo ongentla kunye noqweqwe. Kwakhona kuchazwa ukuba iqokobhe eziprintiweyo planethi. ubudeki balo ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-30 km 70 ukuya kumathafa ezintabeni.

Le lithosfere wohlulwe iqonga oluzinzileyo za uhambisa i mmandla elisongiweyo, iindawo apho ibekwe ezintabeni mlilo. I eliphezulu Umaleko oqinileyo iqokobhe kwakheka daka imilambo bayagqobhoza, bayangena uqweqwe ingubo. Nale lithosfere iquka ematyeni crystalline.

Kuyinto kuxhomekeka kwiinkqubo lwangaphandle Umhlaba, yemozulu ezinjalo. Iinkqubo kwi yokwaleka kwaye ibuye mlilo abonisa kunye ziintshukumo zenyikima, intshukumo ye amacwecwe lithospheric, isakhiwo intaba. Oku, ikwachaphazela isakhiwo lithosfere.